3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide II.2.9b – slide 11 of 40 of 40IAEA Post Graduate Educational CourseIAEA Post Graduate Educational Course

Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation SourcesRadiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

Part IIPart II Quantities and MeasurementsQuantities and Measurements

Module 2Module 2 Dosimetric Calculations and Dosimetric Calculations and MeasurementsMeasurements

Session 9bSession 9b Tissue Equivalent DetectorsTissue Equivalent Detectors

Session II.2.9bSession II.2.9b

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OverviewOverview

Tissue equivalent (TE) detectors and TE Tissue equivalent (TE) detectors and TE phantoms will be discussedphantoms will be discussed

Students will learn about ion chambers, Students will learn about ion chambers, proportional counters, TE phantoms, bubble proportional counters, TE phantoms, bubble detectors, scintillation detectors, gel detectors, scintillation detectors, gel detectors, and thermoluminescent detectors, and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs)dosimeters (TLDs)

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ContentContent

Ion chambersIon chambers Thimble chambersThimble chambers Proportional countersProportional counters Tissue equivalent (TE) phantomsTissue equivalent (TE) phantoms Bubble detectorsBubble detectors Scintillation detectorsScintillation detectors Gel detectorsGel detectors Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs)Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs)

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Tissue Equivalent (TE) DetectorsTissue Equivalent (TE) Detectors

Goal is to simulate, as closely as possible, the Goal is to simulate, as closely as possible, the radiation dose response in the detector to that radiation dose response in the detector to that of human tissueof human tissue

This includes response to different kinds of This includes response to different kinds of radiation, including gamma rays and neutronsradiation, including gamma rays and neutrons

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Human Tissue CompositionHuman Tissue Composition

ElementElement ICRU (1977) ICRU (1977) Muscle (%)Muscle (%)

ICRP Skeletal ICRP Skeletal Muscle (%)Muscle (%)

Whole Whole Body (%)Body (%)

HH 10.210.2 10.0610.06 10.510.5

OO 72.972.9 75.4875.48 67.767.7

CC 12.312.3 10.7810.78 18.718.7

NN 3.53.5 2.772.77 3.13.1

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Types of TE DetectorsTypes of TE Detectors

Ion chambersIon chambers Thimble chambersThimble chambers Proportional countersProportional counters Tissue equivalent phantomsTissue equivalent phantoms Bubble detectorsBubble detectors Scintillation detectorsScintillation detectors Gel detectorsGel detectors Thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs)Thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs)

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Model 2 Spokas TE Ion ChamberModel 2 Spokas TE Ion Chamber

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TE and OtherTE and OtherConducting PlasticsConducting Plastics

Examples of TE and other conducting Examples of TE and other conducting plastics used for radiation detection include:plastics used for radiation detection include:

A150A150

C552C552

D400D400

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Comparison of A150 TE PlasticComparison of A150 TE Plasticto Human Tissueto Human Tissue

ElementElement A150 TE A150 TE Plastic (%)Plastic (%)

Human Human Tissue (%)Tissue (%)

HH 10.210.2 10.510.5

OO 5.25.2 67.767.7

CC 76.176.1 18.718.7

NN 3.53.5 3.13.1

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Miniature ShonkaMiniature ShonkaThimble ChamberThimble Chamber

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Radiation Dose and SpaceflightRadiation Dose and SpaceflightTE Phantom TorsoTE Phantom Torso

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TE Phantom in MockupTE Phantom in Mockup

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TE Phantom withTE Phantom withDetectors Shown on X-rayDetectors Shown on X-ray

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Radiation Dose and SpaceflightRadiation Dose and Spaceflight

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TE Proportional CounterTE Proportional Counter(TEPC)(TEPC)

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TEPC andTEPC andAssociated ElectronicsAssociated Electronics

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TEPC forTEPC forSpace Dosimetry ApplicationsSpace Dosimetry Applications

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TEPCTEPC

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Medical TE PhantomsMedical TE Phantoms

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TE Bubble DetectorsTE Bubble Detectorsfor Space Applicationsfor Space Applications

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TE Bubble DetectorsTE Bubble Detectorsfor Space Applicationsfor Space Applications

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Neutron TE Bubble DetectorNeutron TE Bubble Detector

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TE Bubble Detectors onTE Bubble Detectors onMIR Space StationMIR Space Station

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TE Neutron DetectorTE Neutron Detector

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Principle of OperationPrinciple of OperationScintillator DetectorsScintillator Detectors

