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H.M. Abd El-Lateefet al / Chemistry Journal (2012), Vol. 02, Issue 02, pp. 52-63 ISSN 2049-954X

Available online at www.scientific-journals.co.uk 52

Review Article

Corrosion Protection of Steel Pipelines Against CO2

Corrosion-A Review

Hany Mohamed Abd El-Lateef1, 2

, Vagif Maharram Abbasov2, Leylufer ImranAliyeva2and Teyyub AllahverdiIsmayilov2

1Mamedaliev Institute of Petrochemical Processes, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan,Baku, Azerbaijan

2

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt

*E-Mail:[email protected]

Abstract

One of the serious problems of oil extracting industry is the corrosion process. The successful application of carbon steels

in oil and gas pipelines and production tubular in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) containing environments depends mainly on either

the formation of protective corrosion product film or the use of corrosion inhibitors. The mechanism of corrosion of carbon

steel in media containing CO2is complex, and in dependence on the prevailing conditions it may lead to general or local

corrosion and corrosion cracking. The inhibition mechanism is attributed to the strong adsorption ability of the selected

inhibitors on steel surface, forming a good protective layer, which isolates the surface from the aggressive environment.

The current state of research in corrosion protection of steel pipelines against CO2corrosion is surveyed. The review covers

CO2corrosion and its inhibition. The influence of inhibitors molecular structure on corrosion layers in CO2corrosion is

discussed.

Keywords:CO2Corrosion, Inhibition, Pipelines, Steel Inhibitors, Carbon Dioxide

1. Introduction

Pipelines play an extremely important role through the

world as a means of transporting gases and liquids over

long distances from their sources to ultimate consumers.

So that corrosion problems exist in the oil industry at every

stage of production from initial extraction to refining and

storage prior to use requiring the application of corrosion

inhibitors (Migahed, 2005).

Oilfield corrosion manifests itself in several forms, among

which CO2 corrosion (sweet corrosion) and hydrogen

sulfide (H2S) corrosion (sour corrosion) in the produced

fluids and corrosion by oxygen dissolved in water injectionare by far the most prevalent forms of attack found in oil

and gas production (Villamizar et al, 2007).

Corrosion of carbon steel is a significant problem in the oil

& gas production and transportation systems, which causes

significant economic loss (Song et al, 2004). As a result of

corrosion, rupture of the pipe wall frequently causes failure

of petroleum and gas pipelines. The breakdowns are

followed by large losses of the products, environmental

pollution and ecological disasters (Mikhailovskii et al,

1997). The majority of oil and gas pipelines failures result

from CO2corrosion of carbon and low alloy steels (Lopez

et al, 2003). It occurs at all stages of production from

downhole to surface equipment and processing facilities

(Fu el al, 1993). The mechanism of carbon dioxide

corrosion is a complicated process that is influenced bymany factors and conditions (i.e. temperature, pH, partial

pressure of CO2, etc.) (Kermani and Morshed, 2003).

These range from corrosion pipeline and composition ofthe solution to other environmental factors (Videm andDugstad, 1989). However, significant progress has been

achieved in understanding the mechanism of CO2

corrosion in the oil and gas industry (Kermani and

Morshed, 2003), but an understanding of its inhibition

mechanism and the kinetics of the inhibition process

necessary to quantify formulations that will provide a

desirable level of protection, remains incomplete.

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80C. It was determined that protective corrosion

properties of the evaluated crude oils were related to the

adsorption of organic compounds, which modify the

morphology, composition, and compaction grade ofcorrosion products. In addition, it was noticed that the

presence of some sulfur in chemical analyses performed on

the corroded coupons evaluated at those conditions

(Mendez et al, 2001).

The inhibiting effect of several crude oils on corrosion was

studied at different crude oil /water ratios. A statistical

analysis showed an important difference between

paraffinic and asphaltenic crude oils from the mechanistic

point of view, with new findings on the variables that

mostly influence the corrosion inhibiting mechanism

(Hernandez et al, 2002).

2.2.2. Corrosion Inhibitors

Most corrosion inhibitors used in oilfields are organic

compounds, containing nitrogen or sulfur functionalities.

They belong to the surfactant category of molecules

(surface-active agents), which preferentially adsorb onto

any surface or interface in a system and alter the surface

and interfacial free energies, even at low concentration

(Hernandez et al, 2003). The surface-active properties

come from their amphipathic, lipid like, molecular

structure, which contains a polar head group having strong

attraction to water, referred to as a hydrophilic head and a

non-polar hydrocarbon chain having little attraction to

water, called a hydrophobic tail.

The way organic corrosion inhibitors inhibiting CO2

corrosion of carbon steel is related to their surface active

properties can be described in three parts i.e. 1) adsorption

onto the steel surface (diffusion or protective layer), 2)

changing the wettability of the steel surface (so it is not

wetted with water), 3) accumulation at the oil-water

interfaces (changing the oil-water interfacial tension and

making it easier for the oil to entrain the water).

It is accepted that organic corrosion inhibitors adsorb onto

the steel surface to inhibit corrosion processes. The types

of adsorption can be distinguished by the mechanisms:physical (electrostatic) adsorption involves an electrostatic

attractive force between ionic charges on inhibitor

molecules and electric charged steel surface;

chemisorption results from sharing free electron pairs or

charge transfer to form strong chemical bonds between

nonionic inhibitor molecules and steel (Papavinasam et al,

2007). The examples of ionic type and nonionic type

inhibitors are quaternary ammonium chloride, RN

(CH3)3+Cl

-(Rosen, 2004) and imidazoline,R1N(CH2)2NR2

(Gusmano et al, 2006).

Independent on the adsorption mechanisms, the attractions

or chemical bonds are between the hydrophilic head of

inhibitor molecule and the steel surface. In a layer of

adsorbed inhibitor molecules, the hydrophobic tail on the

inhibitor molecules face toward the bulk solution and havea strong tendency for self-assembly to form a hydrophobic

barrier for corrosive water (Ramachandran et al, 1996). It

is believed that by forming the hydrophobic barrier,

surfactants can alter the surface wettability of carbon steel.

The wettability of a steel surface in oil-water two-phase

system, involves the interaction between oil-water, oil-

steel and water-steel interfacial tension. Since liquid-steel

interfacial tension is not easy to measure directly, the

contact angle of a liquid droplet on steel surface has been

used to indicate surface wettability (Rosen, 2004). The

force balance of three interfacial tensions acting on the

droplet is shown in Equation 7, called Youngs equation.

An angle of 90 or greater indicates that the surface is

hydrophobic and an angle less than 90 indicates that the

surface is hydrophilic (Dobbs, 1999).

steeloilsteelwaterwateroil = cos (7)

Schmitt et al, (1998) and Li et al, (2008) conducted contact

angle measurements by placing oil and water droplets on

carbon steel specimens in a high pressure test apparatus.

The tests were performed on temperature between 75 and

80 C and under a pressure of 5 bar CO2. The testing fluids

are different crude oils, a synthetic oil and brine with

surfactants (inhibitors and deemulsifiers) added into the

system. The contact angle measurements were made on the

clean surface and pre-corroded (6, 24, 48 and 72 hours)surface. It was found that clean carbon steel surface and

pre-corroded surface covered with FeCO3scale both show

hydrophilic wetting property. The addition of quaternary

ammonium inhibitor under FeCO3 scale formation

conditions, results in a hydrophilic surface, however fatty

amine and imidazoline-based inhibitors produce ahydrophobic surface.

Foss et al (2008) investigated the effect of corrosion

inhibitors on the wettability of the steel surface covered by

FeCO3 protective scale. The wettability tests were

conducted with contact angle measurements in refined oil-

brine system. The authors found that oleic imidazoline andphosphate ester promote oil wetting for clean steel surface

and FeCO3covered steel surface. The initially oil wetted

steel surface becomes water wetted with the addition of

cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (ionic surfactant). The

corrosion tests on a stationary electrode in a 3-liters glass

cell showed that the inhibition performances of oleic

imidazoline and phosphate ester were greatly enhanced

after a direct contact of the test electrode to the oil phase.

