Program:

10 OctoberThe Ottoman Economy in 1918Prof. Şevket Pamuk (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi)

24 OctoberOttoman Cinema from 1917-1919Prof. Serdar Öztürk (Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara)

31 Octobere Second Great WarProf. Jay Winter (Yale University)

7 November e Spanish Flu of 1918 and the Ottoman EmpireProf. Önder Ergönül, MD, MPH. (Koç Üniversitesi)

28 November1918: e Concept of the “New Life”and “Emancipated”Women in TurkeyProf. Zafer Toprak (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi /Koç Üniversitesi)

5 December Refugees and Mass Migration to Istanbul in the Wake of World War IProf. Kent Schull (Binghamton University, New York)

Venue: Big Hall in the Cezayır building - Galatasaray-Beyoğlu. Time: 19:00h

1918Calamity and Aspiration in the Ottoman Empire

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Fall 2018Lecture Series of the Orient-Institut, Istanbul, Swedish Research Institute,

Istanbul in Cooperation with Anadolu Kültür and Evangelia Balta

World War I had far reachingpolitical, demographic andeconomic consequences for theOttoman Empire. Mostimportantly, it led to the end ofthe empire and theestablishment of a number ofindividual states. In addition tothe losses suffered by theMuslim population, thedramatic decline in theArmenian and Greekpopulations had long termeconomic as well as political,social and culturalconsequences. As World War Iended, the Ottoman Empire hadan underdeveloped, mostlyagricultural economy, weakindustry which was mostlydestroyed during the war and a

e Ottoman Economy in 1918 by Şevket Pamuk

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poor transportation network.Another important andenduring legacy of the War wasthe rise of economic nationalismand governmentinterventionism. As theeconomies of the region turnedinward and self-sufficiency andpreparedness for a another warbecame basic priorities after1929, experiences withinterventionism accumulatedduring World War I began toshape the economic policies ofthe new states.

Şevket Pamuk is Professor of Economics and Economic History at Boğaziçi University. He isthe author of many books and journal articles on Ottoman, Middle East and Europeaneconomic history, including A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire and most recently ofUneven Centuries: Economic History of Turkey since 1820. Pamuk was President of theEuropean Historical Economics Society (2003-2005), President of the Asian HistoricalEconomics Society (2012-2014), Editor of the European Economic History Review (2011-2014) and is a member of Academia Europea and the Science Academy, Istanbul.

One of the mostdistinctive features ofthe Ottoman Empirein the years between1917 and 1919 is the

tendency to make bothfictional movies anddocumentaries. ere was aremarkable number of potentialspectators in the capital city;consequently there was asignificant rise in the number ofCinema Halls. e first localfictional films were met withgreat excitement and wereadvertised in newspapers andmagazines. Reviews in the pressin the years between 1917 and1919 revealed a keen interest inthe cinema and it drew hugeaudiences. e first screenings oflocal documentaries, dramas andcomedies attracted both ageneral audience andintellectuals. e transformationof the cinema into a medium of

Ottoman Cinema from 1917-1919by Serdar Öztürk

Serdar Öztürk is Professor in the Department of Radio, Television and Cinema, Faculty ofCommunication, at Gazi University. He is the author of seven books concerning the culturalhistory of Turkey, as well as the history, sociology and philosophy of the cinema. Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Sinema-Seyir-Siyaset (Elips kitap 2005) • CumhuriyetTürkiyesinde Kahvehane ve İktidar 1930-1945 (Kırmızı yayınları 2006) • Osmanlı'daİletişimin Diyalektiği (Phoenix yayınları 2010) • Türkiye'de İletişim Sosyolojisinin Kaynakları(Siyasal kitabevi 2011) • Mekan ve İktidar: Filmlerle İletişim Mekanlarının Alt politikası(Phoenix yayınları 2012) • Sinefilozofi Kurosawa'nın Düşler'inde Sinefilozofik Bir Yolculuk...(Ankara: Heretik, 2016) • Sinema Felsefesine Giriş (Ankara: Ütopya, 2018)

mass entertainment in Istanbuldid not take place in theRepublican period, but duringthe last years of the OttomanEmpire. Ottomans tried to buildtheir own fictional world at atime when the Empire wascollapsing. e lecture willdelineate the details of thisprocess, accompanied by thescreenings of film examples from1917-19.