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TE Plastic ScintillatorsTE Plastic Scintillators

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Plastic ScintillatorPlastic ScintillatorDetector AssemblyDetector Assembly

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Tissue-Equivalent ScintillatorsTissue-Equivalent Scintillators

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TE Detectors - Cosmic Ray Dose TE Detectors - Cosmic Ray Dose Measurements in High Altitude FlightsMeasurements in High Altitude Flights

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Dose DistributionsDose Distributions

TE Detectors - Cosmic Ray Dose TE Detectors - Cosmic Ray Dose Measurements in High Altitude FlightsMeasurements in High Altitude Flights

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Gel TE DosimetersGel TE Dosimeters

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GEL Dosimeters forGEL Dosimeters forX-Ray ApplicationsX-Ray Applications

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GEL Dosimeters forGEL Dosimeters forX-Ray ApplicationsX-Ray Applications

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Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)(TLD)

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TLD ResponseTLD Response

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SummarySummary

Tissue equivalent (TE) detectors and TE Tissue equivalent (TE) detectors and TE phantoms were discussedphantoms were discussed

Students learned about ion chambers, Students learned about ion chambers, proportional counters, TE phantoms, proportional counters, TE phantoms, bubble detectors, scintillation detectors, bubble detectors, scintillation detectors, gel detectors, and thermoluminescent gel detectors, and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs)dosimeters (TLDs)

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Knoll, G.T., Knoll, G.T., Radiation Detection and Radiation Detection and MeasurementMeasurement, 3, 3rdrd Edition, Wiley, New York (2000) Edition, Wiley, New York (2000)

Attix, F.H., Attix, F.H., Introduction to Radiological Physics Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetryand Radiation Dosimetry, Wiley, New York (1986), Wiley, New York (1986)

International Atomic Energy Agency, International Atomic Energy Agency, Determination of Absorbed Dose in Photon and Determination of Absorbed Dose in Photon and Electron Beams, 2Electron Beams, 2ndnd Edition, Technical Reports Edition, Technical Reports Series No. 277, IAEA, Vienna (1997)Series No. 277, IAEA, Vienna (1997)

Where to Get More InformationWhere to Get More Information

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International Commission on Radiation Units and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Quantities and Units in Radiation Measurements, Quantities and Units in Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Report No. 51, ICRU, Protection Dosimetry, Report No. 51, ICRU, Bethesda (1993)Bethesda (1993)

International Commission on Radiation Units and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Fundamental Quantities and Measurements, Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation, Report No. 60, ICRU, Units for Ionizing Radiation, Report No. 60, ICRU, Bethesda (1998)Bethesda (1998)

Where to Get More InformationWhere to Get More Information

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Hine, G. J. and Brownell, G. L., (Ed. ), Hine, G. J. and Brownell, G. L., (Ed. ), Radiation Radiation DosimetryDosimetry, Academic Press (New York, 1956), Academic Press (New York, 1956)

Bevelacqua, Joseph J., Bevelacqua, Joseph J., Contemporary Health Contemporary Health PhysicsPhysics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (New York, 1995), John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (New York, 1995)

International Commission on Radiological International Commission on Radiological Protection, Data for Protection Against Ionizing Protection, Data for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation from External Sources: Supplement to Radiation from External Sources: Supplement to ICRP Publication 15. A Report of ICRP Committee 3, ICRP Publication 15. A Report of ICRP Committee 3, ICRP Publication 21, Pergamon Press (Oxford, 1973)ICRP Publication 21, Pergamon Press (Oxford, 1973)

Where to Get More InformationWhere to Get More Information

3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide II.2.9b – slide 4040 of 40 of 40

Where to Get More InformationWhere to Get More Information

Cember, H., Introduction to Health Physics, 3Cember, H., Introduction to Health Physics, 3rdrd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2000)Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2000)

Firestone, R.B., Baglin, C.M., Frank-Chu, S.Y., Eds., Firestone, R.B., Baglin, C.M., Frank-Chu, S.Y., Eds., Table of Isotopes (8Table of Isotopes (8thth Edition, 1999 update), Wiley, Edition, 1999 update), Wiley, New York (1999)New York (1999)

International Atomic Energy Agency, The Safe Use International Atomic Energy Agency, The Safe Use of Radiation Sources, Training Course Series No. 6, of Radiation Sources, Training Course Series No. 6, IAEA, Vienna (1995)IAEA, Vienna (1995)