Without a direct contact (i.e. the test electrode is wetted by

the brine phase), the presence of an oil phase on the top of

brine phase can also improve the inhibition performances

of two inhibitors. The authors assumed that the structure of

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adsorbed inhibitor molecules layer was altered by the

dissolved hydrocarbon in brine (micro-liter solubility) to

have better protectiveness.

It is a well-known fact that corrosion inhibitors partition

between the oil and water phases. The concentrations of

inhibitor in oil and water depend on the solubility of

specific inhibitor. Some inhibitor molecules are also

present at the oil-water interface, with their hydrophilic

heads facing to water and hydrophobic tails orienting to

oil. This behavior minimizes the contact area of oil-water

two-phase, which results in a reduction of oil-water

interfacial tension. The oil-water interfacial tension has a

significant effect on the water entrainment in oil-water

two-phase flow. With increasing surfactant concentration

in a media, at one point, called Critical Micelle

Concentration (CMC), colloidal-sized clusters (micelles)

of surfactant molecules form (Carlota et al, 2005). A

reduction break point of oil-water interfacial tension up to

the CMC can be found for some corrosion inhibitors.

Micelle formation of corrosion inhibitors in oil-water two-

phase flow promotes oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsion,

which is the stable dispersion of one liquid phase in

another immiscible liquid phase.

Moon et al (2002) measured the changes of a model oil-

brine interfacial tension with five different corrosion

inhibitors with a tensiometer. A great reduction of oil-

water interfacial tension was found for even a low

concentration of inhibitor. Above the CMC point the

interfacial tension becomes stable and full dispersionbegins to form. The emulsion stability tests were

performed by mixing and separating oil and water in

sampling tubes. It was found that inhibitors enhance

stability of oil-water emulsions due to a lower interfacial

tension. A dramatic increase of oil-water interface area

during emulsion formation can trap appreciable amounts of

inhibitor molecules. The authors claimed that loss of

inhibitor at the oil-water emulsion interface can cause

corrosion inhibition failure. Knag et al (2006) reported

similar findings.

McMahon (1991) studied adsorption, interfacial

phenomenon and wettability by testing sodiumalkylethoxyphosphate (water-soluble), oleic imidazoline

and oleic amide (oil soluble) corrosion inhibitors. All the

tested inhibitors have a significant affinity for the oil-brine

interface. The reductions of interfacial tension measured

by a Wilhelmy plate exist up to the CMC points. The

author conducted adsorption tests by using iron powder.

The adsorption of inhibitors from either the oil or the brine

phase was proved fast enough to form a molecule

monolayer fitting a Langmuir isotherm. The corrosion

inhibition was proportional to the measured surface

coverage. The contact angle measurements of oil-in-water

and water-in-oil indicated that the surface became

hydrophobic and oil wetting is enhanced after inhibitor

adsorption.

2.2.3. The Influence of Inhibitors Molecular Structureon Corrosion Layers in CO2Corrosion

When the environment becomes highly aggressive or the

scales formed on the steel are non-protective, corrosion

inhibitors are added to the produced fluids in order to

reduce corrosion failures. The most widely used inhibitors

in the petroleum industry are nitrogen containing

compounds such as amines, amides, qua-ternary

ammonium salts and specially imidazolines and their

derivatives. They usually adsorb to the metallic surface

and can act by blocking the active sites or generating a

physical barrier to reduce the transport of corrosive species

to the metal surface. Despite their extensive use, their

mechanism of action is generally unknown (Lpez et al,

2005).

Studies conducted by Rosenfeld et al (1982) established

that inhibitors are incorporated to the corrosion product

layer and form a protective barrier between the base

material and the corrosive media.