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e Second Great Warby Jay Winter

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e history ofthe Great Warfalls into two

halves. e first, between August1914 and March 1917, wasdominated by failed offensivesaiming at a breakthrough of theenemy’s lines on both theEastern and the Western fronts.It led only to stalemate and anunprecedented bloodbath. WhatI would like to call the “secondGreat War” started in early1917, when the conflict turnedinto a revolutionary moment inRussia and when older faultlines in the societies of all othercombatants emerged anddeepened as a result of thehardships and injusticesimbedded in the way the warwas waged. Hunger led todemonstrations, strikes, anduprisings at home; the seeminglyendless casualty lists and calls forfurther sacrifice led togrumbling, anger, and mutinyamong soldiers and civiliansthroughout Europe, east and

west. With the Bolsheviktakeover in November 1917, theGreat War was transformed intoa series of other conflicts whichraged after the end of hostilitiesamong belligerents of the FirstGreat War in November 1918.us international war bled intocivil war, counter-revolution,national wars, class war,brigandage, pogroms and ethniccleansing legitimated ininternational law as “populationexchange” in 1923. e SecondGreat War is the subject of thislecture, adding a newchronological, geographical, andanalytical dimension to thehistory of the violent decadebetween 1914 and 1924.

Jay Winter is the Charles J. Stille Professor of History emeritus at Yale University andHonorary Professor at the Australian National University. He is the author of Sites of Memory,Sites of Mourning: e Great War in European Cultural History (1995), War beyond words:Languages of remembrance from the Great War to the present (2017), and editor of eCambridge History of the First World War (2014). He won an Emmy award as co-producer of‘e Great War and the shaping of the twenteth century’ (BBC/PBS) in 1997, which wasshown in 28 countries.

e Spanish Flu of 1918 and the Ottoman Empire by Önder Ergönül

Önder Ergönül (MD, MPH) Professor of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology(ID&CM) at Koç University, School of Medicine. Research fellow in the ClinicalEpidemiology division of the Infectious Diseases Department at the University of Utah,School of Medicine, USA (2000-2002). He is the co-editor of books on Crimean-CongoHemorrhagic Fever. A Global Perspective (2007, Springer), Emerging Infectious Diseases: ClinicalCase Studies (2014, Elsevier) which received the book of the year award from British MedicalAssociation in 2015, and Antimicrobial Stewardship (2017, Elsevier, ESCMID/ESGAP).President of the Turkish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2013-2017. Member of the executive committee of ESCMID (European Society of ClinicalMicrobiology and Infectious Diseases).

e influenzapandemic

1918-19 was one of themost dramatic outbreaks inhistory. is period marked theend of the Ottoman Empire andthe start of the emancipationwar. Mustafa Kemal caught thedisease just before his departurefrom Istanbul to ignite theNational Independence War inSamsun in 1919. e painterFikret Mualla lost his mother tothe Spanish flu when he was ateenager and he felt responsiblefor his mother contracting thedisease because he caught itfrom school. In one of hispoems, Nazım Hikmetdescribed Spanish flu as one ofthe elements adding to theatmosphere in Istanbul in 1914-18, among numerous threats tothe nation such as typhus, therailway car trade, mobilizationfor war, and the German

dominance in the country. e“Spanish disease” was firstdetected in Spain, then rapidlytransmitted to France and thento Germany and caused thehighest fatalities in Switzerland(Dr. Akil Muhtar, Journal of theMedical School of Istanbul no 7,1918). e disease was firstdetected in July of 1918 inIstanbul. According to therecords of the municipality ofIstanbul, the number of deathsfrom influenza was 6,000 in1918; however Dr. HüsameddinŞerif estimated that more than13,000 fatalities could beattributed to influenza inİstanbul in 1918. Balkancountries like Greece, Albania,and Bulgaria were all affected.

