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CSAE Working Paper WPS/2016-06

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Tfc oscqrgml _q rm fmu pcqmspacq _pc _jjma_rcb ugrfgl fmsqcfmjbq f_q jmle `ccl md glrcp/

cqr rm camlmkgqrq0 P_prgasj_pjw gl qmagcrgcq ufcpc qr_rc qsnnmpr _lb k_picr glqrgrsrgmlq _pc

uc_i. rfc fmsqcfmjb pck_glq _l gknmpr_lr slgr md npmbsargml. _lb gltcqrkclr gl rfc fsk_l

a_ngr_j md afgjbpcl0 Tfc slgr_pw fmsqcfmjb kmbcj. ufgaf _qqskcq rf_r rfc fmsqcfmjb _arq _q

_ qglejc bcagqgml slgr k_vgkgxgle _ amkkml srgjgrw dslargml. f_q `ccl amlqgqrclrjw pchcarcb

`w ckngpga_j ctgbclac +pctgcucb `w H_bb_b. Hmbbglmrr _lb Ajbcpk_l 3<<9. Dmqq 4235,0 Il

amlrp_qr rm rfc slgr_pw fmsqcfmjb kmbcj. rfc amjjcargtc fmsqcfmjb kmbcjq _jjmu rfc pcnpcqcl/

r_rgml md glbgtgbs_j `cf_tgmp ugrfgl rfc fmsqcfmjb0 Cfg_nnmpg +3<;;. 3<<4, f_q qfmul rf_r

qgknjw _qqskgle P_pcrm c%agclr _jjma_rgmlq gknjgcq _ qcr md rcqr_`jc pcqrpgargmlq0 Tfc `_qga

kmbcj f_q `ccl cvrclbcb gl qctcp_j bgpcargmlq. glajsbgle fmsqcfmjb npmbsargml +c0e0 Ubpw.

3<<8, _lb afgjbpcl +c0e0 Tfmk_q. 3<<2,. _kmle mrfcpq0

Tfc ckngpga_j rcqrq md rfc amjjcargtc fmsqcfmjb kmbcj. fmuctcp. f_tc `ccl jcqq amlqgqrclr

rf_l rfmqc md rfc slgr_pw fmsqcfmjb kmbcj0 Arr_l_qgm _lb Lcafclc +4236,. Bm`mlgq +422<,.

Bpmulgle. Bmspesgelml. Cfg_nnmpg _lb Lcafclc +3<<6,. Bpmulgle _lb Cfg_nnmpg +3<<;,.

Cfg_nnmpg. Fmprgl _lb L_apmgv +4224, _lb R_lecj _lb Tfmk_q +4227,. _kmle mrfcpq. d_gj

rm pchcar P_pcrm c%agclaw md glrp_fmsqcfmjb pcqmspac _jjma_rgmlq gl t_pgmsq amlrcvrq0 Ol

rfc mrfcp f_lb. Dcpaml _lb Kpgqfl_l +4222,. Ds$m _lb Ubpw +4226,. Gmjbqrcgl _lb Ubpw

+422;,. _lb Ubpw +3<<8, pchcar c%agclr glrp_fmsqcfmjb pcqmspac _jjma_rgmlq0 A `pm_b n_rrcpl

ckcpecq. fmuctcp. dpmk rfcqc qcckglejw aml$gargle ckngpga_j pcqsjrq0 Ol rfc mlc f_lb. rfc

qrsbgcq rf_r pchcar P_pcrm c%agclaw _pc amlaclrp_rcb gl Adpga_ _lb f_tc rclbcb rm dmasq ml

fmsqcfmjb npmbsargtc pcqmspacq +c0e0 Ubpw. 3<<8> Gmjbqrcgl _lb Ubpw. 422;> K_xg_le_ _lb

W_ff_h. 4235> Gsgpiglecp cr _j0. 4237,0 Ol rfc mrfcp f_lb. qrsbgcq rf_r d_gj rm pchcar c%/

agclaw rclb rm dmasq ml amlqsknrgml gl bctcjmngle amslrpgcq +c0e0 Bm`mlgq. 422<> Arr_l_qgm

_lb Lcafclc. 4236, mp j_`mp qsnnjw gl bctcjmncb amslrpgcq0

Ir f_q `ccl ugbcjw lmrcb rf_r _ icw cjckclr md glrcp_argmlq ugrfgl _ fmsqcfmjb gq rfcgp

pcnc_rcb _lb pcesj_p l_rspc0 G_kc rfcmpcrga pc_qmlgle gknjgcq rf_r glbgtgbs_jq ufm cvncar

rm glrcp_ar pcnc_rcbjw glrm rfc dsrspc qfmsjb `c _`jc rm qsqr_gl epc_rcp jctcjq md ammncp_rgml

amkn_pcb rm rfmqc ufm glrcp_ar qnmp_bga_jjw0 Id fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq a_pc _`msr dsrspc msr/

amkcq qs%agclrjw. rfcl rfcw ugjj `c _`jc rm _afgctc c%agclaw gl amlqsknrgml _lb npmbsargml

bcagqgmlq +Bpmulgle _lb Cfg_nnmpg. 3<;;> Ubpw. 3<<8> Ds$m _lb Ubpw 4226,0 Tfgq pc_qmlgle

umsjb _nnjw rm _jj glbgtgbs_jq jgtgle slbcp rfc ^q_kc pmmd*. uf_rctcp rfc l_rspc md d_kgjg_j

mp iglqfgn rgcq `cruccl rfck0

Hmuctcp. gd ammncp_rgml `cruccl fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq _pc qsqr_glcb rfpmsef _jrpsgqk. mp

lmpkq md d_kgjg_j pgefrq _lb m`jge_rgmlq. rfcl fmsqcfmjbq ugrf bg"cpclr rwncq md d_kgjg_j amk/

nmqgrgml k_w ucjj bgtcpec gl rfcgp `cf_tgmsp0 Fmp cv_knjc. ufgjc _jrpsgqk k_w `c qrpmlecp

`cruccl lsajc_p d_kgjw kck`cpq. _ n_rpg_paf mtcpqccgle _ j_pec fmsqcfmjb amlqgqrgle md kck/

4

`cpq md rfc cvrclbgle d_kgjw k_w `c kmpc c"cargtc gl gknmqgle psjcq md ammpbgl_rgml _lb

amjj_`mp_rgml0 Tfcpcdmpc. gr gq lmr ajc_p ufgaf rwnc md fmsqcfmjb umsjb `c kmpc c"cargtc gl

rfc mpe_lgq_rgml md npmbsargml _lb amlqsknrgml ugrfgl rfc fmsqcfmjb0

Tfc pmjc md cvrclbcb d_kgjgcq _lb iglqfgn lcrumpiq gl camlmkga glrcp_argmlq f_q pcacgtcb

amlqgbcp_`jc _rrclrgml dpmk camlmkgqrq gl pcaclr wc_pq +qcc Cmv _lb F_daf_knq 422; dmp _

pctgcu> _lb bg F_jam _lb Bsjrc +4233. 4235,. B_j_lb cr _j0 +4235, dmp pcaclr umpi ml qs`/

S_f_p_l Adpga_,0 Hmuctcp. rfgq jgrcp_rspc eclcp_jjw dmasqcq ml cvrclbcb d_kgjw kck`cpq ufm

glf_`gr qcn_p_rc fmsqcfmjbq _lb bm lmr npmtgbc glqgefrq _`msr rfc dslargmlgle md cvrclbcb/

d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _q amkn_pcb rm lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Bw amlrp_qr. rfcpc gq qa_pac

ctgbclac ml ufcrfcp mp fmu d_kgjw rgcq _"car glrp_/fmsqcfmjb _jjma_rgml0

Il rfgq n_ncp. uc _bt_lac rfc jgrcp_rspc ml glrp_/fmsqcfmjb pcqmspac _jjma_rgml _lb ml

fsk_l glrcp_argmlq gl rfpcc u_wq0 Fgpqr. uc cvnjgagrjw jgli rfc fmsqcfmjb bcagqgml k_igle

npmacqq rm rfc l_rspc md d_kgjg_j rgcq ugrfgl rfc fmsqcfmjb. _l _qncar rf_r f_q `ccl jcqq

pcqc_pafcb gl rfc jgrcp_rspc0 Scamlb. uc qfmu rf_r. ugrfgl rfc q_kc ecmep_nfga. camlmkga

_lb qmag_j cltgpmlkclrq. fmsqcfmjbq ufcpc kck`cpq f_tc ^qrpmlecp* d_kgjg_j rgcq _afgctc

lc_p P_pcrm c%agclr _jjma_rgml md npmbsargtc pcqmspacq _lb P_pcrm c%agclr _jjma_rgml md aml/

qsknrgml ufgjc fmsqcfmjbq ugrf ûc_icp* d_kgjg_j rgcq bm lmr0 Tfsq. uc _pc _`jc rm pcamlagjc

rum qrp_lbq md ckngpga_j ctgbclac gl rfc jgrcp_rspc rf_r f_tc cgrfcp d_gjcb rm pchcar mp f_tc

pchcarcb P_pcrm c%agclr _jjma_rgml md fmsqcfmjb pcqmspacq0 Tfgq gq gl jglc ugrf c_pjw pcqc_paf

`w Lslb`cpe +3<;;, ufm _rrcknrcb rm pcj_rc j_`msp qsnnjw md fsq`_lbq _lb ugtcq gl rfc

US j_`msp k_picr rm rfc fmsqcfmjb qrpsarspc0 Sfc dmslb ctgbclac rf_r fsq`_lbq _lb ugtcq

ugrfmsr npc/qafmmj afgjbpcl `cf_tcb jgic qcn_p_rc glbgtgbs_jq gl bcrcpkglgle rfcgp j_`msp qsn/

njw. ufgjc d_kgjgcq ugrf wmsle afgjbpcl _nnc_pcb rm bcrcpkglc j_`msp qsnnjw hmglrjw0 Mmpc

pcaclrjw. Alecjsaag _lb G_pjgai +4237, dmslb ctgbclac md P_pcrm c%agclr amlqsknrgml _jjm/

a_rgml dmp fmsqcfmjbq ugrf pcj_rgtcjw mjb fc_bq `sr lmr dmp fmsqcfmjbq ugrf pcj_rgtcjw wmsle

fc_bq0 Tfgpb. uc npmnmqc _ rfcmpcrga_j kmbcj ufgaf gq _`jc rm _aamslr dmp rfc bg"cpclacq

gl c%agclaw `cruccl fmsqcfmjb ugrf ^qrpmlecp* d_kgjg_j rgcq _lb rfmqc ugrf ûc_icp* d_kgjg_j

rgcq0 Fmp rfc pck_glgle md rfc n_ncp uc pcdcp rm fmsqcfmjbq ugrf ^qrpmlecp* d_kgjg_j rgcq _q

^lsajc_p* d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq> g0c0 fmsqcfmjbq amlqgqrgle md rfc fc_b. fgq qnmsqc mp qnmsqcq

_lb rfcgp afgjbpcl. _lb uc pcdcp rm fmsqcfmjbq ugrf ûc_icp* d_kgjg_j rgcq _q cvrclbcb d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq. g0c0 fmsqcfmjbq rf_r glajsbc _r jc_qr mlc kck`cp gl _bbgrgml rm rfc lsajc_p slgr0

Tfc qcrrgle dmp rfc ckngpga_j _l_jwqgq gl rfgq n_ncp gq psp_j Bspigl_ F_qm0 Aepgasjrsp_j

fmsqcfmjbq gl Bspigl_ F_qm npmtgbc _l glrcpcqrgle qcrrgle dmp cvnjmpgle rfc rmnga `ca_sqc

md rfc bgtcpqgrw md d_kgjw rgcq rf_r cvgqr ugrfgl rfc q_kc fmsqcfmjb +bgqasqqcb gl Scargml

6, _lb rfc np_argac md _qqgelgle d_pk njmrq. glbgtgbs_jjw. rm _bsjr fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq dmp

ufgaf rfcw amlrpmj npmbsargml afmgacq. _q ucjj _q rfc npmaccbq md d_pk msrnsr +Ubpw. 3<<8,0

Bcqgbcq rfcqc ^npgt_rc* njmrq. rfc fmsqcfmjb d_pkq ml mlc mp kmpc âmjjcargtc* njmrq. slbcp

rfc k_l_eckclr md rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b +K_xg_le_ _lb W_ff_h. 4235,0 Aaampbgle rm _ qmag_j

5

lmpk. c_af _`jc fmsqcfmjb kck`cp gq cvncarcb rm amlrpg`src qmkc j_`msp rm rfc ^amjjcargtc

d_pk* _lb rfc fc_b gq cvncarcb rm sqc grq npmaccbq dmp cvnclbgrspcq ml fmsqcfmjb ns`jga

emmbq +H_kkmlb 3<88> Fgqic 3<<3> L_jjck_lb 3<99,0

Wc #lb rf_r. amlrpmjjgle dmp njmr af_p_arcpgqrgaq _lb fmsqcfmjb/apmn/wc_p #vcb/c"carq.

amjjcargtc njmrq sqc j_`msp kmpc glrclqgtcjw _lb _afgctc fgefcp _epgasjrsp_j wgcjbq rf_l npgt_rc

njmrq0 Uqgle rfc rcqr md c%agclaw gl _epgasjrsp_j npmbsargml `_qcb ml rfc _nnpm_af ngmlccpcb

`w Ubpw +3<<8,. uc _pc _`jc rm pchcar rfc fwnmrfcqgq md c%agclaw gl npmbsargml dmp `mrf

cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Hmuctcp. +g, wgcjbq _afgctcb ml

npgt_rc njmrq gl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc ajmqc rm rfmqc _afgctcb ml amjjcargtcjw d_pkcb

njmrq ufgjc rfc amppcqnmlbgle e_nq gl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc qgelg#a_lrjw j_pecp0

Uqgle b_r_ ml amlqsknrgml cvnclbgrspcq `w bg"cpclr fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq. uc gknjckclr rfc

rum rcqrq md glrp_/fmsqcfmjb pgqi/qf_pgle. `_qcb b_r_ ml +gg, amlqsknrgml cvnclbgrspcq _lb

gbgmqwlap_rga qfmaiq rm glamkc dpmk qncag#a d_pk njmrq. dmjjmugle Ds$m _lb Ubpw +4226,

_lb +ggg, b_r_ ml afgjb _lrfpmnmkcrpgaq _lb qfmaiq rm kmrfcpq* d_pk glamkc0 Wgrf `mrf

_nnpm_afcq. uc _pc _`jc rm pchcar rfc fwnmrfcqgq md c%agclr pgqi/qf_pgle dmp cvrclbcb d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq `sr lmr dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0

Osp b_r_/qcr ml _epgasjrsp_j pcqmspac _jjma_rgml _jjmuq sq rm cv_kglc ufgaf fmsqcfmjb

kck`cp gq npmtgbgle j_`msp ml ufgaf d_pk njmrq. _lb rfcpcdmpc. rfc pmjc md d_kgjg_j rgcq gl

j_`msp _jjma_rgml0 Wc #lb rf_r +gt, fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq ufm qf_pc _ lsajc_p d_kgjw rgc npm/

tgbc kmpc j_`msp ml c_af mrfcp*q npgt_rc d_pk njmrq. _q amkn_pcb rm fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq ufm

qf_pc _l cvrclbcb d_kgjw rgc. mp lm d_kgjw rgcq> +t, dmp _ egtcl pcj_rgml rm rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b.

fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq npmtgbc kmpc j_`msp ml amjjcargtc d_pk njmrq gl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqc/

fmjbq rf_l gl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. amlrpmjjgle dmp glbgtgbs_j _lb njmr af_p_arcpgqrgaq

_lb fmsqcfmjb/wc_p #vcb/c"carq0

Tm cvnj_gl rfcqc ckngpga_j n_rrcplq. uc npmnmqc _ kmbcj md fmsqcfmjb bcagqgml/k_igle gl

ufgaf lsajc_p d_kgjw kck`cpq cvfg`gr epc_rcp _jrpsgqk rmu_pbq c_af mrfcp. mp _ epc_rcp _jgel/

kclr md npcdcpclacq. amkn_pcb rm _ n_gp md glbgtgbs_jq ufm _pc slpcj_rcb mp _pc amllcarcb

`w cvrclbcb/d_kgjw rgcq0 Tfgq _qqsknrgml a_l `c kmrgt_rcb `w rfc ctmjsrgml_pw _nnpm_af

rm _jrpsgqk _lb d_kgjg_j rgcq. `_qcb ml rfc umpi md H_kgjrml +3<86,. _q bgqasqqcb gl Cmv _lb

F_daf_knq +422;,0 Tfcl. j_`msp amlrpg`srgmlq _lb rp_lqdcpq rf_r lsajc_p d_kgjw kck`cpq

k_ic rm c_af mrfcp tmjslr_pgjw +g0c0 gl _ N_qf cosgjg`pgsk, k_w `c qs%agclr rm _afgctc

c%agclaw gl npmbsargml _lb amlqsknrgml bcagqgmlq ugrfgl _ lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjb0 Il

rfc a_qc md rfc cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjb. qsaf tmjslr_pw amlrpg`srgmlq k_w `c glqs%agclr

rm _afgctc rfc #pqr/`cqr0 Bsr rfc cvgqrclac md rfc qmag_j lmpk bcqapg`cb _`mtc cl_`jcq rfc

fmsqcfmjb fc_b rm amkkgr rm sqgle rfc msrnsr md rfc amjjcargtc d_pk dmp rfc ucjj/`cgle md rfc

clrgpc fmsqcfmjb0 Tfgq jc_bq rm _ bgqrmprgml md npmbsargtc pcqmspacq gl d_tmsp md rfc amjjcargtc

d_pk `sr cl_`jcq rfc fmsqcfmjb rm _afgctc _ qcamlb/`cqr _jjma_rgml0

Id lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc _`jc rm _jjma_rc pcqmspacq kmpc c%agclrjw. gr p_gqcq rfc

6

oscqrgml ufw cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq cvgqr _r _jj0 Tm rfgq oscqrgml. uc _pc _`jc rm npmtgbc

rum rwncq md _lqucpq `_qcb ml rfc _t_gj_`jc b_r_0 Fgpqr. gl _ qcrrgle ufcpc j_`msp k_picrq

dslargml nmmpjw mp _pc lml/cvgqrclr. am/f_`gr_rgml a_l npmtgbc rfc `_qgq md j_`msp cvaf_lec

+Gswcp 3<<5,. _jjmugle kmpc c"cargtc kmlgrmpgle md j_`msp `w rfc fc_b. _q ucjj _q rfc pc/

kslcp_rgml gl rfc dmpk md npgt_rc njmrq _lb npmtgqgml md fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq0 Scamlb.

gl rfc _`qclac md dmpk_j glqsp_lac _lb j_ai md c"cargtc pgqi/qf_pgle _pp_leckclrq ?BORBBJ

fmsqcfmjbq. _l _bbgrgml_j kck`cp _jjmuq epc_rcp glamkc bgtcpqg#a_rgml _lb gknpmtcq rfc

_`gjgrw md rfc fmsqcfmjb rm cle_ec gl amlqsknrgml qkmmrfgle0 Tfc _bbgrgml md _ cvrclbcb/

d_kgjw kck`cp mp slpcj_rcb glbgtgbs_j rm rfc fmsqcfmjb k_w pcbsac c%agclaw `sr umsjb

lctcprfcjcqq glapc_qc lcr ucjd_pc gd rfcqc `clc#rq _pc qs%agclrjw fgef0 Cmlqgqrclr ugrf rfcqc

fwnmrfcqcq. uc #lb rf_r +tg, fmsqcfmjbq ufcpc rfc fc_b f_q kmpc glfcpgrcb j_lb. _lb aml/

qcosclrjw rfc k_pegl_j npmbsar md j_`msp gq fgefcp. gq kmpc jgicjw rm glajsbc rfc am/pcqgbclac

md cvrclbcb d_kgjw kck`cpq _lb slpcj_rcb glbgtgbs_jq> +tgg, fmsqcfmjb fc_bq cvnmqcb rm

epc_rcp glamkc tmj_rgjgrw bsc rm rfc af_p_arcpgqrgaq md rfcgp glfcpgrcb j_lb _lb jma_j p_gld_jj

amlbgrgmlq _pc kmpc jgicjw rm clb sn ugrf cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq> +tggg, fmsqcfmjb dmmb

amlqsknrgml gq kmpc qclqgrgtc rm qfmaiq rm _epgasjrsp_j glamkc gl rfc a_qc md lsajc_p d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq rf_l gl rfc a_qc md cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0

Evrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. ml _tcp_ec. f_tc kmpc kck`cpq> _lb _ fc_b ufm gq kmpc

jgicjw rm `w nmjwewlmsq _lb. ml _tcp_ec. mjbcp0 Tm gltcqrge_rc ufcrfcp rfc bg"cpclacq gl pc/

qmspac _jjma_rgml `cruccl rfc rum epmsnq md fmsqcfmjbq _pc bsc rm rfcqc m`qcptcb bg"cpclacq.

uc pcnjga_rc rfc rcqrq md c%agclaw gl npmbsargml _lb amlqsknrgml dmp qs`q_knjcq gl ufgaf

lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc gbclrga_j mp qgkgj_p _jmle rfcqc bgkclqgmlq0 Tfc

n_rrcpl md pcqsjrq bcqapg`cb _`mtc ncpqgqrq dmp rfcqc qs`q_knjcq0 Ir gq gknmpr_lr rm pcamelgqc

rf_r rfc lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq gl msp b_r_/qcr _pc qcjd/qcjcarcb _lb. amlqcosclrjw. k_w

bg"cp dpmk rfc cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _jmle slm`qcpt_`jc bgkclqgmlq _q ucjj0 Hmuctcp.

uc _pc sl_`jc rm npmtgbc _ qgknjc qrmpw `_qcb ml qcjcargml ufgaf umsjb cvnj_gl rfc amk`glcb

ctgbclac pce_pbgle j_`msp sqc _apmqq d_pk njmrq. njmr wgcjbq _lb amlqsknrgml pgqi/qf_pgle _q

bcqapg`cb gl +g,/+t, _`mtc0 Bw amlrp_qr. rfc _qqsknrgml md qrpmlecp rgcq _apmqq lsajc_p d_kgjw

kck`cpq npmtgbcq _ n_pqgkmlgmsq cvnj_l_rgml dmp _jj rfcqc n_rrcplq _lb. rfcpcdmpc. qseecqrq

rf_r d_kgjw rgcq nj_w _l gknmpr_lr pmjc gl glrp_/fmsqcfmjb pcqmspac _jjma_rgml0

Fmqrcp _lb Rmqclxucge +4224, bctcjmn _lb rcqr _ rfcmpw md fmsqcfmjb bgtgqgml sqgle Ilbg_l

tgjj_ec b_r_. gl ufgaf npcdcpclac fcrcpmeclcgrw _kmle fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq _jqm nj_wq _l

gknmpr_lr pmjc0 Sncag#a_jjw. qglac fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq ksqr. `w bc#lgrgml. `c amlqskcb

gl rfc q_kc os_lrgrw `w d_kgjgcq pcqgbgle gl ^hmglr fmsqcfmjbq*. rfmqc ufm f_tc bg"cpclr

npcdcpclacq pce_pbgle npgt_rc _lb fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq f_tc glaclrgtcq rm `pc_i _u_w _lb

dmpk _ fmsqcfmjb slgr ml grq mul0 Hmuctcp. Fmqrcp _lb Rmqclxucge +4224, _qqskc rf_r rfc

_jjma_rgml md pcqmspacq ugrfgl rfc hmglr fmsqcfmjb gq c%agclr. _lb bm lmr gltcqrge_rc ufcrfcp

_lb fmu d_kgjw rgcq _"car pcqmspac _jjma_rgml RFOEFJ rfc hmglr fmsqcfmjb0 Bw amlrp_qr. egtcl

7

rfc j_pec `mbw md ctgbclac nmglrgle rm _l glc%agclr _jjma_rgml md pcqmspacq ugrfgl _epgasjrsp_j

fmsqcfmjbq gl qs`/S_f_p_l Adpga_. uc nmqgr rf_r rfc glrp_/fmsqcfmjb _jjma_rgml md pcqmspacq gq

_ N_qf cosgjg`pgsk _lb cqrgk_rc rfc jctcj md _jrpsgqk +mp _jgelkclr md npcdcpclacq, `cruccl

fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq sqgle b_r_ ml j_`msp _jjma_rgml _apmqq d_pk njmrq0

Gsgpiglecp _lb Pj_rrc_s +4236, bctcjmn _ rfcmpw rm cvnj_gl `mrf fmsqcfmjb bgtgqgml _lb

glbgtgbs_jgq_rgml md d_pk njmrq dmp _epgasjrsp_j fmsqcfmjbq gl Wcqr Adpga_. sqgle rfc gbc_ md

^kmp_j f_x_pb gl rc_kq* gl amjjcargtc d_pk umpi0 Wfgjc _ qgkgj_p kcaf_lgqk k_w `c _r umpi

dmp msp q_knjc md fmsqcfmjbq gl Bspigl_ F_qm. gr umsjb lmr cvnj_gl ufw amjjcargtc d_pkq

_afgctc fgefcp wgcjbq rf_l npgt_rc d_pk njmrq0 Il n_prgasj_p. rfc bgqrpg`srgml md njmr wgcjbq

_apmqq d_pk njmrq ugrfgl rfc q_kc fmsqcfmjb amppcqnmlb ajmqcjw rm rfc bgqrpg`srgml md j_`msp

dmp msp q_knjc> _lb rfcpcdmpc. uc _l_jwqc rfc b_r_ ugrfgl _ rfcmpcrga_j dp_kcumpi ufgaf a_l

_aamslr dmp rfc j_`msp _jjma_rgml afmgacq0

Tfc pck_glbcp md rfc n_ncp gq mpe_lgqcb _q dmjjmuq0 Il rfc lcvr qcargml. uc _rrcknr rm

bcqapg`c rfc ctmjsrgml md fmsqcfmjb qrpsarspc gl Wcqr Adpga_ bspgle rfc j_qr ruclrw wc_pq

sqgle fmsqcfmjb/jctcj b_r_ _lb bgqasqq nmqqg`jc pc_qmlq dmp rfcqc af_lecq0 Tfc rfcmpcrga_j

dp_kcumpi gq bctcjmncb gl Scargml 50 Tfc b_r_ sqcb gl msp _l_jwqgq gq bcqapg`cb gl Scargml

60 Scargml 7 gltcqrge_rcq njmr wgcjbq _lb _jjma_rgml md j_`msp _apmqq bg"cpclr rwncq md d_pk

njmrq k_l_ecb `w rfc q_kc fmsqcfmjb _lb amkn_pcq rfc bgqncpqgml gl wgcjbq _apmqq bg"cpclr

rwncq md fmsqcfmjbq0 Wc _l_jwqc fmu rfc npmaccbq dpmk bg"cpclr rwncq md d_pk njmrq _"car

amlqsknrgml cvnclbgrspcq gl Scargml 8. _lb cv_kglc pgqi/qf_pgle ugrfgl fmsqcfmjbq sqgle

afgjb _lrfpmnmkcrpga b_r_ gl Scargml 804. k_igle amkn_pgqmlq `cruccl lsajc_p d_kgjw _lb

cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Ajrcpl_rgtc fwnmrfcqcq dmp rfc n_rrcpl md pcqsjrq _pc cvnjmpcb

gl Scargml 90 Il Scargml ;. uc bgqasqq nmqqg`jc cvnj_l_rgmlq dmp rfc npcqclac cvrclbcb/d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq gl Wcqr Adpga_. _lb npmtgbc ctgbclac pce_pbgle rfgq cvnj_l_rgmlq0 Scargml <

amlajsbcq0

) 5[URZYPUT UM 8UZXLOURK 3USVUXPYPUT PT DLXY 2MWPJH

Wc bc#lc _ lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjb _q mlc rf_r amlqgqrq mljw md rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b. fgq

ugdc mp ugtcq _lb rfcgp afgjbpcl0 Evrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq umsjb glajsbc _r jc_qr mlc

glbgtgbs_j ufm bmcq lmr `cjmle rm rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b*q lsajc_p d_kgjw0 Il rfc Adpga_l

amlrcvr. _ fmsqcfmjb k_w `c amknmqcb md mlc mp kmpc ^ammigle slgrq*. ck`cbbcb ugrfgl _

^d_pkgle epmsn* +g0c0 _ epmsn md glbgtgbs_jq ufm d_pk rmecrfcp, _lb _ bucjjgle epmsn +Gmmbw.

3<;<,0

Evrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq a_l _pgqc dpmk k_ppgcb qmlq mp qg`jgleq ufm bcagbc rm p_gqc

rfcgp mul d_kgjgcq ugrfgl rfcgp d_rfcp*q mp `pmrfcp*q fmsqcfmjb _lb dpmk mrfcp _bsjr pcj_rgtcq

ufm bcagbc rm hmgl rfc fmsqcfmjbq0 +c0e0 Abcnmhs. 4227> Aipcqf. 422<> Cmsjqml. 3<84> Xmsle

_lb Alqcjj. 422;,0 Cfgjb/dmqrcpgle. _ np_argac ufgaf gq ugbcjw m`qcptcb gl qs`/S_f_p_l Adpga_.

8

umsjb _jqm jc_b rm cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _aampbgle rm msp bc#lgrgml +Aipcqf 422<,0

Wgbcqnpc_b k_picr d_gjspc gl psp_j j_`msp k_picrq kc_lq rf_r d_kgjw mp fmsqcfmjb kck/

`cpq _pc. amkkmljw. rfc k_gl qmspac md d_pk j_`msp dmp qk_jj/fmjbcp _epgasjrsp_j fmsqcfmjbq

gl qs`/S_f_p_l Adpga_0 Tfgq f_q fgqrmpga_jjw npmtgbcb _l gkncrsq dmp rfc amf_`gr_rgml md

glbgtgbs_jq ufm bm lmr `cjmle rm rfc q_kc lsajc_p d_kgjw +Gswcp 3<<5,0

Ir f_q `ccl _pescb gl rfc jgrcp_rspc rf_r pgqgle j_lb npcqqspcq _pc mlc md rfc icw bpgtcpq

`cfglb rfc glbgtgbs_jgq_rgml md j_lb rclspc ufgaf. gl rspl. a_l a_sqc _epgasjrsp_j fmsqcfmjbq

rm qnjgr sn glrm qk_jjcp d_pkgle slgrq +qcc. dmp cv_knjc. Gsgpiglecp _lb Pj_rrc_s 4236 _lb

rfc pcdcpclacq ugrfgl,0 Tfc q_kc npcqqspcq. amsnjcb ugrf rfc epmurf md glamkc/c_plgle

mnnmprslgrgcq msrqgbc md _epgasjrspc umsjb k_ic gr kmpc bg%asjr dmp _epgasjrsp_j fmsqcfmjbq

rm fmjb ml rm grq umpigle kck`cpq ugrf rfc npmkgqc md j_lb _qqcrq mp dsrspc aj_gkq ml

rfc c_plgleq eclcp_rcb `w rfcqc _qqcrq0 Tm rfc cvrclr rf_r rfcpc _pc qrpmlecp rgcq `cruccl

kck`cpq md _ lsajc_p d_kgjw rf_l `cruccl kck`cpq md rfc cvrclbcb d_kgjw _lb slpcj_rcb

glbgtgbs_jq. rfcqc npcqqspcq a_l jc_b rm _l ctmjsrgml md _epgasjrsp_j fmsqcfmjbq rmu_pbq rfc

lsajc_p d_kgjw kmbcj0

Tfc Dckmep_nfga _lb Hc_jrf Ssptcwq +DHS,. ufgaf npmtgbcq b_r_ ml fmsqcfmjb amk/

nmqgrgml _apmqq amslrpgcq _lb mtcp rgkc sqgle amlqgqrclr bc#lgrgmlq. _jjmu sq rm cv_kglc

fmu rfc npct_jclac md lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq gq ctmjtgle mtcp rgkc0 T_`jc 3 pcnmprq rfc

npmnmprgml md lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq dmp < amslrpgcq gl Wcqr Adpga_ sqgle DHS qsptcwq

amlbsarcb gl rfc pcegml bspgle rfc ncpgmb 3<<5/42350 Il 7 msr md < amslrpgcq. rfc qf_pc md

lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq f_q pgqcl mtcp rfgq ncpgmb0 Ir f_q pck_glcb qr_`jc gl 5 amslrpgcq

_lb f_q bcajglcb gl mlc amslrpw +Gf_l_,0 Tfc ksjrgnjga_rgml md sp`_l fmsqcfmjbq. `w grqcjd.

a_llmr _aamslr dmp rfcqc af_lecq> rfc n_rrcpl ncpqgqrq ufcl uc pcqrpgar rfc _l_jwqgq rm rfc

psp_j qs`q_knjc0

Ir gq gknmpr_lr rm pcamelgqc rf_r rfc ctmjsrgml rmu_pbq rfc lsajc_p d_kgjw kmbcj bmcq

lmr gknjw _ uc_iclgle md rfc cvrclbcb d_kgjw lcrumpi mp iglqfgn/`_qcb rgcq0 Ilbccb. rfcpc

gq _ j_pec jgrcp_rspc cknf_qgxgle rfc gknmpr_lr pmjc rf_r rfcqc lcrumpiq amlrglsc rm nj_w gl

camlmkga _"_gpq gl qs`/S_f_p_l Adpga_ +dmp pcaclr qrsbgcq ml rfc qs`hcar. qcc. dmp cv_knjc.

bg F_jam _lb Bsjrc +4233. 4235,> B_j_lb cr _j0 +4235,,0 Bsr ctmjsrgml gl rfc amknmqgrgml

md rfc fmsqcfmjb p_gqcq rfc oscqrgml ufcrfcp lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. gl _lw dslb_kclr_j

u_w. mncp_rcq bg"cpclrjw dpmk cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Tf_r gq rfc oscqrgml uc _bbpcqq

gl rfgq n_ncp ugrfgl rfc amlrcvr md _epgasjrsp_j fmsqcfmjbq gl Bspigl_ F_qm0

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Cmlqgbcp _ fmsqcfmjb amlqgqrgle md A _bsjr kck`cpq j_`cjjcb = ? 3- ,,- A0 Tfc fmsqcfmjb f_q

rmr_j d_pk j_lb md _pc_ 0 ufgaf gq rm `c _jjma_rcb _kmle rfc bg"cpclr fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq

9

_lb _ ^amkkml* njmr0 E_af fmsqcfmjb kck`cp = f_q _ j_`msp clbmukclr md 2, ufgaf fc mp

qfc umsjb _jjma_rc _apmqq rfc bg"cpclr d_pk njmrq _drcp rfc j_lb f_q `ccl bgtgbcb sn0 Tfcpc

gq lm _epgasjrsp_j j_`msp k_picr _lb rfcpcdmpc _jj njmrq ksqr `c d_pkcb sqgle fmsqcfmjb

j_`msp0

Wc bclmrc `w 0- rfc qgxc. _lb `w 4/- _lb 4*- rfc rmr_j _kmslr md k_jc _lb dck_jc

j_`msp _jjma_rcb rm fmsqcfmjb njmr > ) +3- ,,- A- 9,0 Hcpc. > ? 9 bclmrcq rfc amkkml njmr.

_lb > ) +3- ,,- A, pcnpcqclrq rfc npgt_rc njmr _qqgelcb rm fmsqcfmjb kck`cp >0 Wc _qqskc.

dmp qgknjgagrw. rf_r rfc apmn epmul _lb rfc _epgasjrsp_j rcaflmjmew cknjmwcb. gq rfc q_kc

_apmqq _jj njmrq0 Aepgasjrsp_j msrnsr dpmk njmr > gq egtcl `w

F- ? 3 +0- - 4/- - 4*-, +3,

ufcpc 3 +,,. rfc npmbsargml dslargml gq glapc_qgle _lb amla_tc gl c_af _peskclr0 Lcr

^ ? +F%- ,,- F0- F(, bclmrc rfc glamkc jctcjq md rfc fmsqcfmjb dpmk grq bg"cpclr _epgasjrsp_j

njmrq0

Tfc npmaccbq dpmk rfc d_pkq a_l `c qnclr ml cgrfcp npgt_rc emmbq mp _ fmsqcfmjb

ns`jga emmb0 Pcpqml =*q srgjgrw dpmk amlqsknrgml gq egtcl `w rfc dslargml C, +]- G, ufcpc

] ? +E%- E&- ,,- E0,. E, gq rmr_j cvnclbgrspcq ml ncpqml =*q npgt_rc emmb _lb G bclmrcq rmr_j

cvnclbgrspcq `w rfc fmsqcfmjb ml fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq0

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Ggtcl pcqcpt_rgml srgjgrgcq +C%- ,,- C0,. rfc dmjjmugle mnrgkgq_rgml npm`jck wgcjbq _ P_pcrm/

c%agclr _jjma_rgml md j_lb _lb j_`msp _apmqq bg"cpclr rwncq md d_pk njmrq. _lb amlqsknrgml

cvnclbgrspcq ml bg"cpclr emmbq=

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ufcpc 2 ? +0(- 0%- ,,- 00, gq _ tcarmp bcqapg`gle rfc glrp_/fmsqcfmjb _jjma_rgml md j_lb y _lb

;, ? +4,(- 4,

%- ,,- 4,0, rfc _jjma_rgml md j_`msp `w fmsqcfmjb kck`cp = y _apmqq rfc bg"cpclr

fmsqcfmjb njmrq. ] ? +E%- ,,- E0, pcnpcqclrq cvnclbgrspcq ml npgt_rc emmbq amlqskcb `w bgd/

dcpclr fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq _lb G a_nrspcq cvnclbgrspcq ml rfc fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmb0 Wc

bclmrc `w */.** ' +3- ,,- A, rfc qs`qcr md fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq ufm _pc k_jc _lb dck_jc.

pcqncargtcjw0

Ir gq ucjj/ilmul rf_r rfc mnrgkgq_rgml npm`jck gl +4,/+9, gknjgcq c%agclaw gl fmsqcfmjb

npmbsargml afmgacq0 Il n_prgasj_p. gr gknjgcq rf_r d_pk wgcjbq _lb j_`msp glrclqgrw _apmqq njmrq

mulcb `w rfc q_kc fmsqcfmjb qfmsjb `c glbcnclbclr md rfc fmsqcfmjb kck`cp rm ufmk rfc

njmr gq _qqgelcb. _lb dmpkq rfc `_qgq md rfc rcqr md rfc Cmjjcargtc Hmsqcfmjb Mmbcj sqcb `w

Ubpw +3<<8,. _lb qs`qcosclrjw `w Gmjbqrcgl _lb Ubpw +422;,. K_xg_le_ _lb W_ff_h +4235,.

_lb Gsgpiglecp cr _j0 +4237,0

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Il rfgq qcargml. uc bctcjmn _l _jrcpl_rgtc kmbcj ufcpc bcagqgmlq _pc k_bc gl _ lml/ammncp_rgtc

k_llcp y g0c0 rfcpc gq lm `glbgle _epcckclr pce_pbgle glrp_/fmsqcfmjb _jjma_rgml0 Il rfc

lcvr qs`/qcargml fmu rfc bcepcc md _rpsgqk _"carq glrp_/fmsqcfmjb _jjma_rgml0

Tfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b bcagbcq fmu rm bgtgbc sn rfc _t_gj_`jc j_lb `cruccl bg"cpclr fmsqc/

fmjb kck`cpq _lb. nmrclrg_jjw. _ amkkml njmr0 E_af fmsqcfmjb kck`cp = f_q _ pcqcpt_rgml

srgjgrw C, ufgaf rfcw a_l m`r_gl gd rfcw cvgr rfc fmsqcfmjb0 Tfcpcdmpc. rm clqspc rf_r mrfcp

kck`cpq pck_gl ugrfgl rfc fmsqcfmjb. rfc fc_b f_q rm clqspc rf_r c_af gq _`jc rm _rr_gl _r

jc_qr fgq mp fcp pcqcpt_rgml srgjgrw dpmk rfc glrp_/fmsqcfmjb _jjma_rgml md j_lb. _lb qs`qcosclr

j_`msp _lb amlqsknrgml afmgacq ugrfgl rfc fmsqcfmjb0 Tfc fc_b a_llmr amkkgr cv/_lrc

+g0c0 `cdmpc npmbsargml r_icq nj_ac, rm k_igle npgt_rc rp_lqdcpq dpmk _lw d_pk njmrq mtcp

ufgaf fc pcr_glq amlrpmj0 Hmuctcp. dmjjmugle rfc crflmep_nfga jgrcp_rspc. uc _qqskc rf_r

rfcpc gq _ qmag_j lmpk rf_r npcqapg`cq rf_r rfc npmaccbq dpmk rfc amkkml njmr `c qnclr ml

fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq0% Tfc lmpk a_l nmrclrg_jjw glaclrgtgqc mrfcp fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq rm

npmtgbc j_`msp ml rfc amkkml njmr +gl rfc ilmujcbec rf_r rfcw ugj bcpgtc qmkc srgjgrw dpmk

grq npmaccbq,0 Mmbcjjgle rfc qmag_j lmpk gq lmr cqqclrg_j dmp bcpgtgle rfc icw npcbgargmlq md

rfc kmbcj `sr gr qgknjg#cq rfc _l_jwqgq0 _lb. npmtgbcq _ p_rgml_jc dmp rfc npcqclac md amkkml

njmrq. ufgaf _pc ugbcjw npct_jclr gl rfc qrsbw _pc_ +qcc Scargml 6,0

Wc _qqskc rf_r tgmj_rgle rfc qmag_j lmpk a_l f_tc amqrjw qmag_j amlqcosclacq _lb. rfcpc/

dmpc. rfc fc_b _ju_wq _arq _aampbgle rm rfc lmpk0 Tfsq. uc f_tc G & F(0 Wc dmasq ml

rfc a_qc ufcpc. egtcl rfc jctcj md cvnclbgrspcq ml fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq `w rfc fc_b. _jj

mrfcp fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq k_ic xcpm amlrpg`srgml rm fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq dpmk rfcgp mul

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npgt_rc njmrq _lb rfcw k_ic xcpm amlrpg`srgml rm npgt_rc cvnclbgrspcq ncpr_glgle rm mrfcp

fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq0 Tfsq. uc f_tc G ? F( _lb E, ? F,0 Wc bclmrc `w G +^, _lb E, +^,.

= ? 3- ,,- A rfc fmsqcfmjb*q cvnclbgrspcq ml bg"cpclr emmbq _q _ dslargml md grq glamkc dpmk

rfc bg"cpclr fmsqcfmjb njmrq0

Ggtcl rfc dslargmlq G +^, _lb E, +^,. = ? 3- ,,- A. uc a_l _l_jwqc rfc j_`msp bcagqgmlq `w

rfc fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq0 Bcqgbcq rfcgp mul njmr _lb rfc amkkml njmr. rfcw k_w amlrpg`src

j_`msp rm c_af mrfcp*q npgt_rc njmrq gd rfcw f_tc _jrpsgqrga npcdcpclacq0 E_af fmsqcfmjb

kck`cp = _jjma_rcq j_`msp _aampbgle rm rfc dmjjmugle mnrgkgq_rgml npm`jck=

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F- ? 3 +0-- 4/-- 4*-, dmp > ? 3- ,,- A- 9

4/- ?)