SEM results presented by French et al (1989) showed that

the inhibitors use to modify the structure of the corrosion

product layer. They suggested that the structure of the

inhibitor must be the appropriate one in order to interact

with the corrosion products, resulting in a selective

behaviour by which they can be effective on ironcarbonates or sulfides, but not effective on oxides.

Regarding the microstructure of the material, Oblonsky et

al (1995) studied the adsorption of

octadecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (ODBAC) to

carbon steel with two different heat treatments. They found

that ODBAC physisorbs strongly to the FerriticPerlitic

(F/P) microstructure and weakly to the martensitic

microstructure. They attributed the differences to the

persistency of the passive films on the two microstructures,

with the more stable passive film on the martensitic steel

preventing optimal adsorption of the inhibitor.

The molecular structure of commonly used imidazolines

and their derivatives have a significant role in their

performance as corrosion inhibitors in chloride media

containing CO2, although the information available is not

conclusive. The molecular structure of imidazolines can be

divided in to three different sub-structures: a nitrogen-

containing five-membered ring, a long hydrocarbon chain

(R1) and a pendant side chain with an active functional

group (R2) (Figure 1). The functional groups in R1and R2

can be variable (Xiuyu et al, 2006).

According to Jovancicevic and Ramachandran (1999), the

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Inhibitors, which can form films of the mixedtype, those are impermeable to depolarizers.

Inhibitors that can form bonds with depolarizers(HCO3

-ions and H2CO3 and CO2 H2O

molecules).

To varying degrees, inhibitors of all three types can also

prevent the occurrence of the anodic process. However,

inhibition of the cathodic reaction will predominate.

In the first case, the most promising reagents will be

organic substances that are close in chemical structure to

carbonate ions i.e. carboxyl or carbonyl groups. Carbonic

acids, ketones, and esters should be effective inhibitors of

CO2 (when the dimensions of the molecules and their

concentrations in the solution are optimal). Substances that

contain these compounds however, are almost never used

as inhibitors. The domestic oil and gas industry has made

wider use of organic high-molecular weight compounds,

which contain nitrogen: amines, amides, and imidazoles,

nitrogen-bearing heterocyclic compounds, quaternary

ammonium bases and their salts. All of these compounds

efficiently inhibit mainly the anodic process (Rozenfeld,

1977). The oil and gas industry continues its traditional use

of nitrogen-bearing inhibitors despite the numerous

instances of equipment having failed due to corrosion in

media that contain CO2and have only small or negligible

amounts of hydrogen sulfide. These inhibitors efficientlyprevent CO2 corrosion only when the concentration of

hydrogen sulfide is substantial (Rozenfeld, 1977). Thus,

one of the most effective methods of combatting CO2

corrosion has not been put into practice.

One group of inhibitors that is currently in wide use

consists of organic substances or compounds that contain

two or more heterocyclic atoms. Such atoms create (or

help to create) a film on the surface of the metal during

adhesion, and the film are impermeable to molecules and

ions of depolarizers. It is a known fact that inhibitors,

which simultaneously contain nitrogen, sulfur, and

phosphorus, as well as nitrogen and oxygen or sulfur andphosphorus, can be introduced into oxide-carbonate films

on metal and in the process form mixed films, which are

impermeable to depolarizers (Lahogny-Sarc, 1985).

Two approaches could be taken in forming protective

carbonate-oxide films by regulating the pH and

temperature of the medium. In practice, pH is controlled

by the method of neutralization- with the use of reagents

that shift the pH to the alkaline region (pH = 8-10). This

helps to form a protective layer of siderite on the surface of

the metal. Regulating the temperature regime by means of

chemical reagents is possible theoretically but is difficult

in practice (Moiseeva and Rashevskaya, 2001). Thus, the

type of inhibitor of CO2corrosion should be chosen based

on the pH and temperature, as well as the initial condition

of the metal surface (the type of film and /or deposits onthe surface of the metal being protected).

