3.1. Kidney Disease

1. Diabetes Insipidus• kidneys don't concentrate urine well

Symptoms• frequent urination• strong thirst response

Causes• inadequate production of ADH.• may be caused by head injury or brain tumors.• Medication containing lithium

Treatment:• drink large volumes of water

2. Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1)

• islet cells of the pancreas produce little or no insulin

Symptoms• frequent urination• extreme thirst• lack of energy• vision problems

Treatment• insulin replacement therapy• oral hypoglycemic medication

3. Nephritis (Bright’s disease)

• grouping of diseases characterized by the inflammation of the nephrons.

• One type of nephritis changes the permeability of the glomerulus allowing proteins to pass into the nephron.

• This causes an increase in urine production.

• An acute case of nephritis usually goes away on its own.

• There is no specific treatment for the chronic form of the illness. You doctor may tell you to:– eat less protein, salt and potassium– Control your blood pressure– Take diuretics (water pills) to treat puffiness and swelling– Take calcium supplements

4. Kidney Stones

• caused by the precipitation of mineral solutes from the blood

• sharp stones can damage tissues & cause severe pain

• Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) breaks stones into smaller fragments that can be voided through the excretory system

To Summarize:

Diabetes Mellitus

inadequate secretion of insulinblood sugar levels rise

you pee out lots of glucosethis messes up the osmotic pressure and more water is lost = lots of peeing

must drink a lot

Diabetes Insipidus

destruction of ADH producing cells in the hypothalamus (not able to control water reabsorption)

urine output increasesyou must drink a lot

Bright’s Disease

“inflammation of the nephron” = altered permeabilitylots of characteristicsstart peeing out large molecules like proteinsproteins in tubule = osmotic issues = lots more peeing

Kidney Stones

precipitation of mineral solutes from the bloodOuch! some can be destroyed by ultrasound

Technologies:

1. Dialysis

the exchange of substances across a semipermeable membrane

• haeomodialysis a tube is connected to a vein and blood is removed from the body

the blood goes into a dialysis machine (in the tube) and passes through various environments(solutions) that remove toxins from the blood

essentially a “man made” kidney.

2. Kidney Transplant

• 85 % successful• new kidney is placed lower in the pelvis

and attached to blood vessels and ureter• old kidney is not removed• patient must receive immunosuppressant

drugs forever