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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
FAMILIES
CHAPTER 4
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AT ADOLESCENCE
The Adolescent’s Parents at MidlifeParents have increased concern about their bodies, physical attractiveness, and their sexual appeal Parents are beginning to feel that the possibilities for change are limitedMost adults reach their occupational plateau
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FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AT ADOLESCENCE
Changes in Family Needs and Functions
Changes in the family as a unit Changes in economic circumstancesChanges in its relationship to other social institutionsChanges in its functions
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FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AT ADOLESCENCE
Transformations in Family RelationsAdolescents begin to play a more forceful role in the family The adolescent’s biological and cognitive maturation play a role in unbalancing the family system during early adolescence
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FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
Parenting Styles and Their EffectsParent-adolescent relationships impact the adolescent, but there is also an interaction with genetic factors in influencing behavior and development Parental responsiveness=how the parent responds to the child’s needs in an accepting, supportive manner
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FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENTParenting Styles and Their Effects
Parental demandingness=how the parent expects and demands mature, responsible behavior from the child
Authoritative parents are warm but firmAuthoritarian parents place a high value on obedience and conformity
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FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENTParenting Styles and Their Effects
Indulgent parents behave in an accepting, benign, and somewhat more passive wayIndifferent parents try to minimize the time and energy that they must devote to interacting with their child
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Adolescents who are temperamentally different are affected in different ways by the same parenting
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FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT Ethnic Differences in Parenting Practices
Authoritative parenting is less prevalent among African-American, Asian-American, or Hispanic-American families than among white families Authoritarian parenting is more prevalent among ethnic minority than among white families
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FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT Autonomy and Attachment in the Adolescent’s Family
Adolescents who are permitted to assert their own opinions within a family context that is secure and loving, develop higher self-esteem and more mature coping abilities
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FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENTAutonomy and Attachment in the Adolescent’s Family
Adolescents whose autonomy is squelched, are at risk for developing feelings of depression Adolescents who do not feel connected are more likely than their peers to develop behavior problems
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FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT Adolescents’ Relationships with Siblings
More egalitarian, nurturant and socially supportive especially with younger siblings It can become more distant and less emotionally intense and marked by conflict and rivalry
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FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT Behavioral Genetics and Adolescent Development
Which traits are inherited or environmentally determined and how do these factors interact?
Genetic factors strongly influence aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency, emotional distress, i.e. risk for suicide and depressed mood
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FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENTBehavioral Genetics and Adolescent Development
adolescent competence, self-image, intelligence, self-perceptions of scholastic competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, social competence, and general self-worth are moderately heritable
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THE ADOLESCENT’S FAMILY IN A CHANGING
SOCIETY
Seventy-five percent of all married women with adolescent children are employed; more than forty-five percent work full-time
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THE ADOLESCENT’S FAMILY IN A CHANGING
SOCIETY
A sizable percentage of youngsters will spend time in a single-parent household from birthNearly 25 percent of all adolescents grow up in poor families
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The proportion of adolescents living at various income levels
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ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT AND THE
CHANGING FAMILY Adolescents, Divorce, and Single Parent Families
The number of parents present in the adolescent’s house matters far less than the quality of the relationships the young person has with the important adults in his or her life
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ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT AND THE
CHANGING FAMILY The Specific Impact of Marital Conflict
Marital conflict more adversely affects the adolescent when the conflict disrupts the quality of the parent-child relationship
The Longer-Term Effects of DivorceIndividuals whose parents divorce during preadolescence and adolescence often demonstrate adjustment difficulties later
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The divorce rate rose dramatically between 1960 and 1980 but has more or less leveled off since then
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ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT AND THE
CHANGING FAMILYCustody, Contact, and Conflict following Divorce
It is the nature of the relationship between the adolescent’s divorced parents, and not which one he or she lives with, that makes a difference
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A long-term study of British individuals and the effects of divorce on the development of emotional problems– see Figure 4.8 in text – Cherlin et al, 1998
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ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT AND THE
CHANGING FAMILYRemarriage
Adolescents growing up in stepfamilies—especially if the remarriage occurred during early adolescence rather than childhood-- often have more problems than their peers
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ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT AND THE
CHANGING FAMILYParental Employment and Adolescent Adjustment
Maternal employment during adolescence has quite positive effects on daughters but more mixed or negligible effects on sons, especially in middle-class and professional families
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ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT AND THE
CHANGING FAMILYEconomic Stress and Poverty
Families fare better when they have adequate sources of social support and strong ties to religious institutions
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THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FAMILY IN ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT
Adolescents who feel that their parents or guardians are “there” for them – caring, involved, and accepting – are healthier, happier, and more competent than their peers