The addition of corrosion inhibitors is a standard practice

in oil and gas production systems to control the internal

corrosion of carbon steel structures. Nitrogen based

organic inhibitors, such as imidazolines or their salts, have

been successfully used in these applications even without

an understanding the inhibition mechanism (Jovancicevic,

1999). The corrosion inhibition of organic compounds is

related to their adsorption properties. Adsorption depends

on the nature and state of the metal surface, on the type of

corrosive environment, and on the chemical structure of

the inhibitor (Bentiss, 1999). Studies report that theadsorption of the organic inhibitors mainly depends on

some physico-chemical properties of the molecule, (related

to its functional groups) to the possible steric effects and to

the electronic density of donor atoms. Adsorption is also

suppose to depend on the possible interaction of the

orbitals of the inhibitor with the d-orbitals of the surface

atoms,-induces greater adsorption of the inhibitor

molecules onto the surface of metal which leads to the

formation of a corrosion protection film (Bentiss et al,

2001).

Kuznetsov and Ibatullin (2002) studied the inhibitive

effects of aliphatic carboxylic acids on steel corrosion in

the liquid and vapour phases of carbonate media. The

outcome of their study showed that the acids become more

effective with an increase in their hydrophobicity and can

inhibit both the cathodic and anodic processes on steel

because of their high adsorbabilities. Lauric acid has

declared to be the most effective inhibitor of carbon

dioxide corrosion among the carboxylic acids studied.

Although its molecule includes a relatively long alkyl

fragment (C11H23), this acid is rather volatile. Caprylic

acid, in a concentration of 3.7 m mol/L, inhibits steel

dissolution in the temperature range from 30 to 100 C and

increases the apparent energy of corrosion activation.

According to Kuznetsov and Ibatullin (2002), films

containing fatty carboxylic acids with C10to C12, cause thebest adhesion to the steel. It remains, however, unclear that

what is the role of the chemical structure of a carboxylic

acid itself and as an option less hydrophobic i.e. relatively

water-soluble, homologs can be used to protect steel from

carbon dioxide corrosion. This question becomes

increasingly topical since hydrophobicity, which often

enhances the protective effect of chemical compounds, can

make them environmentally dangerous. For example,

hydrophobic substances with log P> 3 tend to accumulate

in living organisms and hence their presence in water, even

in low concentrations, is ecologically unsafe (Frenier,

2000).

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Demand for environmentally safe inhibitors of CO2

induced steel corrosion stimulated a search for new classes

of organic compounds capable of functioning in this way.

It turned out that some carboxylic acid anhydrides can botheffectively inhibit corrosion and firmly chemisorb at the

steel surface from carbonate solutions (Frenier, 2000).

According to Schmitt et al (1993), this is due to the

formation of a salt like product of an inhibitor with Fe2+

and its inclusion into a protective carbonate film.

The inhibition activity of 2-mercaptopyrimidine, 2-

mercapto-4-methylpyrimidine hydrochloride, 2-mercapto-

4,6-dimethylpyrimidine and its hydrochloride upon CO2corrosion of iron has been studied in a wide range of

concentrations at 40-90 C using electrochemical and

mass-spectrometry methods. High activity has been found

for all compounds (IE %= 80-99%) at very

low concentrations (0.025 mg/L). Adsorption of inhibitor

by metal not only blocks its surface but changes the

reaction mechanism as well. Charge transfer is the limiting

stage of both cathode and anode reactions (Reznik et al,

2008).

Ortega-Sotelo et al (2001) studied CO2corrosion inhibition

of X-70 pipeline steel by carboxyamido by using

electrochemical techniques. Good inhibition properties of

carboxyamido imidazoline in salt water saturated with

CO2, which increased with its concentration, reaching the

highest corrosion protection with 8.110-5

mol L-1

. Lower

or higher carboxyamido imidazoline concentrations than

8.110-5 mol-1, increases the corrosion rate because thesurface area covered by the inhibitor decreases. A

mechanism, of charge transfer mechanism has been used,

to explain the inhibitor desorption for concentration higher

than the most efficient one. Carboxyamido imidazoline

was a kind of anodic inhibitor.

