32-1 “Hitler’s Lightning War” Using the sudden, mass attack called the blitzkrieg, Germany...
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Transcript of 32-1 “Hitler’s Lightning War” Using the sudden, mass attack called the blitzkrieg, Germany...
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32-1 “Hitler’s Lightning
War”Using the sudden, mass attack called the
blitzkrieg, Germany overruns much of Europe and North Africa
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Germany Sparks a New War in Europe
Secret Agreement Nonaggression pact—
Germans and Soviets agree not to fight each other. This was known as the “Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact” signed in 1939.
Agreement includes secret deal to split Poland
Ribbentrop and Stalin at the signing of the Pact
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The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 19391939
The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 19391939
Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop &
Molotov
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Text of the secret protocol (in German)
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Germany Sparks a New War in Europe
Germany’s Lightning Attack September 1, 1939—Hitler launches invasion
of Poland Britain, France declare war on Germany, but
Poland falls quickly Blitzkrieg—lightning war—Germany’s new
military strategy Planes, tanks, infantry used to surprise enemy
and quickly conquer
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Germany’s Lightning Attack
The Soviets Make Their Move Soviets capture Lithuania, Latvia, Poland,
resistance met in Finland Finland is invaded by the Soviet Union in what
is called the “Winter War.” Finland surrenders in March, 1940
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The Finns name the incendiary device the “Molotov Cocktail” after Soviet foreign minister Molotov during the Winter War.
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Germany’s Lightning Attack
The Phony War French, British
mobilize along French border, wait for German attack
Many months of no action—the “phony war”
In April 1940 Hitler attacks and quickly captures Denmark and Norway
British Ministry of Home Security poster of a type that was common during
the Phony War
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Denmark quickly surrenders to the Nazis, and cooperates with the German occupation. However, King Christian X becomes a symbol of Danish resistance when he stays in his capital of Copenhagen and still goes on a daily horseback ride through the capital. This picture taken in 1940 is of one of those rides. He is NOT accompanied by any armed guard.
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King Haakon of Norway (brother of Christian X of Denmark) refused to surrender to the Nazis, and was a symbol of Norwegian resistance. He escaped to London and moved the Norwegian government in exile there.
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German infantry attacking through a burning Norwegian village.
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German Neubaufahrzeug tanks in Oslo.
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The Fall of France
Further Gains May 1940—Germany conquers Netherlands,
Belgium, Luxembourg Soon after, German army reaches French
coast
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The Fall of France
Rescue at Dunkirk German forces trap
British, French on coast of Dunkirk
British Navy and civilians take ships across the English Channel to rescue soldiers
British troops evacuating Dunkirk's beaches. Many stood shoulder deep in
water for hours, waiting to board the warships.
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Dunkirk Evacuated
June 4, 1940
Dunkirk Evacuated
June 4, 1940
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The Fall of France
France Falls June 1940—
France surrenders to Germany
Charles de Gaulle, French general, organizes opposition to Germany
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France Surrenders June, 1940France Surrenders June, 1940
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The French ResistanceThe French Resistance
The Free French
General Charles DeGaulle
The Maquis
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A Divided France
A Divided France
Henri Petain
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The Battle of Britain
Threat to Britain Winston Churchill
—Becomes British prime minister and vows no surrender.
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Now Britain Is All Alone!
Now Britain Is All Alone!
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Winston Churchill giving his famous 'V' sign
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The Battle of Britain
Germany plans invasion of Britain; begins with air attacks in 1940
British use air force, radar, code-breaking to resist Germany
Battle of Britain—Air war over Britain that lasted until May 1941
Stunned by British resistance, Hitler calls off attacks
A pair of 264 Squadron Defiants. (PS-V was shot down on 28 August 1940 over Kent by Bf 109s.)
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Aircraft spotter on the roof of a building in London. St. Paul's Cathedral is in the background. 306-NT-901B-3.
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Standing up gloriously out of the flames and smoke of surrounding buildings, St. Paul's Cathedral is pictured during the great fire raid of Sunday December 29th." 1940. 306-NT-3173V.
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Over 500 firemen and members of the London Auxiliary Fire Fighting Services, including many women, combined in a war exercise over the ground covered by Greenwich (London) Fire Station." Ca. July 1939. 306-NT-901-19.
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Children of an eastern suburb of London, who have been made homeless by the random bombs of the Nazi night raiders, waiting outside the wreckage of what was their home." September 1940. 306-NT-3163V.
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Two bewildered old ladies stand amid the leveled ruins of the almshouse which was Home; until Jerry dropped his bombs. Total war knows no bounds. Almshouse bombed Feb. 10, Newbury, Berks., England." Naccarata, February 11, 1943. 111-SC-178801.
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Life in London during the war. View of a V-1 rocket (flying bomb) in flight, ca. 1944. 306-NT-3157V. The British nickname was a “Doodlebug”
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A London bus is submerged in a bomb crater after a German air raid.
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The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz
The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz
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The Mediterranean and the Eastern Front
Axis Forces Attack North Africa Mussolini and Italy at first neutral Mussolini declares war on France and Britain
after German victory September 1940—Mussolini attacks British in
North Africa
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On 13 September 1940 Italy launched the Tenth Army stationed in Libya in a 200,000 troop invasion into the British protectorate of Egypt and set up defensive forts at Sidi Barrani. But Italian Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, Governor-General of Libya, with little intelligence on the state of Allied forces there, chose not to continue further towards Cairo.
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Italian L3/33 in North Africa
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The Mediterranean and the Eastern Front
Britain Strikes Back December 1940—British attack and drive
Italians back Erwin Rommel, German general, battles
British in North Africa In 1942, Rommel first retreats then succeeds
against British
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Gen. Erwin Rommel with the 15th Panzer Division between Tobruk and Sidi Omar. Sdf. Zwilling, Libya, January or November 24, 1941. 242-EAPC-6-M713a.
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General Bernard L. Montgomery watches his tanks move up." North Africa, November 1942. 208-PU-138LL-3.
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The Mediterranean and the Eastern Front
The War in the Balkans Hitler plans to invade Soviet Union; moves to
take Balkan countries Hitler invades Yugoslavia and Greece in April
1941; both fall quickly
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An animation depicting the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia from the Why We Fight series of propaganda films.
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The Battle of Greece is generally regarded as a continuation of the Greco-Italian War, which began when Italian troops invaded Greece on October 28, 1940. Within weeks the Italians were driven out of Greece and Greek forces pushed on to occupy much of southern Albania. In March 1941, a major Italian counterattack failed, and Germany was forced to come to the aid of its ally. Operation Marita began on April 6, 1941, with German troops invading Greece through Bulgaria in an effort to secure its southern flank. The combined Greek and British Commonwealth forces fought back with great tenacity, but were vastly outnumbered and outgunned, and finally collapsed.
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The Mediterranean and the Eastern Front
Hitler Invades the Soviet Union Germany invades an unprepared Soviet Union
in June 1941 Soviet troops burn land as they retreat;
Germans move into Russia Germans stopped at Leningrad, forced to
undertake long siege Germans almost capture Moscow, but forced
to pull back
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Soviet and German invasions, annexations, and spheres of influence in Central and eastern Europe 1939-1940
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Russian soldiers prepare to attack German lines outside Leningrad.
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A column of Red Army POWs captured near Minsk is marched west.
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A group of Soviet POWs, taken to undefined Prison Camp
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The United States Aids Its Allies
American Policy Most Americans want to avoid war Roosevelt fears that if allies fall, U.S. would have to
fight He hopes to strengthen allies so they can resist
Germany Lend-Lease Act—U.S. loans weapons to countries
fighting Germany
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Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union..........................$11 billionFrance..................................$3 billionChina..................................$1.5 billionOther European......................$500 millionSouth America.......................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941
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Lend-LeaseLend-Lease
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease bill to give aid to Britain and China (1941)
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The United States Aids Its Allies
Roosevelt and Churchill meet, issue statement of principles
Atlantic Charter—supports free trade, right to form own government