.#%&

4.- . 4*- ?

)

.#%#

4.- dmp > ? 3- ,,- A- 9

2, & 4( - 4,% - ,,, - 4,

0

Fpmk rfc mnrgkgq_rgml npm`jck. uc m`r_gl rfc dmjjmugle #pqr/mpbcp amlbgrgmlq=

C,-

/3 +0,- 4/-- 4*-,

/4/-

? C,4

/3 +0(- 4/(- 4*(,

/4/(

dmp c_af > ) +3- ,,- A,

qsaf rf_r 4,- . 2 gd = ) */ +32,

C,-

/3 +0,- 4/-- 4*-,

/4*-

? C,4

/3 +0(- 4/(- 4*(,

/4*(

dmp c_af > ) +3- ,,- A,

qsaf rf_r 4,- . 2 gd = ) ** +33,

Ggtcl 2 _lb ;%

+2, - ,,- ;0

+2,. uc a_l bcrcpkglc rfc d_pk glamkc dpmk c_af njmr ^. _lb

rfsq fmsqcfmjb qnclbgle ml c_af emmb E%- ,,- E0- G0 Tfcpcdmpc. uc a_l upgrc amlqsknrgml cv/

nclbgrspcq bgpcarjw _q _ dslargml md glrp_/fmsqcfmjb j_lb _jjma_rgml= &E% +2, - ,,- &E0 +2, - &G +2,0

Tfc fc_b md rfc fmsqcfmjb _jjma_rcq j_lb `cruccl rfc amkkml njmr _lb rfc npgt_rc njmrq

md rfc mrfcp fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq rm k_vgkgqc fgq mul srgjgrw +ufgaf a_l bcnclb ml rfc npgt_rc

amlqsknrgml md mrfcp d_kgjw kck`cpq,0 Hmuctcp. fc _jqm f_q rm clqspc rf_r rfc npgt_rc njmrq

_u_pbcb rm rfc mrfcp fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq _pc j_pec clmsef rf_r rfcw umsjb afmmqc rm pck_gl

ugrfgl rfc fmsqcfmjb0 Hgq mnrgkgq_rgml npm`jck a_l `c upgrrcl _q dmjjmuq +uc afmmqc rfc

glbcv 3 rm pcnpcqclr rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b,=

k_v!

C% +E% +2, - ,,- E0 +2, - G +2,, +34,

qs`hcar rm C, +E% +2, - ,,- E0 +2, - G +2,, & C, dmp = ? 4- ,,- A +35,

0( -0)

,.%

0, ? 0 +36,

32

Tfc mnrgkgq_rgml npm`jck bcqapg`cb gl +34,/+36, bcrcpkglcq rfc qgxc md c_af d_pk njmr ugrfgl

rfc fmsqcfmjb. glajsbgle rfc amkkml njmr0

Gsgpiglecp _lb Pj_rrc_s +4237, bctcjmn _l _jrcpl_rgtc `sr ajmqcjw pcj_rcb rfcmpw ml rfc

glrp_fmsqcfmjb _jjma_rgml md d_pk j_lb rm cvnj_gl rfc cvgqrclac md kgvcb d_pkq0 Tfc icw

bg"cpclac gl rfcgp umpi gq rf_r rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b gq _`jc rm _qqgel lmr mljw npgt_rc njmrq

rm mrfcp fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq `sr _jqm rp_lqdcpq rf_r a_l `c k_bc amlrgleclr ml rfc rmr_j

msrnsr ml _ ^amjjcargtc* njmr0 Tfcqc rp_lqdcpq npmtgbc fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq glaclrgtcq rm umpi

ml rfc ^amjjcargtc* njmr `sr rfc j_`msp _jjma_rgml gq glc%agclr `ca_sqc md rfc npm`jck md

^kmp_j f_x_pb gl rc_kq*0 Bw amlrp_qr. uc _qqskc rf_r rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b a_llmr amkkgr rm

k_igle qsaf rp_lqdcpq _r _jj `sr rfc qmag_j lmpk y ufgaf m`jgecq fgk rm qnclb rfc npmaccbq

md rfc amkkml njmr ml fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq y npmtgbcq _l _jrcpl_rgtc qmspac md glaclrgtcq

dmp mrfcp fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq rm amlrpg`src j_`msp rm rfc amkkml njmr0

*&)&( BOL 5!LJY UM AYWUTNLW BPLX \PYOPT YOL 8UZXLOURK

Tm gltcqrge_rc fmu. egtcl rfc dp_kcumpi msrjglcb gl Scargml 504. _jrpsgqk mp d_kgjg_j rgcq

_"car rfc glrp_/fmsqcfmjb _jjma_rgml md pcqmspacq. uc glrpmbsac qncag#a n_p_kcrpga dmpkq dmp

rfc npmbsargml _lb srgjgrw dslargmlq0 Wc pcnpcqclr rfc d_pkgle rcaflmjmew sqgle _ Cm``/

Dmsej_q npmbsargml dslargml _lb npcdcpclacq sqgle amlqr_lr/cj_qrgagrw/md/qs`qrgrsrgml srgjgrw

dslargmlq _q dmjjmuq

3 +0.- 4/.- 4*., ? +0.,! +4/.,"! +4*.,"" dmp ? ? 9 mp ? ) +3- ,,- A, +37,

8, +]- G> #,, ?

'

+E,,$ - #,( +G,$ -

)

- $.,

#,- +E-,$

( !

!

. = ) +3- ,,- A, +38,

ufcpc #,-- #-, ) Z2- 3\ a_nrspc rfc jctcj md _jrpsgqk `cruccl fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq = _lb > _lb

#,(- #-( rfcgp pcj_rgtc npcdcpclacq dmp fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq0 Id #,- ? #-, ? 2. rfcl fmsqcfmjb

kck`cpq = _lb > bm lmr a_pc _r _jj _`msr c_af mrfcp*q npgt_rc amlqsknrgml0 Ol rfc mrfcp

f_lb. gd Id #,- ? #-, ? 3 _lb #,( ? #-(. rfcl rfcgp npcdcpclacq _pc ncpdcarjw _jgelcb0

;HIUZW CXL 9TYLTXPY^1 Cmlqgbcp _ k_jc fmsqcfmjb kck`cp = _lb _ dck_jc fmsqcfmjb

kck`cp > ufm `mrf amlrpg`src j_`msp rm rfc amkkml njmr _lb c_af mrfcp*q npgt_rc njmrq0

Fpmk rfc #pqr/mpbcp amlbgrgmlq gl +32, _lb +33,. uc m`r_gl

#,(

+G,$

4/(

?+E,,

$

4/,

? #,-

+E-,$

4/-

+39,

#-(

+G,$

4*(

? #-,

+E,,$

4*,

?+E-,

$

4*-

+3;,

Tfcl uc m`r_gl _ pcj_rgmlqfgn `cruccl rfc j_`msp sqc glrclqgrw ml rfc amkkml njmr _lb

33

c_af npgt_rc njmr +rfc bcpgt_rgml gq qfmul gl rfc Tfcmpcrga_j Annclbgv,=

jl

#4/(

0(

$

! jl

#4/,

0,

$

?

%( +! - "% - "&, ! 3

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

jl

#0(

0,

$

-

%3 ! ("&

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

jl +#,(,

-

%("&

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

Zjl +#-(, ! jl +#-,,\ +3<,

jl

#4/(

0(

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! jl

#4/-

0-

$

?

%( +! - "% - "&, ! 3

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

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jl

#0(

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3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

jl +#-(,

-

%3 ! ("&

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

Zjl +#,(, ! jl +#,-,\ +42,

Aaampbgle rm cos_rgmlq +3<, _lb +42,. _lw bg"cpclacq gl rfc sqc md k_jc j_`msp +ncp slgr

_pc_, gq bsc rm bg"cpclacq gl njmr af_p_arcpgqrgaq +_q pcnpcqclrcb `w 0(- 0, _lb 0-,. pcj_rgtc

npcdcpclacq dmp fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq tcpqsq npgt_rc emmbq. _lb +j_ai md, _jrpsgqk `cruccl

fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq +_q pcnpcqclrcb `w #,- _lb #-,,0 Id #,- ? #-, ? 3 _lb #,( ? #-(. rfcl

npcdcpclacq _apmqq fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq _pc gbclrga_j _lb uc m`r_gl _l c%agclr _jjma_rgml md

j_`msp _apmqq d_pk njmrq _q gl rfc Cmjjcargtc Mmbcj _lb rfc Ulgr_pw Mmbcj md rfc fmsqcfmjb0

Wc a_l pcnpcqclr jmucp jctcjq md _jrpsgqk `w sqgle qk_jjcp t_jscq md #,- mp #-, _lb rfgq

umsjb jc_b rm _ ugbclgle e_n gl rfc glrclqgrw md j_`msp sqc `cruccl rfc npgt_rc njmrq _lb

rfc amkkml njmr. gl d_tmsp md rfc amkkml njmr0 Eosgt_jclr pcqsjrq dmp dck_jc j_`msp sqc

glrclqgrgcq _pc qfmul gl rfc Tfcmpcrga_j Annclbgv0

?RUY FPLRKX1 Uqgle +3<, _lb +42,. uc a_l _jqm amknsrc rfc e_n gl wgcjbq `cruccl rfc

amkkml njmrq _lb rfc npgt_rc njmrq +rfc bcpgt_rgml gq qfmul gl rfc Tfcmpcrga_j Annclbgv,=

jl

#F(

0(

$

! jl

#F,

0,

$

? ! jl

#0(

0,

$

-

%"%

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

jl +#,(,

-

%"&

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

Zjl +#-(, ! jl +#-,,\ +43,

jl

#F(

0(

$

! jl

#F-

0-

$

? ! jl

#0(

0-

$

-

%"&

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

jl +#-(,

-

%"%

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&

Zjl +#,(, ! jl +#,-,\ +44,

ufcpc ! ? +! ! 3, - +"% - "&,*

!$

%!$!"!#"""

+0 Fpmk +43, _lb +44,. uc #lb rf_r _lw bg"cp/

clacq gl wgcjbq `cruccl rfc amkkml njmrq _lb rfc npgt_rc njmrq _pc. mlac _e_gl. bsc rm

bg"cpclacq gl njmr af_p_arcpgqrgaq. pcj_rgtc npcdcpclacq `cruccl fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq _lb

npgt_rc emmbq. _lb bgtcpeclr npcdcpclacq `cruccl fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq0 Id #,- ? #-, ? 3 rfcl.

_jjmugle dmp bg"cpclacq bsc rm njmr qgxc. _lb npcdcpclacq dmp fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq. rfc

wgcjbq _apmqq amkkml njmrq _lb npgt_rc njmrq _pc gbclrga_j _q gknjgcb `w c%agclaw gl _epg/

asjrsp_j npmbsargml0 Fmp jmucp t_jscq md #,- _lb #-,. _ wgcjb e_n mnclq sn gl d_tmsp md rfc

amkkml njmr0

34

Mmqr gknmpr_lrjw. cos_rgmlq +43, _lb +44, y _lb rfc amppcqnmlbgle cos_rgmlq dmp j_`msp

sqc glrclqgrgcq y npmtgbc _ jgli `cruccl rfc _jjma_rgml md npmbsargtc pcqmspacq ugrfgl rfc

fmsqcfmjb _lb rfc cvrclr md _jrpsgqk `cruccl fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq. ufgaf a_l `c gltcqrge_rcb

ugrf njmr/jctcj b_r_ dpmk _epgasjrsp_j fmsqcfmjbq0 Wc bgqasqq _lb gknjckclr ckngpga_j rcqrq

gknjgcb `w rfcqc cos_rgmlq gl Scargml +7,0

9TKP[PKZHR ;HIUZW 3UTYWPIZYPUTX UT ?RUYX1 Nmrc rf_r rfc #pqr/mpbcp amlbgrgmlq ml

j_`msp gl +32, _lb +33, pcj_rc rm OKO>H j_`msp ml d_pk njmrq0 Tfcpcdmpc. rfcw bm lmr ngl bmul

FJAFQFAP>H j_`msp amlrpg`srgmlq0 Hmuctcp. gd uc _qqskc rf_r umpi gq qf_pcb cos_jjw _kmle

_jj k_jc1dck_jc fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq ufm npmtgbc j_`msp ml _ njmr y _q gl _ qwkkcrpga N_qf

cosgjg`pgsk y uc a_l bcpgtc _ qcr md cos_rgmlq pcj_rgle glbgtgbs_j j_`msp amlrpg`srgmlq _apmqq

d_pk njmrq0 Lcr sq bclmrc `w A/ +=, _lb A/ +>, rfc rmr_j lsk`cp md k_jc umpicpq ml rfc d_pk

njmrq md = _lb > pcqncargtcjw0 Rc_pp_legle +58, _lb +59, _lb bgtgbgle `w rfc jme md lsk`cp

md umpicpq ml c_af njmr. uc m`r_gl

+45,

jl

#3

A/ +=,

4/,

0,

$

! jl

#3

A/ +>,

4/-

0-

$

?

%( +! - "% - "&, ! 3

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

jl

#0,

0-

$

-

%("&

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

jl +#-,,

!

%3 ! ("&

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

jl +#,-, - jl

%A/ +>,

A/ +=,

&

Uqgle rfc cos_rgml _`mtc. uc a_l amkn_pc j_`msp amlrpg`srgmlq `cruccl fmsqcfmjb kck/

`cpq ufm qf_pc bg"cpclr rwncq md d_kgjw rgcq0 Ssnnmqc rf_r dmp glbgtgbs_jq `cjmlegle rm rfc

q_kc lsajc_p d_kgjw. uc f_tc #-, ? #,- ? #0 . 2 _lb #) gq rfc amppcqnmlbgle n_p_kcrcp dmp

glbgtgbs_jq `cjmlegle rm bg"cpclr lsajc_p d_kgjgcq qsaf rf_r 3 . #0 . #) . 20& Ssnnmqc

rf_r = _lb > qf_pc _ lsajc_p d_kgjw rgc ufgjc >" gq _ amf_`gr_rgle glbgtgbs_j ufm `cjmleq rm

_ bg"cpclr lsajc_p d_kgjw0 Id = amlrpg`srcq nmqgrgtc _kmslrq md j_`msp ml rfc njmrq md `mrf >

#KWT Pbbd\_cX^] cWPc X]SXeXSdP[b bWPaX]V P ]dR[TPa UP\X[h cXT f^d[S TgWXQXc WXVWTa [TeT[b Û P[cadXb\c^fPaSb TPRW ^cWTa cWP] X]SXeXSdP[b bWPaX]V P] TgcT]STS UP\X[h cXT â ]^ UP\X[XP[ cXTb RP] QT \^cXePcTS QhcWT Te^[dcX^]Pah P__a^PRW c^ UP\X[XP[ cXTb P]S P[cadXb\( QPbTS ^] cWT fâZ Û AP\X[c^] &,41/'( Pb SXbRdbbTSX] <^g P]S ?PURWP\_b &-++3'* B] UPRc( cWXb P__a^PRW f^d[S hXT[S \âT _aTRXbT _aTSXRcX^]b aTVPaSX]V P[cadXb\QTcfTT] SX!TaT]c W^dbTW^[Sb cWP] fWPc fT PaT Pbbd\X]V WTaT* Gda bX\_[X"TS P__a^PRW Xb SdT c^ cWT UPRccWPc cWT SPcP _aêXSTb [X\XcTS X]Uâ\PcX^] ^] cWT UP\X[XP[ aT[PcX^]b fXcWX] cWT W^dbTW^[S*

35

_lb >". rfcl uc m`r_gl

jl

#3

A/ +=,

4/,

0,

$

! jl

#3

A/ +>,

4/-

0-

$

?

%( +! - "% - "&, ! 3

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

jl

#0,

0-

$

!

%3

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

jl +#0, - jl

%A/ +>,

A/ +=,

&

+46,

jl

#3

A/ +=,

4/,

0,

$

! jl

#3

A/ +>",

4/-!

0-!

$

?

%( +! - "% - "&, ! 3

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

jl

#0,

0-!

$

!

%3

3 ! ( +"% - "&,

&

jl +#), - jl

%A/ +>",

A/ +=,

&

+47,

Eos_rgmlq +46, _lb +47, npmtgbc _ jgli `cruccl =*q +k_jc, j_`msp amlrpg`srgml ml fgq npgt_rc

njmr. rfc npgt_rc njmr md _lmrfcp fmsqcfmjb kck`cp. _lb rfc l_rspc md rfc d_kgjw rgc `cruccl

rfck, Fmp cv_knjc. gd rfc npgt_rc njmrq md = _lb > _pc gbclrga_j +g0c0 0, ? 0-,. rfcgp npcdcpclacq

_pc ncpdcarjw _jgelcb +#0 ? #-, ? #,- ? 3, _lb cos_j lsk`cpq md kcl umpi ml rfcgp pcqncargtc

njmrq +A/ +=, ? A +>,,. rfcl = ugjj umpi cos_j _kmslrq md rgkc ml rfc rum njmrq0 Id #0 gq `cjmu

3. fc ugjj qnclb pcj_rgtcjw kmpc rgkc ml fgq mul njmr0 Fmjjmugle rfc q_kc pc_qmlgle. uc a_l

bcpgtc n_p_jjcj cos_rgmlq dmp glbgtgbs_j dck_jc j_`msp amlrpg`srgmlq _apmqq npgt_rc njmrq0

Tm f_tc _ npcbgargml _`msr rfc _kmslrq md rgkc = umpiq ml rfc njmrq md lsajc_p _lb

cvrclbcb d_kgjw kck`cpq. uc lccb rm ilmu rfc pcj_rgtc qgxcq md A/ +>, _lb A/ +>",0 Ir a_l

`c qfmul rf_r gd #0 . #) _lb _jj fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq f_tc rfc q_kc npcdcpclac n_p_kcrcp dmp

rfc fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmb +c0e0 #,( ? #-( ? #-!( ? #(,. rfcl dmp c_af npgt_rc njmr. mljw rfc

mulcp*q lsajc_p d_kgjw pcj_rgmlq ugjj amlrpg`src nmqgrgtc _kmslrq md j_`msp0 Bsr gd rfc njmr

mulcp f_q lm amf_`grgle lsajc_p d_kgjw kck`cpq md _ egtcl eclbcp. rfcl _jj umpicpq md rf_r

eclbcp amlrpg`src nmqgrgtc _kmslrq md j_`msp0 Twnga_jjw. gl cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. `w

d_p rfc j_pecqr lsajc_p d_kgjw slgr gq rf_r md rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b0' _lb _ amf_`grgle cvrclbcb

d_kgjw kck`cp +md rfc fc_b, gq jcqq jgicjw rm f_tc _ lsajc_p d_kgjw kck`cp md _ n_prgasj_p

eclbcp rf_l umsjb _ kck`cp md rfc k_gl lsajc_p d_kgjw slgr0 Tfcpcdmpc. gd = _lb > `cjmle

rm rfc fc_b*q lsajc_p d_kgjw. uc umsjb cvncar A/ +>", . A/ +>,0 Tfcl. gr dmjjmuq dpmk +46,

_lb +47, rf_r. amlrpmjjgle dmp njmr af_p_arcpgqrgaq. = amlrpg`srcq kmpc j_`msp ncp slgr _pc_ ml

rfc npgt_rc njmr md _ lsajc_p d_kgjw kck`cp rf_l rf_r md _l cvrclbcb d_kgjw kck`cp +mp _l

slpcj_rcb glbgtgbs_j jgtgle ugrfgl rfc q_kc fmsqcfmjb,0 Wc rcqr rfgq fwnmrfcqgq sqgle b_r_

ml glbgtgbs_j j_`msp amlrpg`srgmlq ml d_pk njmrq gl Scargml 7050

9TYWH%OUZXLOURK ;HTK 2RRUJHYPUT1 Tm qskk_pgqc rfc npcacbgle pcqsjrq. ufcl fmsqc/

fmjb kck`cpq f_tc ûc_icp rgcq* mp jmucp jctcjq md _jrpsgqk +g0c0 jmucp t_jscq md #,- _lb #-,,

rfcw npmtgbc jcqq j_`msp ml c_af mrfcp*q npgt_rc njmrq. ufgjc glapc_qgle rfcgp j_`msp ml rfc

amkkml njmr0 Tfc qmag_j lmpk pcosgpgle rf_r rfc npmaccbq md rfc amkkml njmr `c qnclr ml

$9b SXbRdbbTS X] JTRcX^] /( Uâ cWT bP\_[T Û adaP[ ;daZX]PQT W^dbTW^[Sb dbTS X] cWXb _P_Ta( cWT PeTaPVTW^dbTW^[S bXiT Xb ,,*23( P]S cWT PeTaPVT bXiT Û cWT WTPS%b ]dR[TPa UP\X[h fXcWX] cWT W^dbTW^[S Xb 2*,4\T\QTab*

36

fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq / bgqasqqcb _`mtc / clqspcq rf_r rfcw _ju_wq f_tc rfc glaclrgtc rm

umpi ml rfc amkkml njmr0 Tfcqc glaclrgtcq npmtgbc _ p_rgml_jc dmp rfc cvgqrclac md amkkml

njmrq. _lb dmp _jjma_rgle _ epc_rcp qf_pc md rfc fmsqcfmjb*q d_pkj_lb rm rfc amkkml njmr

ufcl fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq f_tc ûc_icp rgcq*0 Hmuctcp. fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq ufm f_tc uc_icp

rgcq rm rfc fc_b k_w _jqm `c kmpc glajglcb rm cvgr rfc fmsqcfmjb0 Cmlqcosclrjw. rfcw umsjb

lccb rm `c _qqspcb _ fgefcp jctcj md npgt_rc amlqsknrgml rm `c ncpqs_bcb rm pck_gl n_pr

md rfc fmsqcfmjb0 Tfcpcdmpc. fmu jctcjq md _jrpsgqk _"car glrp_/fmsqcfmjb j_lb _jjma_rgml

_lb. gl n_prgasj_p. rfc qf_pc md rfc fmsqcfmjb*q d_pkj_lb _jjma_rcb rm rfc amkkml njmr gq

rfcmpcrga_jjw _k`gesmsq0(

@PXQ%XOHWPTN 2WWHTNLSLTYX1 Wc a_l qfmu rf_r gr gq c_qgcp rm gknjckclr _ amlqskn/

rgml pgqi/qf_pgle _pp_leckclr ufcl #,- - #-, _pc j_pec0 Tm `c npcagqc. gk_eglc rf_r rfcpc gq _

qrmaf_qrga amknmlclr rm msrnsr dpmk c_af njmr. qsaf rf_r

F. ? 3 +0.- 4/.- 4*., - +. dmp ? ? =- >- 9 +48,

ufcpc rfc +.*q _pc gbclrga_jjw _lb glbcnclb_lrjw bgqrpg`srcb0 A amlqsknrgml pgqi/qf_pgle

_pp_leckclr a_l r_ic rfc dmpk md _ qcr md qr_rc/amlrgleclr rp_lqdcpq +), +^, - )- +^, - )( +^,,

dpmk c_af fmsqcfmjb kck`cp rm _ amkkml dslb q_rgqdwgle rfc amlbgrgml ), +^, - )- +^, -

)( +^, ? 20 Fmp _lw egtcl ^. rfc k_vgksk rp_lqdcp rf_r = gq ugjjgle rm k_ic gl _ qcjd/

cldmpagle _epcckclr gq glapc_qgle gl #,-. `ca_sqc _ j_pecp t_jsc md #,- rp_lqj_rcq glrm _ qrpmlecp

npcdcpclac dmp rfc cvnclbgrspcq k_bc `w > _lb rfc q_kc _nnjgcq rm >0) Cmlqcosclrjw. gr a_l

`c qfmul rf_r j_pecp #,- - #-, t_jscq ugjj jc_b rm epc_rcp amlqsknrgml qkmmrfgle0 Il rfc

cvrpckc. gd #,- ? #-, ? 3 _lb #,( ? #-(. uc m`r_gl c%agclr pgqi/qf_pgle ugrfgl rfc epmsn0

Etcl gd qsaf _ qcjd/cldmpagle _epcckclr a_llmr `c gknjckclrcb. qmkc bcepcc md pgqi/qf_pgle

a_l `c _afgctcb rfpmsef tmjslr_pw +qr_ec/bcnclbclr, rp_lqdcpq `w c_af fmsqcfmjb kck`cp0

Ir gq qrp_gefrdmpu_pb rm qfmu rf_r rfcqc rp_lqdcpq _pc j_pecp. _lb rfcpcdmpc rfc cvrclr md

pgqi/qf_pgle epc_rcp. ufcl #,- - #-, _pc j_pecp0

+ 4LXJWPVYPUT UM AZW[L^ HTK 4LXJWPVYP[L AYHYPXYPJX

Tfc b_r_qcr uc sqc dmp rfc ckngpga_j cvcpagqc gl rfgq n_ncp gq amknmqcb md _ n_lcj md fmsqc/

fmjbq qsptcwcb `w rfc O%ac md Aepgasjrsp_j Sr_rgqrgaq md rfc Mglgqrpw md Aepgasjrspc gl

Bspigl_ F_qm0 Tfc q_knjc amlqgqrq md 969 tgjj_ecq _lb _`msr 8 fmsqcfmjbq ncp tgjj_ec _lb

%JX]RT cWT T\_XaXRP[ aT[PcX^]bWX_ QTcfTT] UP\X[h cXTb P]S cWT bWPaT Û cWT R^\\^] _[^c f^d[S ]^c R^])bcXcdcT P cTbc Û P]h Û cWT cWTâTcXRP[ \^ST[b Û cWT W^dbTW^[S R^]bXSTaTS X] cWXb _P_Ta( fT S^ ]^c aT_âc^] cWT\* >bcX\PcTb aT_âcTS X] CPiXP]VP P]S NPWWPY &-+,0'( QPbTS ^] cWT bP\T SPcP dbTS X] cWXb _P_Ta(X]SXRPcT cWPc cWT bWPaT Û [P]S P[[^RPcTS c^ R^\\^] _[^cb X] TgcT]STS UP\X[h W^dbTW^[Sb Xb - _TaRT]cPVT_^X]cb b\P[[Ta cWPc cWT bWPaT Û [P]S P[[^RPcTS c^ R^\\^] _[^cb X] ]dR[TPa UP\X[h W^dbTW^[Sb* @dXaZX]VTaP]S H[PccTPd &-+,/' ^QcPX] bX\X[Pa aTbd[cb X] cWT R^]cTgc Û adaP[ EP[X*

&DXV^]( KW^\Pb P]S NâaP[[ &-++-' P]S ?PURWP\_b &,44-' X]eTbcXVPcT X] STcPX[ W^f RWP]VTb X] _aTUTaT]RT_PaP\TcTab P!TRc cWT bR^_T Û aXbZ)bWPaX]V fXcWX] P Va^d_ X] cWT PQbT]RT Û TgcTa]P[ T]UâRT\T]c*

37

gq bcqgelcb rm `c l_rgml_jjw pcnpcqclr_rgtc0 Tfc qsptcw pmslbq rf_r uc sqcb ucpc #cjbcb

gl 4232. 4233 _lb 42340 Tfc qsptcw u_q k_gljw dmasqcb ml amjjcargle gldmpk_rgml pcj_rcb

rm d_pk _argtgrgcq0 Hclac gr amlr_glq bcr_gjcb gldmpk_rgml ml fmsqcfmjb bckmep_nfgaq _lb

d_pk _argtgrgcq. `sr f_q tcpw jgkgrcb gldmpk_rgml ml amlqsknrgml0 Tfc amjjcarcb gldmpk_rgml

glajsbcq d_pk af_p_arcpgqrgaq +d_pk qgxc. rmnmep_nfw _lb bgqr_lac rm rfc fmkcqrc_b,. npm/

bsargml rcaflmjmegcq. _epgasjrsp_j glnsrq _lb msrnsrq. _lb d_pk j_`msp0 Ildmpk_rgml pcj_rgle

rm c_af d_pk njmr u_q m`r_glcb dpmk rfc glbgtgbs_j gl rfc fmsqcfmjb ufm f_b pcqnmlqg`gjgrw

dmp gr bspgle rf_r qc_qml0 Tfc qsptcw bgqrglesgqfcb `cruccl fmsqcfmjb njmrq k_l_ecb amj/

jcargtcjw _lb njmrq k_l_ecb glbgtgbs_jjw0 Tfc clskcp_rmpq jgtcb gl rfc q_knjcb tgjj_ecq _lb

ucpc glqrpsarcb rm tgqgr rfc q_knjc fmsqcfmjbq _r rfc clb md c_af d_pkgle _argtgrw. g0c0 #cjb

npcn_p_rgml. nj_lrgle. uccbgle _lb f_ptcqrgle0

Ildmpk_rgml ml d_pk j_`msp u_q amjjcarcb _r rfc glbgtgbs_j/njmr jctcj> g0c0 rfc qsptcw

pcampbcb fmu k_lw b_wq c_af fmsqcfmjb kck`cp j_`mspcb ml c_af d_pk njmr0 Wc amk`glc

rfgq bcr_gjcb gldmpk_rgml ml d_pk j_`msp _lb njmr mulcpqfgn rm npmtgbc _ dsjj bcqapgnrgml md

j_`msp _lb j_lb cvaf_lec ugrfgl rfc fmsqcfmjb. _ dc_rspc ufgaf gq slgosc rm rfgq qsptcw0

3OHWHJYLWPXYPJX UM =ZJRLHW HTK 5]YLTKLK 6HSPR^ 8UZXLOURKX1 Wc sqc rfc bc/

kmep_nfga gldmpk_rgml gl c_af qsptcw rm bgqrglesgqf `cruccl cvrclbcb _lb lsajc_p d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq0 Aq ncp rfc bc#lgrgmlq egtcl gl rfc npcacbgle qcargml. uc f_tc ;.2;2 m`qcpt_/

rgmlq md cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb 7.945 m`qcpt_rgmlq md lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq

dpmk rfc Mglgqrpw md Aepgasjrspc qsptcw. _q qfmul gl T_`jc 40* Ol _tcp_ec. cvrclbcb d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq _pc j_pecp. amlqgqrgle md 3309; fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq tcpqsq 9052 dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq0 Bsr rfgq bg"cpclac gq _jkmqr cv_arjw _aamslrcb dmp `w rfc _tcp_ec lsk`cp md

cvrclbcb d_kgjw kck`cpq gl rfc dmpkcp fmsqcfmjbq +607<,0 Fsprfcpkmpc. cvrclbcb d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq f_tc qgelg#a_lrjw kmpc k_ppgcb kcl +3098 tcpqsq 3026, _lb rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b

f_tc qgelg#a_lrjw kmpc ugtcq +3079 tcpqsq 3069,0 Tfc fc_b gl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq gq

_jqm qjgefrjw mjbcp _lb k_pegl_jjw kmpc jgicjw rm `c jgrcp_rc0 Tsplgle rm rfc d_pk af_p_arcp/

gqrgaq gl rfc r_`jc. uc qcc rf_r cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq f_tc qgelg#a_lrjw kmpc j_lb. _lb

f_tc. ml _tcp_ec. kmpc d_pk njmrq slbcp asjrgt_rgml gl _ qncag#a wc_p0

T_`jc 5 npmtgbcq bcqapgnrgtc qr_rgqrgaq `w d_pk njmr. `pmicl bmul `w njmr/rwnc +g0c0 npgt_rc

njmrq _lb amkkml njmrq, _lb `w fmsqcfmjb/rwnc +lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb cvrclbcb

d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq,0 Cmkkml njmrq k_l_ecb `w rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b _pc _l mpbcp md k_elg/

rsbc j_pecp rf_l rfc mrfcp njmrq +_tcp_ec _pc_ md 6043 fcar_pcq _q amkn_pcb rm 2072 fcar_pcq

dmp k_jc npgt_rc njmrq, `sr j_`msp sqc glrclqgrw _lb wgcjbq _pc `pm_bjw qgkgj_p _apmqq _jj rwncq

md njmrq0

Cmkkml njmrq gl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc qgelg#a_lrjw j_pecp rf_l gl lsajc_p

d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. `sr lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _jjma_rc _ qjgefrjw j_pecp qf_pc md fmsqcfmjb

'F^cT cWPc W^dbTW^[Sb \Ph RWP]VT bcPcdb Ua^\ ^]T hTPa c^ cWT ]Tgc( P] XbbdT cWPc fT bWP[[ PSSaTbb X] cWTbdQbT`dT]c SXbRdbbX^]b*

38

d_pk j_lb rm rfc amkkml njmrq0 Mck`cpq md lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _jjma_rc _ epc_rcp

qf_pc md rfcgp j_`msp rm amkkml njmrq. amkn_pcb rm kck`cpq md cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq

+;4 ncp aclr tcpqsq 9< ncp aclr dmp kcl _lb 89 ncp aclr tcpqsq 86 ncp aclr dmp umkcl,0 B_qcb

ml _tcp_ec wgcjbq. kcl*q npgt_rc njmrq _pc rfc kmqr npmbsargtc _lb umkcl*q npgt_rc njmrq

rfc jc_qr npmbsargtc gl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Il cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. rfc fc_b*q

amkkml njmrq _pc rfc kmqr npmbsargtc _lb. _q ugrfgl lsajc_p fmsqcfmjbq. umkcl*q npgt_rc

njmrq _pc rfc jc_qr npmbsargtc0 Tfc wgcjb e_n `cruccl rfc kmqr npmbsargtc _lb rfc jc_qr

npmbsargtc rwnc md njmrq gq j_pecp ugrfgl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq+0 Tfgq qseecqrq rf_r

cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq k_w `c pcj_rgtcjw jcqq c%agclr rf_l lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq gl

_jjma_rgle grq npmbsargtc pcqmspacq0 Wc ugjj pctgqgr rfcqc gqqscq gl rfc camlmkcrpga _l_jwqcq0

T_`jc 6 qfmuq rfc j_`msp _jjma_rgml md _bsjr fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq _apmqq bg"cpclr rwncq md

fmsqcfmjb njmrq0 Fmp `mrf kcl +rmn n_lcj, _lb umkcl +`mrrmk n_lcj,. rfc _tcp_ec _kmslr

md j_`msp _jjma_rcb rm rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b*q amkkml njmrq gq _l mpbcp md k_elgrsbc fgefcp

rf_l ml _lw mrfcp rwnc md njmr0 Mcl _jjma_rc _`msr 8< ncpaclr md rfcgp rgkc _lb umkcl

_`msr 84 ncpaclr md rfcgp rgkc ml rfc fc_b*q amkkml njmrq0 Mcl _jjma_rc ml _tcp_ec 6 b_wq

rm dck_jc npgt_rc njmrq ufgaf gq _jkmqr _q k_lw b_wq _q rfcw qnclb umpigle ml rfcgp mul

npgt_rc njmrq +8 b_wq,0 Bw amlrp_qr. umkcl _jjma_rc 39 b_wq rm rfcgp mul npgt_rc njmrq _lb

_`msr 6 b_wq ml k_jc npgt_rc njmrq0 Cmkkml njmrq rf_r _pc lmr k_l_ecb `w rfc fmsqcfmjb

fc_b pcacgtc rfc jc_qr j_`msp0

AOHKU\ ?WPJL UM 6HSPR^ ;HTK HTK ;HIUZW1 Tfc b_r_ ml j_`msp _lb j_lb _jjma_rgml

ugrfgl rfc fmsqcfmjb _jjmuq sq rm a_jasj_rc fmu ksaf j_`msp _l _bsjr fmsqcfmjb kck`cp

amlrpg`srcq rm rfc fmsqcfmjb*q amkkml njmrq ncp slgr md j_lb gr pcacgtcq dmp npgt_rc d_pkgle0

Il rfc _`qclac md j_`msp amlrpg`srgml `w fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq. rfc fc_b umsjb f_tc rm fgpc

umpicpq rm umpi ml rfc amjjcargtc njmr> _lb gl rfc _`qclac md rfc j_lb rf_r rfcqc fmsqcfmjb

kck`cpq pcacgtc dpmk rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b dmp npgt_rc d_pkgle. rfcw umsjb. _r jc_qr gl rfcmpw.

f_tc rm k_ic sqc md j_lb k_picrq0 Tfcpcdmpc. rfc p_rgm bcqapg`cb _`mtc a_l `c pce_pbcb

_q rfc 'qf_bmu npgac md j_lb' ugrfgl rfc fmsqcfmjb mp rfc gltcpqc md rfc 'qf_bmu npgac md

j_`msp'0,

T_`jc 7 qskk_pgxcq rfc [qf_bmu' npgacq md j_lb _lb j_`msp gknjgcb `w rfc _jjma_rgml md

j_lb _lb j_`msp bgqasqqcb _`mtc0 Ol _tcp_ec. lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq amlrpg`src

485 b_wq md j_`msp ml amkkml njmrq ncp fcar_pc md j_lb +_jjma_rcb dmp npgt_rc d_pkgle, ufgjc

cvrclbcb fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq amlrpg`src 42< b_wq md j_`msp ml amkkml njmrq dmp mlc fcar_pc

(?â ]dR[TPa W^dbTW^[Sb( cWT aPcX^ Û cWT [TPbc _a^SdRcXeT _[^cb &UT\P[T _[^cb' c^ cWT \^bc _a^SdRcXeT_[^cb &\P[T _[^cb' Xb +*34* B] TgcT]STS W^dbTW^[Sb cWT aPcX^ Û cWT [TPbc _a^SdRcXeT _[^cb &UT\P[T _[^cb' c^cWT \^bc _a^SdRcXeT _[^cb &WTPS \P]PVTS R^\\^] _[^cb' Xb +*31*

)KWT _aTeX^db [XcTaPcdaT WPb WXVW[XVWcTS cWT _aPRcXRT Û [PQ^da P]S [P]S OTgRWP]VTb% fXcWX] cWT UP\X[h jP[QTXc X] cWT R^]cTgc Û QT`dTbcb j X] cWT RPbT Û B]SXP P]S BbaPT[ &I^bT]ifTXV ,4306 I^bT]ifTXV ,4336 CX\WX-++/'* 9 ]d\QTa Û bcdSXTb ^] NTbc 9UaXRP WPeT P[b^ T\_WPbXiTS cWPc cWT R^]caXQdcX^] Û [PQ^da c^ R^[[TRcXeTUPa\ _[^cb R^]bcXcdcTb _Pac Û P] X]caPW^dbTW^[S TgRWP]VT &bTT( Uâ TgP\_[T( M^] ;aPd] P]S NTQQ ,434'*

39

md j_lb0 Lmmigle _r rfc qf_bmu npgac `w eclbcp. uc #lb rf_r kcl _lb umkcl gl cvrclbcb

d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq amlrpg`src. pcqncargtcjw. 668 _lb 3;3 b_wq md j_`msp ncp fcar_pc md j_lb

ufgjc rfc amppcqnmlbgle #espcq dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc 542 _lb 37<0 Otcp_jj. rfc

n_rrcplq _pc amlqgqrclr ugrf rfc fwnmrfcqgq rf_r fmsqcfmjb fc_bq _pc _`jc rm cvrp_ar kmpc

j_`msp dpmk lsajc_p d_kgjw kck`cpq0 Almrfcp glrcpnpcr_rgml md rfcqc n_rrcplq gq rf_r rfc

fmsqcfmjb fc_b*q amkkgrkclr rm _jjma_rc rfc npmaccbq dpmk rfc amkkml njmrq rm fmsqcfmjb

ns`jga emmbq gq kmpc apcbg`jc +c0e0 `ca_sqc md qrpmlecp _jrpsgqk, gl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq

rf_l dmp cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. _lb rfgq glbsacq fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq rm tmjslr_pgjw

amlrpg`src kmpc j_`msp ml amkkml njmrq0

, 8UZXLOURK 2NWPJZRYZWHR ?WUKZJYPUT

Ildmpk_rgml_j _qwkkcrpw _lb amkkgrkclr npm`jckq a_l npctclr fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq dpmk

cle_egle gl rfc cvaf_lec md npmbsargtc pcqmspacq y c0e0 j_lb. j_`msp _lb mrfcp _epgasjrsp_j

glnsrq y _lb rfcpcdmpc npctclr c%agclaw gl fmsqcfmjb npmbsargml +Ubpw. 3<<8,0 Il rfgq

amlrcvr. _jrpsgqk ugrfgl rfc fmsqcfmjb a_l glbsac tmjslr_pw glrp_/fmsqcfmjb rp_lqdcpq _lb

cl_`jc rfc fmsqcfmjb rm _afgctc _ kmpc c%agclr _jjma_rgml md pcqmspacq gl rfc qngpgr md rfc

ucjj/ilmul ^Rmrrcl Kgb Tfcmpck* +Bcaicp 3<<5,0 Olc md rfc icw bgqrglesgqfgle dc_rspcq

`cruccl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. `cqgbcq fmsqcfmjb qgxc

_lb rfc bckmep_nfga amknmqgrgml. gq. nmrclrg_jjw. rfc jctcj md _jrpsgqk `cruccl fmsqcfmjb

kck`cpq0 Tfcpcdmpc. uc gltcqrge_rc ufcrfcp rfcqc rum rwncq md fmsqcfmjbq bg"cp gl rcpkq md

rfcgp c%agclaw gl _epgasjrsp_j npmbsargml0

Fmp rfgq nspnmqc. uc gknjckclr rfc rcqr md c%agclaw gl fmsqcfmjb npmbsargml sqgle rfc

_nnpm_af #pqr _bmnrcb `w Ubpw +3<<8,0 Sglac Ubpw*q mpgegl_j umpi gl Bspigl_ F_qm. _

lsk`cp md qrsbgcq f_tc dmslb ctgbclac md glc%agclaw gl _epgasjrsp_j npmbsargml gl Wcqr

Adpga_l fmsqcfmjbq glajsbgle Gmjbqrcgl _lb Ubpw +422;, dmp Gf_l_. _lb Gsgpiglecp cr _j0

+4237, dmp M_jg0

Fmjjmugle Ubpw +3<<8, _lb K_xg_le_ _lb W_ff_h +4235,. uc cqrgk_rc _ d_pk njmr wgcjb

cos_rgml ufgaf glajsbcq fmsqcfmjb af_p_arcpgqrgaq. nfwqga_j af_p_arcpgqrgaq md rfc njmr _lb

dc_rspcq md njmr mulcpqfgn. _q dmjjmuq=

6+1(, ? E+(,! - 7+," - $+1( - ++1(, +49,

ufcpc 6+1(, gq rfc jme md wgcjb ml njmr = gl wc_p B. nj_lrcb rm apmn 9 _lb `cjmlegle rm

fmsqcfmjb <> E+(, gq _ tcarmp md nfwqga_j af_p_arcpgqrgaq md njmr = glajsbgle rfc njmr _pc_.