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Professor Zafer Toprak graduated from Ankara University. He holds a master's degree fromthe University of London and doctorate degrees from Istanbul University and St. OlafCollege [Minnesota]. His academic studies concentrated on 19th and 20th century Turkey.He published 25 books and about 300 articles in Turkish, English, French, German andItalian. Prof. Zafer Toprak started teaching at the University of London in 1972. He joinedthe Department of Humanities at Boğaziçi University in 1977 and taught at Minnesota andParis Universities. He directed Atatürk Graduate Institute at Boğaziçi University for 20 years.He is the curator of the İş Bank Finance Museum and Asım Kocabıyık Borusan Museum aswell as several expositions for Yapı Kredi Bank, Garanti Bank, İş Bank and Pera Museum. Heis currently teaching at Koç University and Boğaziçi University. He is a member of theAcademy of Science of Turkey.

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1918: e Concept of the “New Life”and “Emancipated”Women in Turkey by Zafer Toprak

“New Life” as formulated by theYoung Turks required radicalchanges in the cultural normsand social structures of Ottomansociety during the Great War.Large numbers of women hadbeen integrated into the socialand economic life of thecountry. e poverty-stricken,isolated Ottoman women hadno choice but to seek

employment to survive as theirmen, who had hitherto providedfor the household, were called toarms. is led to theemancipation of women and thesearch to acquire a new identity.Gender issues becameparamount as an era of traumaconquered the interregnum in1918.

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Kent Schull is Associate Professor of history at Binghamton University, SUNY. He receivedhis doctorate from UCLA (2007) and is a twice Fulbright scholar to Turkey. His publicationsinclude Prisons in the Late Ottoman Empire: Microcosms of Modernity (EUP, 2014), two co-edited volumes: Living in the Ottoman Realm: Sultans, Subjects, and Elites (IUP, 2016) andLaw and Legitimacy in the Ottoman Empire & Republic of Turkey (IUP, 2016), several articles,and book chapters. He is currently serving as the editor of the Journal of the Ottoman andTurkish Studies Association (JOTSA) and the book series editor for Edinburgh Studies on theOttoman Empire.

World War I and its aftermathcaused nearly 5 million deaths inthe Ottoman Empire. It alsoresulted in the forceddisplacement of millions more,many of whom made their wayto Istanbul in search of safetyand refuge. After the signing ofMudros Armistice in lateOctober 1918, waves of forciblydisplaced persons continued toflood the streets andneighborhoods of Istanbulfleeing conflict, economic ruin,persecution, atrocity, andstarvation. ey came fromacross the empire and region,including the Balkans, Russia,and Central Asia representing aheterogeneous mix of peoples interms of ethnicity, religion,

socio-economic status, andnationality. is talk discussesthe challenges and plight thatrefugees to Istanbul faced in thewake of the official end toWWI, particularly in terms ofsecurity, stability, and relief, asthey attempted to adapt to aworld “turned upside down.”

Refugees and Mass Migration to Istanbul in the Wake of World War I by Kent Schull

The year 1918 stands out as a year of dramaticchange in Europe. e end of the First World War

entirely redrew the map of its Eastern and Central partsand toppled its last autocratic monarchies; the final deathtoll and suffering of a war waged with the most modernmeans of technology and logistics left a generationtraumatised and disillusioned; the Spanish flu pandemicadded to the hunger and poverty brought about by ageneral breakdown in trade and infrastructure.

In the Ottoman Empire, however, the year markedjust one stage in a long series of crises that commencedwith the Young Turk revolution in 1908 and ended withthe foundation of the republic in 1923. e Mudrosarmistice and subsequent allied occupation of Istanbul inthe fall of 1918 changed the field of play, but did not somuch alter as accelerate an already ongoingtransformation.

Amidst both external and internal schemes, crisesand interventions, the old capital at the Bosporus founditself at a tipping point: politically, culturally andintellectually. It is the dynamic and uncertainty of theyear 1918 in the Ottoman Empire that this series of sixlectures is setting out to explore.

Academic Coordinators

Kristina Josephson Hesse, Director (Swedish Research Institute, Istanbul)Richard Wittmann, Associate Director (Orient-Institut, Istanbul)Evangelia Balta, Research Director (National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens)