31035031 Fluid Intelligence
Transcript of 31035031 Fluid Intelligence
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Fluid intelligence and theFluid intelligence and themany faces of executivemany faces of executive
functionfunctionHelen DavisHelen Davis
School of PsychologySchool of Psychology
Murdoch UniversityMurdoch University
Acknowledgements: Catherine Leong
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Fluid intelligenceFluid intelligence
Raw reasoning abilityRaw reasoning abilityBiological basisBiological basis
Closely aligned withClosely aligned with g g Increases until early adulthoodIncreases until early adulthood
Is there a simple, informationIs there a simple, information- -processingprocessingexplanation for differences in fluidexplanation for differences in fluidintelligence?intelligence?
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E xecutive FunctionE xecutive Function Active selection of behaviour from alternatives Active selection of behaviour from alternativesStrategy generationStrategy generationInhibitionInhibition
Attention switching, goal maintenance, working memory Attention switching, goal maintenance, working memory
Monitoring & modifying performance (Rabbitt, 1997)Monitoring & modifying performance (Rabbitt, 1997)Frontal lobe relatedFrontal lobe related
Relation to fluid intelligenceRelation to fluid intelligence Development (Bjorklund & Harnishfeger, 1989; Davis &Development (Bjorklund & Harnishfeger, 1989; Davis &
Anderson, 2001) Anderson, 2001)
Is E F general or taskIs E F general or task- -specific?specific?
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T he Stroop Colour T he Stroop Colour- -Word T askWord T ask
ConditionsConditions Congruent:Congruent: RE DRE D BLUEBLUE G REENG REEN
N
eutral:N
eutral: XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX Incongruent:Incongruent: BLUE BLUE G REENG REEN RE DRE D
Selectively attend to ink colour (not word)Selectively attend to ink colour (not word)Interference effect = incongruentInterference effect = incongruent neutralneutralFacilitation effect = neutralFacilitation effect = neutral - - congruentcongruent
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T he Stroop Colour T he Stroop Colour- -Word T askWord T ask
Blocked trialsBlocked trialsG REENG REEN
RE DRE D
BLUE
BLUE
------------------------------------------------XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
------------------------------------------------G REENG REEN
RE DRE DBLUEBLUE
Mixed trialsMixed trialsXXXXXXXX
G REENG REEN
BLUE
BLUE
------------------------------------------------XXXXXXRE DRE D
BLUEBLUE
------------------------------------------------XXXXXX
G REENG REEN
RE DRE D
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An accidental finding An accidental finding
Blocked trials:Blocked trials: Interference effect decreases with ageInterference effect decreases with age
(7(7--10 years)10 years) Facilitation effectFacilitation effect - - no changeno changeMixed trials:Mixed trials: Interference effect no changeInterference effect no change
Facilitation effect decreases with ageFacilitation effect decreases with age(7(7--10 years)10 years) Lack of interference / facilitation correlationLack of interference / facilitation correlation
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Some enlightenment from Kane &Some enlightenment from Kane &E
ngle (2003)?E
ngle (2003)?Working memory (WM) capacity andWorking memory (WM) capacity andStroop task (adults)Stroop task (adults) Blocked trials:Blocked trials:
Interference effect (time cost) greater for low WMInterference effect (time cost) greater for low WMSelective attention only?Selective attention only?
Mixed trials:Mixed trials:N o interference (time cost) difference between WMN o interference (time cost) difference between WMgroupsgroupsG reater facilitation effect (time benefit)G reater facilitation effect (time benefit)Selective attention + goal maintenance?Selective attention + goal maintenance?
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Research QuestionsResearch Questions
Does Stroop facilitation reflect goal neglect?Does Stroop facilitation reflect goal neglect? Is Stroop facilitation related to goal neglect onIs Stroop facilitation related to goal neglect on
separate task?separate task?
Is Stroop facilitation related to working memoryIs Stroop facilitation related to working memorycapacity?capacity?
Is Stroop facilitationIs Stroop facilitation distinct distinct from Stroop interference?from Stroop interference?
Which, if any, of these executive functionWhich, if any, of these executive functionmeasures predict developmental change in fluidmeasures predict developmental change in fluidintelligence?intelligence?
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MethodMethod
Participants:Participants:77--year year--olds (olds ( nn = 34)= 34)
mean age = 7.4 (6.9mean age = 7.4 (6.9 - - 7.9)7.9) 18 boys, 16 girls18 boys, 16 girls
1010--year year--olds (olds ( nn = 40)= 40) mean age = 10.2 (9.7mean age = 10.2 (9.7- -10.9)10.9) 26 boys, 14 girls26 boys, 14 girls
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T asksT asks
Ravens Standard Progressive MatricesRavens Standard Progressive Matrices G roup testG roup test
(fluid intelligence(fluid intelligence raw score)raw score)
Digit spanDigit span forward (shortforward (short- -term memory)term memory) backward (working memory)backward (working memory)
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Stroop taskStroop task Individual, computer administeredIndividual, computer administered 3 colour (red, green, blue)3 colour (red, green, blue) Conguent, Incongruent, N eutralConguent, Incongruent, N eutral 3 blocks of 36 mixed trials3 blocks of 36 mixed trials Measured reaction time (R T )Measured reaction time (R T )
Switching taskSwitching task Computer administeredComputer administered
(goal maintenance/neglect)(goal maintenance/neglect)
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Switching T ask StimuliSwitching T ask Stimuli
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Switching T ask ProcedureSwitching T ask Procedure
Red taskRed taskPlant or animal?Plant or animal?
Z for plant / for animalZ for plant / for animal64 trials64 trials
G reen T askG reen T askSmall or large?Small or large?
Z for small / for largeZ for small / for large64 trials64 trials
Dual Task Alternating 4 trials red , 4 trials green
64 trials total
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ResultsResults
5
5
5
5
5
e l s e l s
Age group
R
e n
' s M
a t r i c e s
S c o r e
Raven s P rogressive MatricesRaven s P rogressive Matrices
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Stroop TaskStroop TaskReaction TimeReaction Time
0
200
400600800
1000120014 0016 0018
00
7- ear-o d 1 0 - ear-o d
A e ro u p
R e a c
t i o n
t i m e
( m s
)
ongruen
neu ra
n ongruen
Fa a on effeFa a on effeF F (1,68) = 2.62***(1,68) = 2.62***Interference effectInterference effectF F (1,68) = 16 .72***(1,68) = 16 .72***
Facilitation x AgeFacilitation x AgeF F (1,68) = 3.03,(1,68) = 3.03, p p=.08=.08Interference x AgeInterference x AgeF F (1,68) = 7.19**(1,68) = 7.19**
Age AgeF F (1,68) = 19.02***(1,68) = 19.02***
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Digit SpanDigit Span
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7-year-o l s 10-year-o l s
g g r p
D i g i t p a n
f orward
bac kward
Ag e Ag e
F orwardForwardF F (1,68) = 13. 8***(1,68) = 13. 8***
BackwardBackwardF F (1,68) = 28. 4***(1,68) = 28. 4***
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Switching TaskSwitching Task
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
7-year-o l 10-year-o l
Ag e g u
e a c
t i n
t i e
s
red
green
dua l red
dua l green
Switch c os tSwitch c os tF F (1,66) = 219.28***(1,66) = 219.28***
Switch cost x AgeSwitch cost x AgeF F (1,66) = 6.9 **(1,66) = 6.9 **
Age AgeF F (1,66) = 40. 0***(1,66) = 40. 0***
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p < .05; p < .07; n.s.
Task Intercorrelations
Age Ravens Stroop Digit Span Switch Facil. Interf. FDS BDS
Age . .65 -.21 -.35 .39 .51 -.32
Ravens . -.20 -.24 .32 .50 -.41
Facil. . -.19 -.11 -.14 .03
Interf. . -.11 -.15 .04
FDS . .64 -.20
BDS . -.34
Switch .
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Stepwise Linear RegressionStepwise Linear Regression Predicting Fluid Intelligence from E xecutivePredicting Fluid Intelligence from E xecutive
FunctionFunctionPredictor Predictor BetaBeta t t sigsig RR 22
BB--DigitDigit .28.28 2. 92. 9 .012.012 .199.199
Switch costSwitch cost - -.30.30 --2.902.90 .00.00 .276.276
FacilitationFacilitation - -.27.27 --2.62.6 .010.010 .32.32
InterferenceInterference - -.21.21 --2.062.06 .044.044 .36.36
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In answer to research questionsIn answer to research questions
Does Stroop facilitation reflect goalDoes Stroop facilitation reflect goalneglect?neglect? Is Stroop facilitation significantly related toIs Stroop facilitation significantly related to
goal neglect on separate task?goal neglect on separate task? NONO
Is Stroop facilitation significantly related toIs Stroop facilitation significantly related toworking memory capacity?working memory capacity? NONO
Is Stroop facilitationIs Stroop facilitation distinct distinct from Stroopfrom Stroopinterference?interference? YE SYE S
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Which, if any, of these executive functionWhich, if any, of these executive functionmeasures predict:measures predict: Developmental changeDevelopmental change in fluid intelligencein fluid intelligence
Working memory (BDS)Working memory (BDS)G oal neglect (switch cost)G oal neglect (switch cost)Selective attention (interference effect)Selective attention (interference effect)Whatever the facilitation effect is(!)Whatever the facilitation effect is(!)
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ConclusionsConclusions
T he Stroop facilitation effect cannot be easilyT he Stroop facilitation effect cannot be easilyinterpreted as an measure of goal neglect.interpreted as an measure of goal neglect.
E xecutive functions are multiple.E xecutive functions are multiple.
T he development of fluid intelligence may be theT he development of fluid intelligence may be theresult of theresult of the summationsummation of different executiveof different executivefunctions maturing relatively independently.functions maturing relatively independently.