rmnmep_nfw _lb bgqr_lac rm rfc fmsqcfmjb> $+1( gq _ fmsqcfmjb/apmn/wc_p #vcb c"car> _lb

7+, gq _ tcarmp md af_p_arcpgqrgaq md njmr = gl fmsqcfmjb < glajsbgle. dmp cv_knjc. rfc eclbcp

md rfc ncpqml pcqnmlqg`jc dmp rfc njmr _lb ufcrfcp rfc njmr gq aj_qqg#cb _q `cgle ^amkkml*

mp ^npgt_rc*0 Il rfc npctgmsq jgrcp_rspc. rfcqc mulcpqfgn af_p_arcpgqrgaq f_tc `ccl dmslb rm

3;

f_tc _ qgelg#a_lr c"car ml njmr wgcjbq ugrfgl rfc q_kc fmsqcfmjb +_drcp amlrpmjjgle dmp njmr

af_p_arcpgqrgaq _lb rfc apmnq nj_lrcb,= Ubpw +3<<8, _lb Gmjbqrcgl _lb Ubpw +422;, gl rfc

a_qc md eclbcp. _lb K_xg_le_ _lb W_ff_h +4235, _lb Gsgpiglecp cr _j0 +4237, gl rfc a_qc md

rfc njmr rwnc +^npgt_rc* tcpqsq ^amkkml*1^amjjcargtc*,0 Eos_rgml +49, a_l _jqm `c qccl _q _l

ckngpga_j cosgt_jclr md cos_rgmlq +43, _lb +44,0 Il n_prgasj_p. dpmk rfc rfcmpw md tmjslr_pw

j_`msp amlrpg`srgmlq _lb d_kgjg_j rgcq npcqclrcb gl Scargml 50403. uc a_l npcbgar rf_r rf_r rfc

amc%agclr md _ a_rcempga_j t_pg_`jc glbga_rgle npgt_rc njmrq +_q mnnmqcb rm amkkml njmrq, gq

lce_rgtc _lb rf_r gr gq kmpc lce_rgtc gl fmsqcfmjbq ugrf uc_icp d_kgjg_j rgcq0

T_`jc 8 qfmuq rfc cqrgk_rcb pcqsjrq dmp cos_rgml +49,. sqgle _epgasjrsp_j b_r_ dpmk rfc

qsptcw0 Il rfcqc pcepcqqgmlq. uc bgtgbc rfc d_pk njmrq glrm rfpcc a_rcempgcq= +g, fmsqcfmjb

amkkml njmrq. +gg, npgt_rc njmrq k_l_ecb `w k_jc fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq. _lb +ggg, npgt_rc

njmrq k_l_ecb `w dck_jc fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq0 Wc #lb rf_r rfc wgcjbq _afgctcb ml npgt_rc

njmrq k_l_ecb `w kcl _lb umkcl _pc jmucp rf_l rf_r _afgctcb ml fmsqcfmjb amkkml njmrq

+rfc mkgrrcb a_rcempw, _lb rfc bg"cpclacq _pc qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr _r rfc 3( jctcj gl

c_af glqr_lac0 Tfgq fmjbq rpsc dmp rfc dsjj q_knjc md fmsqcfmjbq +pcepcqqgml pcqsjrq qfmul gl

amjskl 3 md rfc r_`jc, _q ucjj _q dmp rfc qs`q_knjc md cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq +qfmul gl

amjskl 4, _lb lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq +qfmul gl amjskl 5,0

P_pcrm c%agclaw umsjb gknjw rf_r wgcjbq _apmqq _jj rfpcc njmr a_rcempgcq _pc cos_j. _drcp

amlrpmjjgle dmp rfc apmnq nj_lrcb. rfc nfwqga_j af_p_arcpgqrgaq md rfc njmr _lb rfc qigjjq md

rfc njmr mulcp0 Al F/rcqr dmp rfc fwnmrfcqgq rf_r rfc wgcjbq _pc rfc q_kc _apmqq _jj rfpcc

njmr a_rcempgcq gq qrpmlejw pchcarcb dmp `mrf cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb lsajc_p d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq +wgcjbgle _l F/qr_rgqrga md 4660; gl rfc #pqr a_qc. _lb 75047 gl rfc qcamlb a_qc,0

Il umpbq. rfcqc fmsqcfmjbq _pc _afgctgle qgelg#a_lrjw fgefcp wgcjbq ml amkkml njmrq

amkn_pcb rm npgt_rc njmrq ufgaf f_tc `ccl nj_lrcb ugrf rfc q_kc apmnq. amlrpmjjgle dmp

m`qcpt_`jc nfwqga_j af_p_arcpgqrgaq md rfc njmr _lb rfc njmr mulcp0 Bsr rfc bgtcpeclac gl njmr

wgcjbq `cruccl amkkml njmrq _lb npgt_rc njmrq gq fgefcp dmp cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq rf_l

dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Tfc cqrgk_rcb amc%agclrq gknjw rf_r. pcj_rgtc rm fmsqcfmjb

amkkml njmrq. npgt_rc k_jc njmrq _afgctc wgcjbq ufgaf _pc 46( jmucp gl cvrclbcb d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq _lb 35( jmucp gl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq> rfc amppcqnmlbgle #espcq dmp dck_jc

njmr wgcjbq _pc 64( _lb 4<( pcqncargtcjw0

Tfc eclbcp bg"cpclac gl njmr wgcjbq f_q `ccl lmrcb gl rfc npctgmsq jgrcp_rspc. ugrf nmrcl/

rg_j cvnj_l_rgmlq npmtgbcb `w Gmjbqrcgl _lb Ubpw +422;, _lb K_xg_le_ _lb W_ff_h +4235,0

Hmuctcp. rfc e_n `cruccl cvrclbcb d_kgjw _lb lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq gq hsqr _q qrpgi/

gle0 Alb. gd uc _qqskc rf_r lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq cvfg`gr qrpmlecp d_kgjg_j rgcq rf_l

cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. rfcqc n_rrcplq _pc amlqgqrclr ugrf rfc npcbgargmlq bcpgtcb dpmk

rfc rfcmpcrga_j kmbcj npcqclrcb gl Scargml 504030

3<

,&( ?RUY FPLRK 4PXVLWXPUTX

Wc a_l _jqm sqc rfc b_r_ ml njmr wgcjbq rm qcc ep_nfga_jjw rfc t_pg_rgml gl njmr wgcjbq _apmqq

bg"cpclr njmrq ugrfgl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb ugrfgl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Il

Fgespc 3. uc njmr rfc pcqgbs_jq dpmk cqrgk_rgmlq md cos_rgml +49, ugrfmsr 7+, y g0c0 ugrfmsr

rfc k_jc _lb dck_jc/njmr bskkgcq. _lb rfc _ec _lb cbsa_rgml md rfc njmr k_l_ecp0 Tfc

pcqsjrgle ep_nfq qfmu rfc bgqrpg`srgml md njmr wgcjbq dmp d_pk njmrq `cjmlegle rm rfc q_kc

fmsqcfmjb _lb nj_lrcb rm rfc q_kc apmn. gl rfc q_kc wc_p. _drcp amlrpmjjgle dmp nfwqga_j

af_p_arcpgqrgaq md rfc njmrq0

Fmp amkn_pgqml. uc _jqm qfmu rfc pcqgbs_jq dpmk amppcqnmlbgle pcepcqqgmlq dmp rfc nmmjcb

q_knjc ugrf +g, tgjj_ec/apmn/wc_p #vcb c"carq. _lb +gg, glbgtgbs_j/apmn/wc_p #vcb c"carq0

Gpc_rcp bgqncpqgml gl rfc pcqgbs_jq glbga_rcq epc_rcp glc%agclaw gl rfc _jjma_rgml md d_pk

pcqmspacq ugrfgl rfc pcjct_lr epmsn +_lb kmpc qamnc dmp gknpmtgle msrnsr rfpmsef _ pc_jjm/

a_rgml md pcqmspacq,0 Tfc fmsqcfmjb/jctcj bgqrpg`srgmlq. dmp `mrf qs`q_knjcq. jgc `cruccl rfc

tgjj_ec/jctcj _lb glbgtgbs_j/jctcj bgqrpg`srgmlq0 Tfgq gq amlqgqrclr ugrf rfc #lbgleq `w Ubpw

+3<<8, _lb K_xg_le_ _lb W_ff_h +4235, _lb gknjgcq rf_r rfc fmsqcfmjb gq kmpc c%agclr

rf_l rfc tgjj_ec _r _jjma_rgle pcqmspacq _apmqq d_pk njmrq rf_r `cjmle rm rfc epmsn. `sr lmr

_q c%agclr _q rfc glbgtgbs_j0

Wc _jqm qcc dpmk rfc #espc rf_r rfcpc gq epc_rcp t_pg_rgml gl njmr wgcjbq _apmqq _nn_pclrjw

gbclrga_j njmrq dmp cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _q amkn_pcb rm lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Tfc

cos_jgrw md rfc rum bgqrpg`srgmlq gq pchcarcb _r _lw amltclrgml_j jctcj sqgle _ Kmjkmempmt/

Skgplmt rcqr0 Tfc ep_nfq dmp rfc lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc amlqgqrclr ugrf

msp cqrgk_rcb amc%agclrq gl rfc npctgmsq qcargml _lb qseecqrq rf_r lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq

_pc kmpc c%agclr _r _jjma_rgle npmbsargtc pcqmspacq _apmqq d_pk njmrq rf_l cvrclbcb d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq0

,&) 5]VRHPTPTN YOL ?RUY FPLRK 7HVX HJWUXX 4P!LWLTY 8UZXLOURK

B^VLX

Wfw _pc njmr wgcjb bgqncpqgmlq epc_rcp gl rfc a_qc md cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _q amkn_pcb

rm lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq@ T_`jc 4 qfmuq rf_r. ml _tcp_ec. cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq

f_tc 3309; kck`cpq ufgjc lsajc_p d_kgjw kck`cpq f_tc 9052 kck`cpq. ugrf rfc bg"cpclac

`cgle qrpmlejw qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr0 Tfc npcqclac md cvrclbcb d_kgjw kck`cpq gl rfc

dmpkcp epmsn j_pecjw _aamslrq dmp rfgq bg"cpclac= ml _tcp_ec. cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjb

f_tc 607< cvrclbcb d_kgjw kck`cpq ufgjc lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. `w bc#lgrgml. f_tc

lmlc0 Tfc r_`jc _jqm qfmuq rf_r. ufgjc rfcpc gq jgrrjc bg"cpclac gl rfc fc_b*q k_pgr_j qr_rsq

`cruccl rfc rum epmsnq. rfc fc_b gl cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. ml _tcp_ec. f_tc kmpc

qnmsqcq> g0c0 rfcw _pc kmpc jgicjw rm `c gl nmjwe_kmsq pcj_rgmlqfgnq0 Tfcw _pc _jqm. ml

_tcp_ec. qjgefrjw mjbcp0 Tfcpcdmpc. rfc bg"cpclac gl fmsqcfmjb qgxcq. rfc cvrclr md nmjwewlw

42

_lb rfc npcqclac md cvrclbcb d_kgjw kck`cpq npcqclr rfckqcjtcq _q l_rsp_j a_lbgb_rcq rm

_aamslr dmp rfc m`qcptcb bg"cpclac gl njmr wgcjb bgqncpqgmlq0 Il rfgq qcargml. uc gltcqrge_rc

rfc fwnmrfcqgq pcj_rgle rm rfc npcqclac md cvrclbcb/d_kgjw kck`cpq ufgjc rfc _jrcpl_rgtc

fwnmrfcqcq _pc gltcqrge_rcb gl qcargml 90

5]YLTKLK 6HSPR^ <LSILWX1 Tm gltcqrge_rc ufcrfcp rfc npcqclac md cvrclbcb d_kgjw

kck`cpq a_l _aamslr dmp rfc ugbcp bgqncpqgml md njmr wgcjbq _apmqq cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqc/

fmjbq. uc glrpmbsac _ qcr md a_rcempga_j t_pg_`jcq rm rfc njmr wgcjb pcepcqqgmlq glbga_rgle rfc

pcj_rgml md rfc njmr mulcp rm rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b0 Tfc cqrgk_rcb pcqsjrq dmp rfc ufmjc q_knjc.

rfc q_knjc md cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc qfmul gl T_`jc

90

Tfc mkgrrcb njmr a_rcempw gl rfc r_`jc gq ^amkkml njmrq k_l_ecb `w rfc fmsqcfmjb

fc_b*0 Wc glrpmbsac _ qglejc a_rcempw dmp _jj mrfcp amkkml njmrq. _lb qcn_p_rc a_rcempgcq

dmp npgt_rc njmrq d_pkcb `w bg"cpclr pcj_rgmlq md rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b0 Tfc #pqr nmglr rm lmrc

dmp rfgq r_`jc gq rf_r. ctcl nsrrgle _qgbc rfc amkkml njmrq. rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b _afgctcq _

fgefcp wgcjb ml npgt_rc njmrq amkn_pcb rm mrfcp fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq. ugrf rfc bg"cpclacq

`cgle qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr0

Bcgle msrqgbc md rfc lsajc_p d_kgjw bmcq lmr. fmuctcp. qcck rm `c _ bgq_bt_lr_ec gl

grqcjd= uc a_llmr pchcar rfc fwnmrfcqcq rf_r +g, rfc wgcjb amc%agclr dmp rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b*q

qmlq gq rfc q_kc _q rf_r dmp mrfcp k_jc pcj_rgtcq _lb slpcj_rcb k_jc fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq>

_lb rf_r +gg, rfc wgcjb amc%agclr dmp rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b*q b_sefrcpq gq rfc q_kc _q rf_r dmp

mrfcp dck_jc pcj_rgtcq _lb slpcj_rcb dck_jc fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq0 Tfgq fmjbq rpsc dmp `mrf

rfc qs`q_knjc md cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb dmp rfc dsjj q_knjc0

Tfc ugbcp bgqncpqgml gl njmr wgcjbq gl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq a_l `c rp_acb rm rum

qmspacq0 Fgpqr. gl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b _afgctcq _jkmqr rfc q_kc

wgcjb ml fgq npgt_rc njmrq _q ml rfc amkkml njmrq slbcp fgq amlrpmj +rfc amc%agclr gq lmr

qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr, ufgjc gl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. rfc amppcqnmlbgle wgcjb e_n gq

_`msr 3<( +_lb qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr,0 Scamlb. rfc wgcjb e_n `cruccl rfc fc_b*q amkkml

njmrq _lb rfc npgt_rc njmrq d_pkcb `w kck`cpq md rfc lsajc_p d_kgjw +g0c0 rfc qml. b_sefrcp

_lb qnmsqc md rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b _lb rfc fc_b fgkqcjd, gq qk_jjcp gl rfc a_qc md lsajc_p

d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq rf_l dmp cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 A hmglr rcqr md cos_jgrw `cruccl rfc

pcjct_lr amc%agclrq dmp rfc rum qs`q_knjcq gq qrpmlejw pchcarcb0

Il qskk_pw. rfc ugbcp bgqncpqgml md njmr wgcjbq gl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq gq lmr

bsc rm rfc npcqclac md cvrclbcb d_kgjw kck`cpq ncp qc0 R_rfcp. gr gq `ca_sqc rfc njmr

wgcjb e_n +pcj_rgtc rm rfc fmsqcfmjb*q amkkml njmrq, gq j_pecp dmp fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq gl

cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq rf_l dmp fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq gl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq ufm

fmjb rfc q_kc ^nmqgrgml* +bc#lcb gl rcpkq md rfcgp pcj_rgml rm rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b,0 Tm `crrcp

slbcpqr_lb rfc qmspac md rfcqc njmr wgcjb bg"cpclacq. uc cv_kglc fmu _epgasjrsp_j glnsrq. gl

n_prgasj_p d_pk j_`msp. gq _jjma_rcb _apmqq fmsqcfmjb njmrq0 Wc bgqasqq rfgq gl rfc dmjjmugle

43

qcargml0

,&* 2RRUJHYPUT UM ;HIUZW 2JWUXX 6HWS ?RUYX

Id rfc npmbsargml rcaflmjmew sqcb `w _epgasjrsp_j fmsqcfmjbq cvfg`grq bgkglgqfgle k_pegl_j

npmbsar md j_`msp. rfcl npmbsargtgrw c%agclaw pcosgpcq rf_r d_pk njmrq ugrf rfc q_kc nfwqga_j

af_p_arcpgqrgaq +glajsbgle njmr qgxc. qmgj os_jgrw. cra0, _lb nj_lrcb rm rfc q_kc apmnq. qfmsjb

k_ic sqc md cos_j _kmslrq md j_`msp0 Id lmr. gr umsjb `c nmqqg`jc rm glapc_qc msrnsr `w

pc_jjma_rgle j_`msp rmu_pbq d_pk njmrq ugrf jmucp j_`msp sqc glrclqgrw0

Tfcpcdmpc. uc a_l rcqr dmp c%agclaw gl j_`msp _jjma_rgml _apmqq d_pk njmrq `cjmlegle rm

rfc q_kc fmsqcfmjb `w sqgle _ qncag#a_rgml qgkgj_p rm +49, +qcc K_xg_le_ _lb W_ff_h 4235,0

Ggtcl rfc n_rrcplq gl d_pk njmr wgcjbq fgefjgefrcb gl rfc npctgmsq qcargml. uc umsjb cvncar

j_`msp sqc glrclqgrw +rmr_j j_`msp ncp slgr _pc_, _apmqq d_pk njmrq rm `c kmpc slgdmpk gl rfc

a_qc md lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq rf_l dmp cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0

Wc cqrgk_rc rfc dmjjmugle cos_rgml qcn_p_rcjw dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq _lb bg"cpclr j_`msp rwncq=

@-+1(, ? E+(,

G! - 7+,G" - ]$+1( - ]++1(, +4;,

ufcpc @-+1(, gq rfc jme md rfc _kmslr md j_`msp md rwnc > _nnjgcb rm njmr = ncp slgr _pc_.

gl wc_p B. _lb njmr = `cjmleq rm fmsqcfmjb < _lb gq nj_lrcb rm apmn 90 Tfc j_`msp rwncq

glajsbc ^_bsjr k_jc*. ^_bsjr dck_jc*. ^afgjb* _lb ^rmr_j*0 Eos_rgml +4;, a_l `c pce_pbcb _q

_l ckngpga_j cosgt_jclr md cos_rgmlq +3<, _lb +42, bcpgtcb dpmk rfc rfcmpcrga_j kmbcj md

tmjslr_pw amlrpg`srgmlq _lb d_kgjg_j rgcq0 Il n_prgasj_p. uc f_tc rfc rfcmpcrga_j npcbgargml

rf_r rfc amc%agclr md _ a_rcempga_j t_pg_`jc glbga_rgle npgt_rc njmrq +_q mnnmqcb rm amkkml

njmrq, gq lce_rgtc _lb rf_r gr gq kmpc lce_rgtc gl fmsqcfmjbq ugrf uc_icp d_kgjg_j rgcq0

Tfc pcqsjrq _pc qfmul gl T_`jc ;0 Fgpqr. uc m`qcptc rf_r rfc j_`msp sqc glrclqgrw +dmp rmr_j

j_`msp, gq qgelg#a_lrjw fgefcp dmp rfc amkkml njmrq k_l_ecb `w rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b rf_l

dmp _jj mrfcp rwncq md njmrq mulcb `w rfc fmsqcfmjb +amlrpmjjgle dmp njmr af_p_arcpgqrgaq _lb

rfc nj_lrcb apmn,> _lb rfgq fmjbq dmp `mrf lsajc_p d_kgjw _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0

Fmp `mrf qcrq md fmsqcfmjbq. rfc bg"cpclacq _pc qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr ufgaf gknjgcq rf_r

rfcw _pc lmr _jjma_rgle j_`msp c%agclrjw _apmqq d_pk njmrq0

Scamlb. rfc j_`msp sqc glrclqgrw e_n `cruccl rfc fc_b*q amkkml njmrq _lb rfc npgt_rc

njmrq d_pkcb `w kck`cpq md rfc lsajc_p d_kgjw +g0c0 rfc qml. b_sefrcp _lb qnmsqc md rfc

fmsqcfmjb fc_b _lb rfc fc_b fgkqcjd, gq qk_jjcp gl rfc a_qc md lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq rf_l

dmp cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 A hmglr rcqr md cos_jgrw `cruccl rfc pcjct_lr amc%agclrq dmp

rfc rum qs`q_knjcq gq qrpmlejw pchcarcb0 Tfgq gq cv_arjw rfc n_rrcpl uc m`r_glcb gl rfc a_qc

md njmr wgcjbq _lb gq amlqgqrclr ugrf rfc rfcmpcrga_j npcbgargmlq _`mtc0

Tsplgle rm cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. uc a_llmr pchcar rfc fwnmrfcqgq rf_r rfc j_`msp

sqc glrclqgrw amc%agclr +dmp rmr_j j_`msp, md rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b*q qmlq gq rfc q_kc _q rf_r dmp

44

mrfcp k_jc pcj_rgtcq _lb slpcj_rcb k_jc fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq0 Tfc amppcqnmlbgle amc%agclrq

dmp rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b*q b_sefrcp. mrfcp dck_jc pcj_rgtcq _lb slpcj_rcb dck_jc fmsqcfmjb

kck`cpq _pc tcpw ajmqc +/2087. /208; _lb /2094, `sr cqrgk_rcb npcagqcjw clmsef rf_r uc a_l

pchcar rfc fwnmrfcqgq rf_r rfcw _pc cos_j0 Nctcprfcjcqq. rfc n_rrcpl gq `pm_bjw qgkgj_p rm

uf_r uc q_u gl rfc a_qc md njmr wgcjbq= npgt_rc njmrq k_l_ecb `w fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq ufm

_pc lmr n_pr md rfc fc_b*q lsajc_p d_kgjw _pc lmr _r _ bgq_bt_lr_ec pcj_rgtc rm rfc fc_b*q mul

afgjbpcl +md rfc q_kc eclbcp, gl rcpkq md j_`msp glnsrq0

Il qskk_pw. rfc #lbgleq bgqasqqcb gl rfgq qcargml qseecqrq rf_r rfc ugbcp bgqncpqgml md

njmr wgcjbq ugrfgl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq a_l `c _aamslrcb dmp `w rfc ugbcp bgqncpqgml

md j_`msp sqc glrclqgrw ugrfgl rfcqc q_kc fmsqcfmjbq0

9TKP[PKZHR ;HIUZW 3UTYWPIZYPUTX UT ?WP[HYLR^%>\TLK ?RUYX

Eqrgk_rcq `_qcb ml cos_rgml +4;, pctc_j rfc n_rrcpl md j_`msp sqc glrclqgrgcq _apmqq

d_pk njmrq `sr rfcw bm lmr rcjj sq fmu bg"cpclr fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq _pc bgtgbgle rfcgp mul

j_`msp _apmqq bg"cpclr njmrq k_glr_glcb `w rfc fmsqcfmjb0 Aq bgqasqqcb gl Scargml 50403.

gd glbgtgbs_jq ufm qf_pc _ lsajc_p d_kgjw rgc f_tc kmpc _jrpsgqrga npcdcpclacq rmu_pbq c_af

mrfcp. uc umsjb cvncar rfck rm amlrpg`src kmpc j_`msp rm c_af mrfcp*q npgt_rc njmrq gl

pcj_rgml rm j_`msp ml rfcgp mul npgt_rc njmrq rf_l umsjb glbgtgbs_jq ufm bml*r qf_pc qsaf

rgcq0 Tm cvnjmpc rfgq fwnmrfcqgq uc cqrgk_rc rfc dmjjmugle cos_rgml sqgle b_r_ ml j_`msp

amlrpg`srgmlq `w glbgtgbs_j fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq ml c_af d_pk njmr=

@-+1(, ? E+1(,_! - D-+1

_$-z$+1( - z+-+1(, +4<,

ufcpc @-+1(, gq rfc jme md rmr_j j_`msp ncp slgr _pc_ npmtgbcb `w glbgtgbs_j > gl fmsqcfmjb <

ml npgt_rc njmr = nj_lrcb rm apmn 9 gl ncpgmb B0 Tfc tcarmp E+1(, glajsbcq rfc af_p_arcpgqrgaq

md njmr = +_q `cdmpc, _lb D-+1 glajsbcq rfc umpicp*q af_p_arcpgqrgaq glajsbgle eclbcp. _ec _lb

cbsa_rgml> z$+1( glajsbcq fmsqcfmjb/apmn/wc_p #vcb/c"carq _lb rfc cppmp rcpk z+,+21 gq ajsqrcpcb

_r rfc tgjj_ec jctcj gl rfc cqrgk_rgml0 Tfc tcarmpq _! _lb _$ _pc n_p_kcrcpq rm `c cqrgk_rcb0

Eos_rgml +4<, a_l `c pce_pbcb _q rfc ckngpga_j cosgt_jclr md cos_rgmlq +46, _lb +47,0

Tfc cqrgk_rcb pcqsjrq _pc qfmul gl T_`jc <0 Fmp cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq uc cqrgk_rc

cos_rgml +4<, qcn_p_rcjw dmp umpicpq ufm `cjmle rm rfc fc_b*q lsajc_p d_kgjw +amjskl 4, _lb

rfmqc ufm bml*r +amjskl 3,0 Il c_af a_qc. uc glajsbc cvnj_l_rmpw t_pg_`jcq rm glbga_rc rfc

pcj_rgml md rfc njmr mulcp rm rfc fc_b0 Tfgq _jjmuq sq rm amkn_pc j_`msp npmtgbcb ugrfgl

mulcp/umpicp n_gpq rf_r f_tc _ lsajc_p d_kgjw rgc rm n_gpq rf_r bm lmr0 Il amjskl 5. uc

npmtgbc cosgt_jclr cqrgk_rcq dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0

Tfc cqrgk_rcb amc%agclrq dmp njmr mulcpqfgn gl amjskl +4, glbga_rc rf_r lsajc_p d_kgjw

kck`cpq _jjma_rc kmpc j_`msp ml njmrq mulcb `w rfc fc_b. fc_b*q qnmsqc. b_sefrcp _lb

qml rf_l ml njmrq mulcb `w rfc fc_b*q lml/lsajc_p pcj_rgmlq0 Bw amlrp_qr. rfc cqrgk_rcb

amc%agclrq gl amjskl +3, glbga_rc rf_r cvrclbcb d_kgjw kck`cpq _jjma_rc jcqq j_`msp ml

njmrq mulcb `w kck`cpq md rfc fc_b*q lsajc_p d_kgjw rf_l ml njmrq mulcb `w rfc fc_b*q

45

lml/lsajc_p pcj_rgmlq0 Tfcqc bg"cpclacq _pc _jj qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr _r amltclrgml_j jctcjq0

Fsprfcpkmpc. amkn_pgle rfc cqrgk_rcb amc%agclrq gl amjsklq +3, _lb +4,. uc #lb rf_r /

r_igle rfc glbgtgbs_j*q j_`msp ml fgq1fcp mul npgt_rc njmr _q _ pcdcpclac nmglr / rfc lsajc_p

d_kgjw kck`cpq _jjma_rc kmpc j_`msp ml npgt_rc njmrq mulcb `w rfc fc_b. fc_b*q qnmsqc.

b_sefrcp _lb qml rf_l bm cvrclbcb d_kgjw kck`cpq0 Ol rfc mrfcp f_lb. cvrclbcb d_kgjw

kck`cpq _jjma_rc kmpc qgelg#a_lrjw kmpc j_`msp ml njmrq mulcb `w rfc fc_b*q lml/lsajc_p

pcj_rgmlq rf_l bm kck`cpq md rfc lsajc_p d_kgjw0 Evacnr gl rfc a_qc md rfc fc_b*q npgt_rc

njmrq. rfc lsjj fwnmrfcqcq rf_r _lw md rfc njmr mulcpqfgn amc%agclrq gl amjsklq +3, _lb +4,

_pc cos_j gq qrpmlejw pchcarcb0

Tsplgle rm amjskl +5,. uc #lb rf_r rfc cqrgk_rcb njmr mulcpqfgn amc%agclrq _pc ajmqc

rm xcpm _lb qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr0 Il mrfcp umpbq. rfcpc _pc lm qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr

bg"cpclacq gl rfc _jjma_rgml md j_`msp _apmqq npgt_rc njmrq ugrfgl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq

mlac njmr af_p_arcpgqrgaq. umpicp af_p_arcpgqrgaq _lb fmsqcfmjb/apmn/wc_p #vcb c"carq _pc

amlrpmjjcb dmp0

Tfcqc n_rrcplq npmtgbc qrpmle ctgbclac rf_r rfc _jjma_rgml md j_`msp _apmqq npgt_rc njmrq

_pc _ dslargml md d_kgjw rgcq. _lb rf_r jctcjq md _jrpsgqk _pc fgefcp dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw rgcq

_lb ugrfgl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0

9TKP[PKZHR ;HIUZW 3UTYWPIZYPUTX UT YOL 8UZXLOURK#X 3USSUT ?RUYX

Il T_`jc 32. uc npmtgbc n_p_jjcj cqrgk_rcq dmp rfc rmr_j j_`msp amlrpg`srgml md c_af fmsqc/

fmjb kck`cp rm rfc fmsqcfmjb*q amkkml njmrq0 Evnj_l_rmpw t_pg_`jcq glajsbc rfc rmr_j qgxc

md rfc glbgtgbs_j*q npgt_rc njmrq _lb md rfc fmsqcfmjb*q amkkml njmrq. bckmep_nfga af_p_a/

rcpgqrgaq md rfc fmsqcfmjb. _lb af_p_arcpgqrgaq md rfc fmsqcfmjb kck`cp0 Il amjsklq 3/5. uc

amlrpmj dmp fmsqcfmjb #vcb c"carq _lb m`qcpt_`jc fmsqcfmjb af_p_arcpgqrgaq qsaf _q rfc _pc_

md rfc amkkml njmr _lb rfc bckmep_nfga amknmqgrgml md rfc fmsqcfmjb0 Il amjsklq 6/8.

uc amlrpmj dmp fmsqcfmjb/wc_p #vcb c"carq0 Ilajsbgle fmsqcfmjb/wc_p #vcb c"carq _jjmuq sq

rm _aamslr dmp rgkc/t_pwgle fmsqcfmjb _lb tgjj_ec/jctcj slm`qcpt_`jcq0 Il n_prgasj_p. uc _a/

amslr dmp _lls_j t_pg_rgmlq gl npgacq +apmnq. j_lb _lb u_ecq, rf_r a_l gl$sclac j_`msp qsnnjw

_lb j_lb _jjma_rgml0 Ir gq pc_qqspgle rf_r rfc nmglr cqrgk_rcq _lb rfc qr_rgqrga_j qgelg#a_lac

_pc qr_`jc _apmqq rfc rum qncag#a_rgmlq0

Tfc mkgrrcb pcj_rgmlqfgn a_rcempw gq rfc ^fmsqcfmjb fc_b*0 Fmasqgle ml amjsklq 3/5.

uc qcc rf_r rfc cqrgk_rcb amc%agclr gl _jj rfc mrfcp pcj_rgmlqfgn a_rcempgcq gq lce_rgtc _lb

qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr0 Il mrfcp umpbq. rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b amlrpg`srcq rfc kmqr _kmslr

md j_`msp rm rfc fmsqcfmjb*q amkkml njmrq0 Tfgq gq cvncarcb qglac rfc fc_b f_q mtcp_jj

pcqnmlqg`gjgrw dmp rfc amkkml njmrq0 Mmpc qgelg#a_lrjw. dmp _ egtcl pcj_rgmlqfgn ugrf rfc

fmsqcfmjb fc_b +c0e0 _ qnmsqc. qml mp b_sefrcp, rfc amc%agclr gq kmpc lce_rgtc gl rfc a_qc

md cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq rf_l dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Fmp cv_knjc. rfc cqrgk_rcq

gknjw rf_r. ugrfgl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. rfc fc_b*q qml amlrpg`src 59( jcqq j_`msp ml

rfc amkkml njmrq rf_l rfc fc_b fgkqcjd +qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr _r rfc 3( jctcj, ufgjc. gl

46

lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. rfcpc gq lm qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr bg"cpclac `cruccl rfcgp j_`msp

amlrpg`srgmlq0 A rcqr md rfc cos_jgrw md rfc amc%agclrq dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw kck`cpq gl amjsklq

4 _lb 5 gq qrpmlejw pchcarcb0

Tfc nmglr cqrgk_rcq _jqm glbga_rc rf_r rfc qml amlrpg`srcq kmpc j_`msp rf_l mrfcp k_jc

pcj_rgmlq _lb slpcj_rcb k_jc glbgtgbs_jq jgtgle ugrfgl rfc q_kc fmsqcfmjb. `sr rfc bg"cpclacq

_pc qk_jj _lb uc a_llmr pchcar rfc fwnmrfcqgq rf_r rfcw _pc cos_j0 Wc _pc _`jc rm pchcar

rfc fwnmrfcqgq rf_r rfc b_sefrcp. mrfcp dck_jc pcj_rgmlq _lb slpcj_rcb dck_jc glbgtgbs_jq

_jj amlrpg`src rfc q_kc _kmslr md j_`msp rm rfc amkkml njmrq0 Wc m`r_gl qgkgj_p n_rrcplq

ufcl uc amlrpmj dmp fmsqcfmjb/wc_p #vcb c"carq gl amjsklq 6/80

Il qskk_pw. rfc cqrgk_rcq pctc_j qf_pn bg"cpclacq. `cruccl lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq. gl rfc fc_b*q qnmsqc. qml _lb b_sefrcp*q j_`msp ml rfc amkkml njmrq +r_igle

rfc fc_b*q mul j_`msp _q _ pcdcpclac nmglr,0 Ol rfc mrfcp f_lb. rfc bg"cpclacq gl j_`msp

amlrpg`srgmlq `cruccl lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw kck`cpq ugrfgl rfc q_kc fmsqcfmjb

gq jcqq k_picb0 Tfgq n_rrcpl qseecqrq rf_r glbgtgbs_jq ugrfgl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq y

gppcqncargtc md rfcgp pcj_rgml rm rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b y f_tc npcdcpclacq dmp fmsqcfmjb ns`jga

emmbq kmpc ajmqcjw _jgelcb ugrf rf_r md rfc fc_b rf_l glbgtgbs_jq ugrfgl cvrclbcb d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq0

- 9TYWH%8UZXLOURK @PXQ%AOHWPTN

Aq bgqasqqcb gl Scargml 50403. gl rfc _`qclac md dmpk_j amlrp_arq. fmsqcfmjbq ufcpc glbgtgbs_jq

f_tc ^qrpmlecp rgcq* mp fgefcp jctcjq md _jrpsgqk _kmle rfck qfmsjb `c kmpc c"cargtc _r

qf_pgle pgqi _kmle grq kck`cpq0 Ir dmjjmuq rf_r gd mlc cvfg`grq _ fgefcp jctcj md _jrpsgqk

rmu_pbq _ lsajc_p d_kgjw kck`cp. _q amkn_pcb rm _ amf_`grgle cvrclbcb/d_kgjw kck`cp

mp slpcj_rcb glbgtgbs_j. rfcl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq qfmsjb qcptc _q kmpc c"cargtc pgqi/

qf_pgle slgrq rf_l cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Il rfgq qcargml. uc sqc b_r_ ml glamkc dpmk

glbgtgbs_j d_pk njmrq. p_gld_jj qfmaiq. amlqsknrgml cvnclbgrspcq _lb afgjb _lrfpmnmkcrpga

b_r_ rm rcqr rfgq fwnmrfcqgq gl rum bg"cpclr u_wq0 R_gld_jj b_r_ gq bp_ul dpmk rfc Cjgk_rc

Rcqc_paf Ulgr +CRU, _r rfc Ulgtcpqgrw md E_qr Alejg_. ufgaf npmtgbcq kmlrfjw npcagngr_rgml

b_r_ ml _ 2,7"2,7 bcepcc epgb0 Wc f_tc ecmep_nfga ammpbgl_rcq md c_af md rfc q_knjc tgjj_ecq0

Hclac. uc _pc _`jc rm jgli c_af tgjj_ec rm _ CRU epgb _lb rfc p_gld_jj amtcpgle rfc ncpgmb

dpmk 3<62 rm 42340

-&( 5"JPLTJ^ PT 3UTXZSVYPUT 5]VLTKPYZWLX

R_gld_jj qfmaiq a_l f_tc _ bg"cpclrg_j gkn_ar ml rfc msrnsr _lb glamkc eclcp_rcb dpmk

bg"cpclr d_pk njmrq mulcb `w rfc q_kc fmsqcfmjb. bsc rm bg"cpclacq gl qigjj md rfc njmr

k_l_ecpq. njmr af_p_arcpgqrgaq. apmnq nj_lrcb _lb glnsrq _nnjgcb0 Tfcpcdmpc. t_pg_rgmlq gl

47

p_gld_jj a_l `c sqcb rm cv_kglc ufcrfcp _l glamkc qfmai dmp mlc fmsqcfmjb kck`cp _"carq

fmsqcfmjb amlqsknrgml bg"cpclrjw dpmk _l glamkc qfmai rm _lmrfcp fmsqcfmjb kck`cp0

Tfcqc amkn_pgqmlq a_l _jqm npmtgbc rfc `_qgq dmp rcqrgle c%agclaw gl amlqsknrgml bcagqgmlq

ugrfgl rfc fmsqcfmjb0 Bcdmpc npmaccbgle rm bgqasqq rfc ckngpga_j pcqsjrq. uc `pgc$w bcqapg`c

rfc kcrfmbmjmew sqcb rm _l_jwqc amlqsknrgml bcagqgmlq0 Tfc kcrfmbmjmew gq _b_nrcb dpmk

Ds$m _lb Ubpw +4226,. ufcpc rfc rfc glrsgrgml _lb slbcpjwgle rfcmpw _pc bgqasqqcb gl epc_rcp

bcr_gj0

Fmjjmugle _ amkkml _nnpm_af gl rfc jgrcp_rspc +c0e0 F_daf_knq. Ubpw _lb Cxsi_q 3<<;.

K_xg_le_ _lb W_ff_h 4235. P_vqml 3<<4,. uc _qqskc rfc dmjjmugle jme/jglc_p pcj_rgmlqfgn

`cruccl p_gld_jj _lb fmsqcfmjb d_pk glamkc=

jme +F,+1, ? +E,+1 $ @"21, %, - #+ - #21 - &,+1 +52,

ufcpc F,+1 pcnpcqclrq glamkc dpmk njmr =. d_pkcb `w fmsqcfmjb < gl ncpgmb B. E,+1 gq _ tcarmp

md nfwqga_j af_p_arcpgqrgaq md njmr =. @21 gq _ tcarmp md p_gld_jj kc_qspcq gl tgjj_ec D gl ncpgmb

B. #+ _lb #21 _pc. pcqncargtcjw fmsqcfmjb _lb tgjj_ec/wc_p #vcb c"carq _lb &,+1 gq _l cppmp

rcpk rm a_nrspc mrfcp cvmeclmsq qfmaiq rf_r _"car d_pk glamkc gl ncpgmb B0-

Tfc cqrgk_rcb amc%agclrq dpmk +52, _pc sqcb rm amknsrc _ jglc_p amk`gl_rgml md p_gld_jj

t_pg_`jcq _q dmjjmuq= ]F,+1 ? +E,+1 $ @"21, G%,0 Tfcqc #rrcb t_jscq pcnpcqclr rfc +jme md rfc,

amknmlclr md fmsqcfmjb d_pk glamkc rf_r gq cvnj_glcb `w p_gld_jj t_pg_rgmlq0 Id uc _qqskc

rf_r rfc bck_lb dmp c_af amlqsknrgml emmb a_l `c cvnpcqqcb _q _ jme/jglc_p dslargml md rmr_j

cvnclbgrspcq. fmsqcfmjb P_pcrm ucgefrq _lb mrfcp fmsqcfmjb _lb pcegml_j af_p_arcpgqrgaq.

rfcl uc a_l bcpgtc rfc dmjjmugle qncag#a_rgmlq pcj_rgle fmsqcfmjb cvnclbgrspcq _lb glamkc=

jme +;+1, ?)

,.(&/&*

'),]F,+1 - 8+21$) - #)+ - #)21 - %)+1 +53,

jme +E+1, ?)

,.(&/&*

'3,]F,+1 - 8+21$3 - #3+ - #321 - %3+1 +54,

ufcpc ;+1 pcnpcqclrq rmr_j cvnclbgrspcq. _lb E+1 pcnpcqclrq cvnclbgrspcq ml qmkc qncag#a

amlqsknrgml emmb. gl fmsqcfmjb < gl ncpgmb B0 Tfc tcarmp 8+21 glajsbcq. nmrclrg_jjw rgkc/

t_pwgle. fmsqcfmjb af_p_arcpgqrgaq glajsbgle rfc bckmep_nfga amknmqgrgml md rfc fmsqcfmjb0

Tfc rcpkq #)+ _lb #3+ _pc fmsqcfmjb #vcb/c"carq _lb #)21 _lb #321 bclmrc tgjj_ec/wc_p #vcb

wc_pq0 Tfgq qncag#a_rgml amlrpmjq dmp tgjj_ec/jctcj _lls_j amt_pg_rc qfmaiq. _lb fclac gq

dpcosclrjw sqcb gl rfc tgjj_ec/jctcj pgqi qf_pgle jgrcp_rspc +c0e0 Tmulqclb 3<<6. R_t_jjgml

_lb Cf_sbfspg 3<<9. _lb K_xg_le_ _lb Ubpw 4228,0

Id rfcpc gq glbccb _ qmag_j lmpk gl np_argac ufgaf pcosgpcq rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b rm qnclb

rfc npmaccbq md rfc amkkml njmr ml fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq. rfcl '3( . 2 gd E gq _ fmsqcfmjb

*F^cT cWPc \TPbdaTb ^U aPX]UP[[ S^ ]^c P__TPa X] cWT T`dPcX^] ^] cWTXa ^f] Pb cWTbT T!TRcb PaT T]cXaT[hbdQbd\TS X] cWT eX[[PVT)hTPa "gTS)T!TRcb*

48

ns`jga emmb _lb '3( ? 2 dmp npgt_rc emmbq0%$ Il umpbq. _ p_gld_jj qfmai ufgaf _"carq rfc

glamkc eclcp_rcb dpmk rfc amkkml njmr umsjb _"car cvnclbgrspcq rf_r `clc#r rfc clrgpc

fmsqcfmjb `sr lmr cvnclbgrspcq ufgaf _pc qncag#a rm _l glbgtgbs_j0 Tm gltcqrge_rc ufcrfcp

rfc npct_jclac md rfc lmpk t_pgcq _apmqq bg"cpclr rwncq md fmsqcfmjbq. uc cqrgk_rc cos_rgml

+54, qcn_p_rcjw dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0

Tfc cqrgk_rcq dpmk cos_rgmlq +53, _lb +54, _jqm npmtgbcq _ rcqr dmp rfc Cmjjcargtc Mmbcj

md rfc fmsqcfmjb0 Cmlqsknrgml c%agclaw pcosgpcq rf_r

'3,

'),

?'3-

')-

+55,

Fmjjmugle Ds$m _lb Ubpw +4226,. uc rcqr dmp +55, sqgle _ lml/jglc_p W_jb rcqr. qcn_p_rcjw

dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0

-&(&( @LXZRYX

Tfc amlqsknrgml cvnclbgrspcq b_r_ gl rfc Mglgqrpw md Aepgasjrspc Ssptcw a_l `c sqcb rm

amlqrpsar kc_qspcq md dmmb amlqsknrgml. `pmicl bmul glrm +g, fmkc/epmul acpc_j amlqskn/

rgml. +gg, amlqsknrgml md mrfcp fmkc/epmul dmmbq. _lb +ggg, dmmb nspaf_qcq0 Tfcpcdmpc. rfc

kcrfmbmjmew msrjglcb _`mtc a_l `c sqcb rm gltcqrge_rc fmu p_gld_jj qfmaiq ufgaf gkn_ar

snml d_pk glamkc _"carq amlqsknrgml gl rfcqc dmmb a_rcempgcq0

T_`jc 33 qfmuq rfc #pqr/qr_ec pcqsjrq dmp +g, fmsqcfmjb amkkml njmrq. +gg, k_jc npgt_rc

njmrq _lb +ggg, dck_jc npgt_rc njmrq sqgle b_r_0 C_rcempga_j t_pg_`jcq glbga_rgle rfc rmnmep_/

nfw md rfc njmr _lb rfc jma_rgml md rfc njmr _pc glrcp_arcb ugrf rfc jctcj md _lls_j p_gld_jj

gl rfc tgjj_ec ufcpc rfc njmr gq jma_rcb0 Tfc c"car md p_gld_jj ml d_pk njmrq ml $_r epmslb

+'LH>FJB$LH>OB>P', _lb d_pk njmrq jma_rcb gl '@>NBN' _pc qs`qskcb gl rfc tgjj_ec/wc_p #vcb/

c"carq0 Cmkn_pcb rm njmrq ml $_r epmslb. uc #lb rf_r p_gld_jj f_q _ qrpmle nmqgrgtc c"car

ml d_pk msrnsr bcpgtcb dpmk njmrq ml jmu epmslb +'?>N"CKJA', _apmqq _jj rfpcc rwncq md

njmr mulcpqfgn +g0c0 âmkkml*. ^k_jc* _lb ^dck_jc*, _q ucjj _q ml d_pk msrnsr bcpgtcb dpmk

njmrq ml qjmngle epmslb +'QBMN>JO', dmp *dck_jc* njmrq0 Cmkn_pcb rm '@>NBN' njmrq. uc #lb

rf_r p_gld_jj f_q _ qrpmle nmqgrgtc c"car ml d_pk msrnsr bcpgtcb dpmk '`pmsqqc' njmrq _lb

'a_knckclr' njmrq _apmqq _jj rfpcc rwncq md njmr mulcpqfgn0%%

T_`jc 33 _jqm pcnmprq +"rcqrq ml hmglr qgelg#a_lac md rfc cqrgk_rcb amc%agclrq dmp _jj

rfc glrcp_argml t_pg_`jcq0 Tfc +"rcqr glbga_rc rf_r rfc amc%agclrq _pc hmglrjw qgelg#a_lr

_apmqq _jj rfpcc rwncq md njmr mulcpqfgn0 Wc _jqm pcnmpr rfc F/qr_rgqrgaq dmp cos_rgml/qncag#a

"!BU cWT ]â\ aT`dXaTb P[[ cWT _a^RTTSb Ua^\ cWT R^\\^] _[^c c^ QT b_T]c ^] W^dbTW^[S _dQ[XR V^^Sb( cWT]fT f^d[S ^QcPX] !"! 7 ,* Bc Xb \âT [XZT[h cWPc _Pac Û cWT _a^RTTSb fX[[ QT bcâTS Uâ UdcdaT dbT( T*V* bcâPVTÛ VaPX]b X] P VaP]Pah( X] fWXRW RPbT fT f^d[S Tg_TRc !

"!" ,*

""NT P[b^ "]S ]TVPcXeT R^T#RXT]cb Uâ aPX]UP[[ X]cTaPRcTS fXcW Yd]Xâ \P[T _[^c [^RPcX^] RWPaPRcTaXbcXRbX] R^[d\] &,' P]S Uâ aPX]UP[[ X]cTaPRcTS fXcW R^\\^] _[^c [^RPcX^] RWPaPRcTaXbcXRb X] R^[d\] &-'( fWXRWbdVVTbc cWPc X]RaTPbTS aPX]UP[[ RPdbT aTb^daRTb c^ QT SXeTacTS Ua^\ b^\T $RPbTb$ _[^cb c^fPaSb $Qa^dbbT$ P]S$RP\_T\T]c$ _[^cb*

49

glqrpskclrq _lb dmp _jj mrfcp glqrpskclrq0 Aq uc _pc glqrpskclrgle dmp 5 clbmeclmsq t_pg/

_`jcq. uc _jqm pcnmpr rfc F/rcqrq ml cos_rgml/qncag#a ^pcjct_lr* cvajsbcb glqrpskclr t_pg_`jcq0

Eos_rgml/qncag#a glqrpskclrq _pc p_gld_jj bctg_rgml glrcp_arcb ugrf amkkml njmrq gl amjskl

4. p_gld_jj bctg_rgml glrcp_arcb ugrf k_jc njmrq gl amjsklq 5 _lb p_gld_jj bctg_rgml glrcp_arcb

ugrf dck_jc njmrq gl amjskl 60 *Orfcp cvajsbcb glqrpskclrq* pcdcp rm p_gld_jj bctg_rgml gl/

rcp_arcb ugrf k_jc _lb dck_jc njmrq gl amjskl 4. p_gld_jj bctg_rgml glrcp_arcb ugrf amkkml

_lb dck_jc njmrq gl amjskl 5. _lb p_gld_jj bctg_rgml glrcp_arcb ugrf amkkml _lb k_jc njmrq

gl amjskl 60 Tfc F/qr_rgqrgaq dmp rfc cos_rgml/qncag#a glqrpskclrq _pc amkdmpr_`jw _`mtc 32

gl c_af cos_rgml. ufgaf qseecqrq rf_r rfc glrcp_argml t_pg_`jcq _pc qsgr_`jc glqrpskclrq rm

cqrgk_rc rfc c"carq md njmr glamkc ml fmsqcfmjb amlqsknrgml0%& Mmpcmtcp. rfc F/qr_rgqrgaq

dmp rfc *mrfcp glqrpskclrq* _pc amlqgqrclrjw qk_jjcp gl _jj qncag#a_rgmlq qseecqrgle rf_r ksj/

rgamjjglc_pgrw gq lmr jgicjw gl rfc qcamlb qr_ec0

Tfc qcamlb/qr_ec pcqsjrq _pc qfmul gl T_`jc 340 Cmjsklq +3,/+5, gl P_lcj A npmtgbc rfc

cqrgk_rcq md fmsqcfmjb d_pk glamkc qfmaiq ml rmr_j dmmb amlqsknrgml dmp. pcqncargtcjw. _jj

fmsqcfmjbq. lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 A 32( af_lec gl

glamkc glbsacb `w p_gld_jj qfmaiq jc_bq rm 4( af_lec gl amlqsknrgml gl rfc dsjj q_knjc0

Fmp lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. rfc amppcqnmlbgle af_lecq gl amlqsknrgml _pc

505( _lb 308(. pcqncargtcjw0 A rcqr md rfc cos_jgrw md rfc rum amc%agclrq gq pchcarcb _r

rfc 7( jctcj0 Tfcpcdmpc. gr gq _nn_pclr rf_r dmmb amlqsknrgml gl cvrclbcb fmsqcfmjbq gq

jcqq cvnmqcb rm gbgmqwlap_rga qfmaiq rf_l dmmb amlqsknrgml gl lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0

Il amjsklq 6/8 md P_lcj B. uc gltcqrge_rc rfc c"carq md c_af rwnc md glamkc ml fmsqcfmjb

rmr_j dmmb amlqsknrgml0 Ajrfmsef uc #lb qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr c"carq dmp c_af rwnc md

glamkc dmp c_af q_knjc. rfc c"carq _pc pcj_rgtcjw qk_jj gknjwgle rf_r rfc fmsqcfmjbq _pc _`jc

rm npmrcar dmmb amlqsknrgml pc_qml_`jw ucjj _e_glqr qfmaiq rm c_af rwnc md d_pk glamkcq.

r_icl qcn_p_rcjw0 Fmp cv_knjc. rfc dsjj q_knjc cqrgk_rcq glbga_rc rf_r _ 32( bcajglc gl

glamkc dpmk rfc amkkml njmr jc_bq rm mljw 20;( bcajglc gl dmmb amlqsknrgml cvnclbgrspcq.

ufgjc rfc c"car md qfmaiq rm npgt_rc k_jc _lb dck_jc njmrq _pc jcqq rf_l f_jd rf_r qgxc0 Wc

_jqm pcnmpr _l F/rcqr md rfc lsjj fwnmrfcqgq rf_r qfmaiq ml bg"cpclr rwnc md glamkc f_tc cos_j

c"carq ml fmsqcfmjb dmmb amlqsknrgml0 Wc pchcar rfgq lsjj fwnmrfcqgq _r rfc 7( jctcj dmp rfc

dsjj q_knjc +amjskl 6, _lb dmp cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq +amjskl 8,. `sr lmr dmp lsajc_p

d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq +amjskl 7,0 Tfcqc pcqsjrq glbga_rc kmpc pgqi nmmjgle ugrfgl lsajc_p d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq rf_l gl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0

Tfc amppcqnmlbgle cqrgk_rcq dmp qs`/a_rcempgcq md dmmb amlqsknrgml y fmkc/epmul acpc/

_jq. mrfcp fmkc/epmul npmbsac. _lb nspaf_qcb dmmb y _pc qfmul gl amjsklq +3,/+<,. n_lcj

B0 Tfc mtcp_jj n_rrcpl gl rfc nmglr cqrgk_rcq. _j`cgr qk_jj. qseecqr rf_r rfc npmaccbq dpmk

rfc amkkml njmrq _pc pcj_rgtcjw kmpc gknmpr_lr dmp rfc fmsqcfmjb*q amlqsknrgml md fmkc/

"#B] cWT 9__T]SXg KPQ[T 9,( fT aT_a^SdRT cWT TbcX\PcTb bW^f] X] KPQ[T ,, U^a ]dR[TPa UP\X[h P]S TgcT]STSUP\X[h W^dbTW^[Sb bT_PaPcT[h P]S cWT aTbd[cb PaT Qa^PS[h R^]bXbcT]c fXcW cW^bT bW^f] X] KPQ[T ,,*

4;

epmul npmbsac ufgjc rfc npmaccbq dpmk rfc npgt_rc njmrq _pc pcj_rgtcjw kmpc gknmpr_lr dmp

rfc amlqsknrgml md nspaf_qcb dmmb0 Tfcqc bgq_eepce_rcb cqrgk_rcq cl_`jc sq rm rcqr dmp

amlqsknrgml c%agclaw sqgle _ lml/jglc_p W_jb rcqr _q bcqapg`cb gl +55,0 Tfc *&/qr_rgqrgaq

dmp rfcqc rcqrq _pc npmtgbcb gl T_`jc 350 Wc _pc _`jc rm pchcar amlqsknrgml c%agclaw dmp rfc

dsjj q_knjc md fmsqcfmjbq0 Il umpbq. rfc pcqnmlqgtclcqq md fmkc/epmul dmmb amlqsknrgml

rm af_lecq gl rmr_j dmmb amlqsknrgml t_pgcq. bcnclbgle ml rfc rwnc md glamkc qfmai rf_r

a_sqcq rfc af_lec gl rmr_j dmmb amlqsknrgml0 Tfgq amlrp_bgarq mlc md rfc icw gknjga_rgmlq

md Cmjjcargtc Hmsqcfmjb kmbcj0 Rcnc_rgle rfc rcqr ugrf rfc rum qs`q_knjcq. uc _pc _`jc

rm pchcar amlqsknrgml c%agclaw dmp cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq `sr lmr dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq0%'

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Il rfgq qcargml. uc npmtgbc bgpcar ctgbclac ml ufcrfcp am/pcqgbclr fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq qf_pc

gbgmqwlap_rga glamkc pgqi0 Ilrsgrgtcjw. fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq ufm cvncpgclac lce_rgtc glamkc

bp_uq k_w `clc#r dpmk rp_lqdcpq dpmk am/pcqgbclr pcj_rgtcq qm rf_r. ml _tcp_ec. amlrpmjjgle dmp

fmsqcfmjb _eepce_rc qfmaiq. glbgtgbs_j amlqsknrgml gq glqsj_rcb dpmk mul qfmaiq0 Ibc_jjw.

gknjckclrgle qsaf _ rcqr umsjb pcosgpc kc_qspcq md glbgtgbs_j jctcj amlqsknrgml mp lsrpgrgml

_q sqcb `w Dcpaml _lb Kpgqfl_l +4222, rm rcqr pgqi qf_pgle ugrfgl fmsqcfmjb gl Erfgmng_0

Il rfgq n_ncp uc sqc afgjb/jctcj _lrfpmnmkcrpga msramkcq. l_kcjw qr_lb_pbgqcb afgjb kgb/

snncp/_pk/agpaskdcpclac +MUAC,0 MUAC gq _ qgknjc kcrfmb md _qqcqqgle lsrpgrgml_j qr_rsq

gl afgjbpcl _ecb 8 rm 82 kmlrfq +c0e0 Ekcpeclaw Nsrpgrgml Ncrumpi. 4234,0

Id fmsqcfmjbq _pc c%agclrjw qf_pgle pgqi. rfcl cvmeclmsq qfmaiq rm _ kmrfcp*q glamkc

qfmsjb lmr gl$sclac lsrpgrgml_j msramkcq dmp fcp afgjbpcl. mlac fmsqcfmjb jctcj _eepce_rc

qfmaiq f_tc `ccl amlrpmjjcb dmp0 B_qcb ml rfgq glrsgrgml. uc cqrgk_rc rfc dmjjmugle cos_rgml

dmp rfc dsjj q_knjc md fmsqcfmjbq. _lb qcn_p_rcjw dmp lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq=

5801,-+1 ? '/]F-+1 - E,-+21$/ - #+1 - %,-+1

ufcpc 5801,-+1 gq rfc x/qampc md rfc snncp/_pk agpaskdcpclac md afgjb = ugrf kmrfcp > gl

fmsqcfmjb < gl ncpgmb B> ]F-+1 gq _ kc_qspc md >*q glbgtgbs_j d_pk glamkc mp dmmb amlqsknrgml

cvnclbgrspcq _q bcqapg`cb `cjmu> rfc tcarmp E,-+21 glajsbcq rfc af_p_arcpgqrgaq md rfc afgjb

glajsbgle. _ec _lb eclbcp> #+1 bclmrcq fmsqcfmjb/wc_p #vcb/c"carq> _lb %,-+1 gq _l cppmp rcpk0

Wc glajsbc rfc fmsqcfmjb/wc_p #vcb c"carq gl mpbcp rm amlrpmj dmp fmsqcfmjb jctcj qfmaiq0

Nmrc rf_r. bsc rm rfc glajsqgml md rfcqc #vcb/c"carq. rfc q_knjc a_l mljw glajsbc fmsqcfmjbq

ufgaf f_tc ksjrgnjc kmrfcpq0 Il rfc a_qc md lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. rfgq rp_lqj_rcq glrm

"$Bc Xb X\_âcP]c c^ ]^cT cWPc cWT U^^S R^]bd\_cX^] RPcTVâXTb O^f] _a^SdRT% P]S O_daRWPbTS U^^S% RP]QT dbTS c^ cTbc Uâ R^]bd\_cX^] T#RXT]Rh XU cWT R^\\^SXcXTb _daRWPbTS PaT SXbcX]Rc Ua^\ cW^bT fWXRW PaT_a^SdRTS Uâ ^f] R^]bd\_cX^]*

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rfc qs`/q_knjc md fmsqcfmjbq ufcpc rfc fc_b gq nmjwewlmsq0 Pcpdcar pgqi/qf_pgle ugrfgl rfc

fmsqcfmjb umsjb kc_l rf_r '/ ? 20

Wc pcnmpr rfc cqrgk_rgml pcqsjrq gl T_`jc 360 Cmjsklq 3/5 gltcqrge_rc rfc c"carq md

cvmeclmsq qfmaiq rm rfc kmrfcp*q apmn glamkc _lb amjsklq 6/8 dmasq ml rfc c"carq md kmrfcp

dmmb amlqsknrgml cvnclbgrspcq0 Mmrfcp*q dmmb amlqsknrgml cvnclbgrspcq _pc kc_qspcb _q

rfc qsk md kmrfcp*q f_ptcqr sqcb gl _srm/amlqsknrgml _lb dmmb nspaf_qcq `w rfc kmrfcp

/ rfc nspaf_qcq _pc #l_lacb `w apmn q_jcq _lb lml/d_pk glamkc0 Wc sqc rfc kmrfcp*q njmr

af_p_arcpgqrgaq glrcp_arcb ugrf jma_j p_gld_jj bctg_rgmlq rm glqrpskclr dmp rfc kmrfcp*q glamkc

_lb dmmb amlqsknrgml cvnclbgrspcq0 Tfc F/qr_rgqrgaq md cvajsbcb glqrpskclrq qfmul gl rfc

nclsjrgk_rc pmu _pc _jj amkdmpr_`jw _`mtc rfc 32 ugrf rfc cvacnrgml md amjskl 70 Tfcpcdmpc.

gr gq sljgicjw rf_r rfc pcqsjrq _pc bpgtcl `w uc_i glqrpskclrq0

Tfc pcqsjrq gl amjsklq 3/5 glbga_rc rf_r amlrpmjjgle dmp fmsqcfmjb jctcj/qfmaiq. qfmaiq

rm rfc kmrfcp*q glamkc _pc n_qqcb rfpmsef rm afgjb lsrpgrgml_j msramkcq gl rfc dsjj q_knjc

+amjskl 3, _lb gl cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq +amjskl 4,. _jrfmsef rfc c"carq _pc pcj_rgtcjw

qk_jj0 Il lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. fmuctcp. rfc nmglr cqrgk_rc gq tgprs_jjw xcpm +amjskl 5,

gknjwgle rf_r afgjb lsrpgrgml_j msramkcq _pc sl_"carcb `w qfmaiq rm kmrfcp*q glamkc mlac

fmsqcfmjb/jctcj qfmaiq _pc amlrpmjjcb dmp0 Wc m`r_gl _ qgkgj_p n_rrcpl gl rfc pchcargml md

glrp_/fmsqcfmjb glqsp_lac ufcl uc sqc kmrfcp*q dmmb cvnclbgrspcq gl amjsklq 6/8. cvncar

rf_r rfc nmglr cqrgk_rcq _pc j_pecp= rfc fwnmrfcqgq md dsjj glqsp_lac gq pchcarcb dmp rfc dsjj

q_knjc _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq gl amjsklq 3 _lb 4. `sr lmr dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq gl amjsklq 50

Otcp_jj. rfc pcqsjrq qseecqr rf_r lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc nmmjgle pgqi `sr cvrclbcb

d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc lmr ugrf pcqncar rm rfc lsrpgrgml md afgjbpcl0

. @UIZXYTLXX 3OLJQX

Aq lmrcb gl qcargml 6. rfc af_p_arcpgqrgaq md lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq bg"cp

_jmle _ lsk`cp md bgkclqgmlq ufgaf a_l _"car rfc n_rrcpl md pcqmspac _jjma_rgml ugrfgl rfck0

Evrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. ml _tcp_ec. f_tc kmpc kck`cpq. rfc fc_b gq. ml _tcp_ec. mjbcp

_lb kmpc jgicjw rm `c nmjwewlmsq0 Ir gq nj_sqg`jc rf_r rfc qmspac md m`qcptcb glc%agclaw md

cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq gq lmr bsc rm rfc l_rspc md rgcq `cruccl rfc fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq.

ncp qc. `sr bsc rm rfcgp j_pecp qgxc. mp rfc np_argac md nmjwewlw mp rfc l_rsp_j jgdc/awajc

md rfc fmsqcfmjb0 Tm cvnjmpc rfcqc fwnmrfcqcq. uc pcnjga_rc rfc `_qga rcqr md c%agclaw gl

npmbsargml _lb amlqsknrgml. _q bcqapg`cb gl qcargmlq 7 _lb 8. dmp qs`/qcrq md rfc fmsqcfmjb

q_knjc ufgaf _pc gbclrga_j mp qgkgj_p _jmle rfcqc bgkclqgmlq0

Sncag#a_jjw. uc amlqgbcp rfpcc qs`q_knjcq= +g, rfc qs`qcr md kmlme_kmsq fmsqcfmjbq>

+gg, _ qs`qcr md fmsqcfmjbq dmp ufgaf rfc qgxc bgqrpg`srgml gq lc_pjw gbclrga_j dmp lsajc_p _lb

cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq> +ggg, _ qs`qcr md fmsqcfmjbq dmp ufgaf rfc bgqrpg`srgml md rfc

52

fc_b*q _ec gq lc_pjw gbclrga_j dmp lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Fmp +gg, _lb +ggg,. uc

ncpdmpk _ jmegr pcepcqqgml md rfc `gl_pw t_pg_`jc *lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjb* ml fmsqcfmjb qgxc

_lb fc_b*q _ec. _lb rfcl pcr_gl lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq ugrf ajmqc npcbgarcb

npm`_`gjgrgcq0 Il rfc pcqsjrgle qs`/q_knjc dmp +gg,. _tcp_ec fmsqcfmjb qgxc gq 9089 dmp cvrclbcb

d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb 9087 dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb rfc rum kc_lq _pc qr_rgqrga_jjw

glbgqrglesgqf_`jc0 Il rfc pcqsjrgle qs`/q_knjc dmp +ggg,. _tcp_ec fmsqcfmjb fc_b _ec gq 6706;

wc_pq dmp cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb 67082 wc_pq dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _lb.

_e_gl. rfc rum kc_lq _pc qr_rgqrga_jjw glbgqrglesgqf_`jc0 Apes_`jw. _lw bg"cpclacq uc bcrcar

`cruccl rfc lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq ugrfgl rfcqc qs`q_knjcq _pc lmr bsc rm

bg"cpclacq gl fmsqcfmjb qgxc gl +gg,. mp bg"cpclacq gl rfc _ec md rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b gl +ggg,0

Il T_`jc 37. uc pcnmpr cqrgk_rcq md rfc `_qga njmr wgcjb cos_rgml gl +49, dmp rfc qs`qcr

md kmlme_kmsq fmsqcfmjbq +amjsklq 3/5,. rfc _ec/`_qcb qs`/q_knjc +amjsklq 6/8, _lb rfc

qgxc/`_qcb qs`q_knjc +amjsklq 9/<,0 Wc #lb rf_r rfc cqrgk_rcb amc%agclrq dmp k_jc _lb

dck_jc npgt_rc njmrq gl lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc ajmqc rm rfmqc m`r_glcb

sqgle rfc dsjj q_knjc md fmsqcfmjbq0 Il n_prgasj_p. rfc fmsqcfmjbq _afgctc jmucp wgcjbq ml

npgt_rc njmrq amkn_pcb rm amkkml njmrq +rfc cvajsbcb njmr a_rcempw,. _lb rfc wgcjb e_nq

_pc fgefcp dmp cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq rf_l dmp lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Fmp c_af

qs`q_knjc. uc a_l pchcar _ lsjj fwnmrfcqgq md cos_jgrw gl rfc dck_jc njmr amc%agclrq _apmqq

lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Sgkgj_pjw. uc a_l pchcar rfc lsjj fwnmrfcqgq md

cos_jgrw md rfc amppcqnmlbgle k_jc njmr amc%agclrq0 Tfcpcdmpc. uc amlajsbc rf_r rfc ugbcp

bgqncpqgml md njmr wgcjbq _apmqq cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq a_llmr `c _rrpg`srcb rm rfc cvrclr

md nmjwewlw. fmsqcfmjb qgxc mp rfc fmsqcfmjb jgdc/awajc _q a_nrspcb `w rfc _ec md rfc fc_b0

Tm gltcqrge_rc rfc cvrclr md amlqsknrgml pgqi/qf_pgle dmp rfcqc qs`q_knjcq. uc pc/cqrgk_rc

cos_rgmlq +52,/+54, _lb pcnjga_rc rfc lml/jglc_p W_jb rcqr dmp cos_rgml +55, sqgle c_af qcr

md cqrgk_rcq0 Tfc W_jb qr_rgqrga _lb n/t_jscq _pc pcnmprcb gl T_`jc 380 Tfc rcqrq gknjw _

pchcargml md c%agclr pgqi/qf_pgle dmp rfc qgxc/`_qcb qs`q_knjc _lb rfc _ec/`_qcb qs`q_knjc0

Wgrfgl rfcqc qs`q_knjcq. uc #lb. _q `cdmpc. rf_r rfc cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc glcd/

#agclr ufgjc rfc rcqr d_gjq rm pchcar c%agclaw dmp rfc lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Il rfc a_qc

md kmlme_kmsq fmsqcfmjbq. uc d_gj rm pchcar c%agclaw dmp rfc clrgpc qs`q_knjc +n/t_jsc md

2072, _q ucjj _q dmp rfc qs`qcr md lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq ugrfgl gr +n/t_jscq

md 2044 _lb 2034 pcqncargtcjw,0

Il qskk_pw. bg"cpclacq gl fmsqcfmjb qgxc _lb rfc _ec md rfc fc_b bmcq lmr _aamslr dmp rfc

bg"cpclacq gl amlqsknrgml c%agclaw `cruccl lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. `sr

ufcl uc cvajsbc nmjwewlmsq fmsqcfmjbq amlqsknrgml glc%agclaw bgq_nnc_pq0 Tfc #lbgle dmp

kmlme_kmsq fmsqcfmjbq gq lmr glamlqgqrclr ugrf msp mtcp_jj fwnmrfcqgq pcj_rgle rm d_kgjw rgcq

`ca_sqc y rm rfc cvrclr rf_r rfc fc_b*q afgjbpcl gl nmjwewlmsq fmsqcfmjbq _pc f_jd/qg`jgleq

y rfcqc rgcq _pc qrpmlecp ugrfgl kmlme_kmsq fmsqcfmjbq0 Fsprfcpkmpc. _q rfc cqrgk_rcq gl

T_`jc 38 qfmuq. ctcl ugrfgl kmlme_kmsq fmsqcfmjbq. lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _pc ajmqcp

53

rm `cgle c%agclr gl npmbsargml rf_l cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Tfcpcdmpc. uc amlajsbc

rf_r rfc _jrcpl_rgtc fwnmrfcqcq bm lmr cvnj_gl q_rgqd_armpgjw rfc m`qcptcb bg"cpclacq `cruccl

lsajc_p _lb cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq gl rfc b_r_0

/ BOL 2K[HTYHNLX UM 5]YLTKLK%6HSPR^ 8UZXLOURKX

Il qcargmlq 7/804. uc npmtgbc ctgbclac rf_r lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq _jjma_rc pcqmspacq

kmpc c%agclrjw rf_l cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. _lb rf_r. ugrfgl rfc q_kc fmsqcfmjb.

rfcpc gq fgefcp rp_lqdcp md j_`msp pcqmspacq `cruccl glbgtgbs_jq ufm qf_pc _ lsajc_p d_kgjw

rgc0 Xcr. kmpc rf_l f_jd rfc fmsqcfmjbq gl msp q_knjc md psp_j Bspigl_`c fmsqcfmjbq _pc

cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Aq qfmul gl T_`jc 3. rfc b_r_ dpmk rfc Dckmep_nfga _lb

Hc_jrf Ssptcwq glbga_rcq rf_r `cruccl mlc/os_prcp _lb rfpcc/os_prcp md fmsqcfmjbq gl Wcqr

Adpga_l amslrpgcq. _pc cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Ggtcl rfc _bt_lr_ecq md lsajc_p d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq. rfcpc gq _ lccb rm cvnj_gl ufw uc qcc qsaf _ fgef npct_jclac md cvrclbcb d_kgjw

fmsqcfmjbq _apmqq Wcqr Adpga_ _lb. gl n_prgasj_p. gl Bspigl_ F_qm0

Wc nmqgr _lb npcqclr ctgbclac ml rum `pm_b cvnj_l_rgmlq. `mrf pcj_rcb rm k_picr d_gjspc0

Il rfc amlrcvr md Bspigl_ F_qm. rfc fmsqcfmjb fc_b bmcq lmr f_tc rfc dpccbmk rm qcjj rfc

d_pkj_lb rf_r fc glfcpgrq dpmk rfc jglc_ec0 Tfc npcqclac md k_picr d_gjspc gl j_lb pclr_j

_lb j_`msp k_picrq npctclrq fgk dpmk pclrgle msr rfgq j_lb mp fgpgle gl j_`msp rm umpi

ml gr +qcc. dmp cv_knjc. Ubpw 3<<8. _lb rfc pcdcpclacq ugrfgl,0 Hmuctcp. rfc glqrgrsrgml md

_ fmsqcfmjb _jjmuq fgk rm amkkgr rm sqgle rfc npmaccbq md rfc fmsqcfmjb amjjcargtc njmrq

ml fmsqcfmjb ns`jga emmbq _lb. rfsq. glaclrgtgqc d_pk j_`msp c"mpr dpmk _lw glbgtgbs_j

ufm hmglq rfc fmsqcfmjb. _q ucjj _q pckslcp_rc rfcqc cvrp_ umpigle f_lbq `w _u_pbgle

rfck glbgtgbs_j d_pkgle njmrq rm umpi ml0 A fmsqcfmjb fc_b ufm qr_prq m" ugrf _ j_pec

os_lrgrw md glfcpgrcb j_lb gl pcj_rgml rm rfc qgxc md fgq lsajc_p d_kgjw ugjj a_jasj_rc _ fgefcp

k_pegl_j npmbsar md j_`msp md _l _bbgrgml_j glbgtgbs_j rf_r fc a_l ncpqs_bc rm hmgl rfc

fmsqcfmjb%(0 Tfcpcdmpc. amlrpmjjgle dmp rfc qgxc md rfc lsajc_p d_kgjw. _ fmsqcfmjb fc_b ugrf

_ j_pec os_lrgrw md glfcpgrcb j_lb qfmsjb `c kmpc jgicjw rm f_tc cvrclbcb/d_kgjw kck`cpq mp

slpcj_rcb glbgtgbs_jq jgtgle ugrfgl fgq fmsqcfmjb0

Tm rcqr rfgq fwnmrfcqgq. uc cqrgk_rc jglc_p npm`_`gjgrw kmbcjq ufcpc rfc bcnclbclr t_pg/

_`jc gq rfc fmsqcfmjb qrpsarspc +3 ? lsajc_p. 2 ? cvrclbcb,. _lb glajsbc rfc fc_b*q glfcpgrcb

j_lb. _lb rfc bckmep_nfga amknmqgrgml md fgq lsajc_p d_kgjw _q cvnj_l_rmpw t_pg_`jcq0 Tfc

pcqsjrq _pc qfmul gl T_`jc 390 Wc _jqm amlrpmj dmp rfc fmsqcfmjb*q mrfcp d_pkj_lb +amjsklq

3/5, mp rfc fmsqcfmjb*q rmr_j j_lb ncp a_ngr_ +amjsklq 6/8,0 Il amjsklq 8/<. uc glajsbc rfc

"%Bc Xb X\_âcP]c c^ ]^cT cWPc cWT WTPS%b ]dR[TPa UP\X[h bXiT Xb P[b^ T]S^VT]^db bX]RT cWXb Xb STcTa\X]TSQh \PaaXPVT STRXbX^]b &\^]^VP\h eTabdb _^[hVh]h' P]S UTacX[Xch RW^XRT* A^fTeTa( cWTbT RW^XRTb RP] ^][h_aêXST P [^]V)cTa\ b^[dcX^] c^ cWT W^dbTW^[S%b UPa\ [PQ^da bWâcPVTb* ;h R^]caPbc( cWT W^dbTW^[S%b PePX[PQ[T[PQ^da RP] QT PSYdbcTS aT[PcXeT[h `dXRZ[h Qh WPeX]V TgcT]STS)UP\X[h \T\QTab â d]aT[PcTS X]SXeXSdP[b Y^X]â [TPeT cWT W^dbTW^[S*

54

qos_pcb rcpk md glfcpgrcb j_lb rm afcai dmp lml/jglc_pgrw gl rfc fwnmrfcqgxcb pcj_rgmlqfgn0

Tfc qncag#a_rgmlq _jqm glajsbc wc_p bskkgcq +amjsklq 3. 6 _lb 9,. wc_p bskkgcq _lb tgjj_ec

#vcb/c"carq +amjsklq 4.7 _lb ;,. mp tgjj_ec/wc_p #vcb/c"carq +amjsklq 5.8 _lb <,0 Il c_af

cqrgk_rgml. rfc npm`_`gjgrw md _l cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjb gq glapc_qgle gl rfc qgxc md rfc

fc_b*q glfcpgrcb j_lb +qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr _r rfc 3( jctcj,. _q gknjgcb `w rfc fwnmrfcqgq

bcqapg`cb _`mtc0

Osp qcamlb cvnj_l_rgml pcj_rcq rm #l_lag_j k_picr d_gjspc0 Tfc glamkc tmj_rgjgrw md

_epgasjrsp_j fmsqcfmjbq gl bctcjmngle amslrpgcq. rfc af_jjclecq rfcw d_ac gl m`r_glgle apcbgr

_lb glqsp_lac dpmk rfc k_picr dmp rfc nspnmqc md amlqsknrgml qkmmrfgle. _lb rfc jgkgrcb

l_rspc md gldmpk_j glqsp_lac ugrfgl tgjj_ecq f_tc `ccl ucjj bmaskclrcb gl rfc jgrcp_rspc +c0e0

Tmulqclb. 3<<6> Dcpaml 4224> K_xg_le_ _lb Ubpw. 4228,0 Il rfgq amlrcvr. glapc_qgle rfc qgxc

md rfc fmsqcfmjb `w f_tgle lml/lsajc_p kck`cpq hmgl gr a_l fcjn rfc fmsqcfmjb rm bgtcpqgdw

grq glamkc qmspacq _lb rfcpcdmpc gknpmtc amlqsknrgml qkmmrfgle0 Tfc cqrgk_rcq gl T_`jc

35 y bgqasqqcb gl Scargml 80303 y qfmuq rf_r fmsqcfmjb dmmb amlqsknrgml gq kmpc qclqgrgtc

rm qfmaiq rm _epgasjrsp_j glamkc gl rfc a_qc md lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq rf_l gl rfc a_qc md

cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq. nmglr cqrgk_rc md 20556 tcpqsq 2037;. _lb qr_rgqrga_jjw bg"cpclr

_r rfc 7( jctcj0

Wc npmtgbc _l glbgpcar rcqr md rfgq fwnmrfcqgq pcj_rgle rm #l_lag_j k_picr d_gjspc sqgle

fgqrmpga_j p_gld_jj b_r_ rm apc_rc _ kc_qspc md _ fmsqcfmjb*q glamkc tmj_rgjgrw0 Sncag#a_jjw. uc

sqc rfc cqrgk_rcb amc%agclrq dpmk rfc #pqr/qr_ec pcepcqqgmlq gl T_`jc 33. gldmpk_rgml ml rfc

af_p_arcpgqrgaq md rfc fc_b*q glfcpgrcb j_lb. _lb b_r_ ml fgqrmpga_j p_gld_jj rm a_jasj_rc rfc

fmsqcfmjb*q npcbgarcb glamkc qfmaiq bspgle rfc 42 wc_p ncpgmb npgmp rm rfc qsptcw0 Wc r_ic

rfc t_pg_lac md rfcqc glamkc qfmaiq rm amlqrpsar _ kc_qspc md c_af fmsqcfmjb fc_b*q glamkc

tmj_rgjgrw ufcl fc #pqr glfcpgrcb fgq j_lb _q _ dslargml md rfc d_pkj_lb af_p_arcpgqrgaq _lb

jma_j p_gld_jj amlbgrgmlq0 Tfc fwnmrfcqgq pcj_rcb rm #l_lag_j k_picr d_gjspc umsjb gknjw rf_r

fmsqcfmjb fc_bq d_agle epc_rcp glamkc tmj_rgjgrw qfmsjb `c kmpc jgicjw rm f_tc cvrclbcb/

d_kgjw kck`cpq mp slpcj_rcb glbgtgbs_jq jgtgle ugrfgl fgq fmsqcfmjb0

Il T_`jc 3;. uc npcqclr cqrgk_rcq md jglc_p npm`_`gjgrw kmbcjq md fmsqcfmjb qrpsarspc

qgkgj_p rm rfmqc gl T_`jc 38 `sr glajsbc rfc fc_b*q glamkc tmj_rgjgrw _q _l cvnj_l_rmpw

t_pg_`jc0 Cmlqgqrclr ugrf msp pc_qmlgle. glapc_qcb tmj_rgjgrw glapc_qcq rfc npm`_`gjgrw md _l

cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjb. rfc pcjct_lr amc%agclr `cgle qr_rgqrga_jjw qgelg#a_lr _r rfc 3(

jctcj dmp c_af qncag#a_rgml0 Il mrfcp umpbq. fmsqcfmjb fc_bq cvnmqcb rm epc_rcp glamkc

tmj_rgjgrw bsc rm rfc af_p_arcpgqrgaq md rfcgp glfcpgrcb j_lb _lb jma_j p_gld_jj amlbgrgmlq ucpc

kmpc jgicjw rm clb sn ugrf cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0

55

0 3UTJRZXPUT

Il rfgq n_ncp. uc gltcqrge_rcb _lb amkn_pcb fmu pcqmspacq _pc _jjma_rcb ugrfgl lsajc_p _lb

cvrclbcb/d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq gl psp_j Bspigl_ F_qm0 Wc dmslb rf_r lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq

_pc ajmqc rm `cgle c%agclr gl fmsqcfmjb npmbsargml. _lb amsjb lmr pchcar rfc fwnmrfcqgq rf_r

rfcw cle_ecb gl c%agclr glrp_/fmsqcfmjb pgqi/qf_pgle gl amlqsknrgml afmgacq0 Bw amlrp_qr.

cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq ucpc dmslb rm `c glc%agclr gl `mrf npmbsargml _lb amlqsknrgml

afmgacq0

Wc _pescb rf_r rfcqc bg"cpclacq ucpc bsc rm rfc qrpmlecp d_kgjg_j rgcq rf_r cvgqr ugrfgl

rfc lsajc_p d_kgjw0 Il qsnnmpr md rfgq fwnmrfcqgq uc qfmucb rf_r j_`msp amlrpg`srgmlq `w

fmsqcfmjb kck`cpq ml glbgtgbs_jjw k_l_ecb njmrq ucpc qgelg#a_lrjw fgefcp ufcl rfc mulcp

_lb umpicp qf_pcb _ lsajc_p d_kgjw rgc. _q amkn_pcb rm rfc qgrs_rgml ufcpc rfcw qf_pcb _l

cvrclbcb d_kgjw rgc mp ucpc slpcj_rcb0

Tfcqc pcqsjrq _pc qgelg#a_lr dmp rfc ugbcp jgrcp_rspc ml glrp_/fmsqcfmjb _jjma_rgml _lb

fmsqcfmjb amknmqgrgml0 Fgpqr. uc gbclrgdw ugrfgl rfc q_kc ecmep_nfga. camlmkga _lb qmag_j

cltgpmlkclrq rum qcrq md fmsqcfmjbq. mlc ufgaf _afgctcq lc_p P_pcrm c%agclaw gl npmbsa/

rgml _lb amlqsknrgml bcagqgmlq _lb _lmrfcp ufgaf bmcq lmr0 Wc bctcjmncb _ rfcmpw md

glrp_/fmsqcfmjb _jjma_rgml ufcpc uc cvnjgagrjw _aamslr dmp d_kgjg_j rgcq _lb _aamslr dmp `mrf

c%agclr _lb glc%agclr npmbsargml _lb amlqsknrgml afmgacq0 Tfc ckngpga_j ctgbclac. amk/

`glcb ugrf rfc rfcmpw. npmtgbcq _ u_w md pcamlagjgle rum qrp_lbq md ckngpga_j ctgbclac gl

rfc jgrcp_rspc rf_r f_tc cgrfcp d_gjcb rm pchcar mp f_tc pchcarcb P_pcrm c%agclr _jjma_rgml md

fmsqcfmjb pcqmspacq0

Tfc ctgbclac ml rfc kmpc c%agclr l_rspc md lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq p_gqcq rfc oscq/

rgml ufw cvrclbcb d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq cvgqr _r _jj0 Wc npcqclrcb rum fwnmrfcqcq pcj_rcb rm

+g, j_lb _lb j_`msp k_picr d_gjspc _lb +gg, glqsp_lac k_picr d_gjspc. _lb npcqclrcb ctgbclac

amlqgqrclr ugrf rfcqc cvnj_l_rgmlq0 Tfc gknjga_rgml gq rf_r rfc bctcjmnkclr md rfcqc k_p/

icrq gl qgkgj_p psp_j qcrrgleq. amk`glcb ugrf glapc_qgle j_lb qa_pagrw. ugjj a_sqc cvrclbcb

d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq rm egtc u_w rm lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq0 Il rfc amlrcvr md qk_jj/fmjbcp

_epgasjrsp_j fmsqcfmjbq. rfc _l_jwqgq qseecqrq rf_r rfc ctmjsrgml md fmsqcfmjb amknmqgrgml

dpmk cvrclbcb rm lsajc_p d_kgjw fmsqcfmjbq ugjj jc_b rm kmpc c%agclr _jjma_rgml md npmbsa/

rgtc pcqmspacq ugrfgl rfc fmsqcfmjb `ca_sqc md rfc rgcq rf_r `glb rmecrfcp kck`cpq md rfc

lsajc_p d_kgjw0

56

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$/31’!+042+0-) %2041(* --0(’3,0/ ’/) #’.,-,’- &,*2 · nmqgrgml k_w ucjj bgtcpec gl...

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Transcript of $/31’!+042+0-) %2041(* --0(’3,0/ ’/) #’.,-,’- &,*2 · nmqgrgml k_w ucjj bgtcpec gl...

$/31’!+042*+0-) %*2041(* --0(’3,0/ ’/) #’.,-,’- &,*2 · nmqgrgml k_w ucjj bgtcpec gl...

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Transcript of $/31’!+042*+0-) %*2041(* --0(’3,0/ ’/) #’.,-,’- &,*2 · nmqgrgml k_w ucjj bgtcpec gl...

$/31’!+042+0-) %2041(* --0(’3,0/ ’/) #’.,-,’- &,*2 · nmqgrgml k_w ucjj bgtcpec gl...

Transcript of $/31’!+042+0-) %2041(* --0(’3,0/ ’/) #’.,-,’- &,*2 · nmqgrgml k_w ucjj bgtcpec gl...