Farelas and Ramire (2010) studied the CO2 corrosion

inhibition, of carbon steels, through Bis-imidazoline and

Imidazoline Compounds. They found that 1-(2-

aminoethyl)-2(heptadec-8-enyl)-bis-imidazoline forms a

compact inhibitor layer and therefore the corrosion

protection was enhanced. The molecular structure of this

inhibitor allows the usage of lower concentration (10 ppm)without loss of efficiency.

Okafor et al (2009) studied the corrosion inhibition of mild

steel by ethylamino imidazoline derivative in CO2

saturated solution. The findings of their study was that the

presence of the inhibitor has greatly increased the

corrosion potential (vs. Saturated Calomel Electrode

(SCE) to a more positive region and the shifts are

dependent on the inhibitor concentration. The large shift in

the corrosion potential (vs. SCE) indicates that the

inhibition for this system is probably due to the active sites

blocking effect (Okafor et al, 2009). Secondly, the anodic

reaction is slightly accelerated (above 0.5 V) by the

presence of the inhibitor. This effect, however, may be due

to the large change of the corrosion potential (vs. SCE) by

the inhibitor. Lastly, a pronounced effect is exerted on thecathodic process. The limiting current for hydrogen

evolution is greatly reduced, indicating that the inhibition

is confined to the hindering of the hydrogen reduction

reaction. At pH 4 or below, direct reduction of H+ions i.e.

2H++2e

-H2 is important particularly at lower partial

pressure of CO2 and hindering this reduction process

greatly inhibits the rate of the corrosion reaction. In

addition, the corrosion current density is reduced to lower

values. Moreover, the current density decreased with

increasing concentration of the inhibiting molecules -

indicating an inhibiting effect. The polarization curves

indicate (Figure 2) that the corrosion process in the

presence of the inhibitor is under cathodic control. It

should be noted that the parameters (pH 4, 25 C and 30

minutes) were chosen to yield conditions where corrosion

product film formation is unlikely or very slow.

The kinetics of the inhibition of CO2 corrosion on high

purity iron electrodes by cetyl trimethyl ammonium

bromide, were investigated in order to elucidate the

mechanism of inhibition. The inhibition was found to be a

combination of two processes. First a rapid process (order

of minutes) connected to diffusion limited adsorption of

the inhibitor, resulting in the inhibition of the anodic part

reaction and a second slower process (order of hours)

leading to a reduction in the corrosion rate through the

inhibition of the cathodic part reaction (Blkov andGulbrandsen, 2008).

In oil and gas industry, majority of modern corrosion

inhibitors use nitrogen-containing compounds. Various

amines (primary, secondary and tertiary both aliphatic and

heterocyclic) from pyridines and imidazoline class, their

salts, amine alcohols and triazines are applied as corrosion

inhibitors (Abbsov et al, 2010). These reagents are

practically feasible in application, stable and possess high

degree of protection in corrosive mediums. However,

under modern conditions the further improvement of their

operational characteristics, expansion of functionalities

and assortment is necessary that requires, in first place,research of perspective kinds of raw materials. Use of

organic acids of various structure is expedient, (from oil

and oil fractions), the synthetic greasy acids etc.

Synthesis of N-derivatives oleic and isomer mono

carboxylic acids and their anticorrosive ability in corrosive

mediums containing CO2was studding by Abdullayeva et

al (2011). Their results by using Linear Polarization

Resistance bubble tests (Figure 3) shows that 10 ppm dose

is all highly effective with corrosion rates of less than 0.1

mm/yr. This was achieved in the case of inhibitor AI after

200 minutes and for inhibitor AII decreases the corrosion

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rate till 0.9 mm/yr after 80 minutes. They also found that,

these inhibitors decreases the anodic and cathodic

reactions, act as an inhibitor of mixed type of the steel

electrode (Abbasov et al, 2005).

Corrosion inhibitor was obtained on the base of olefins,

extracted from light oil fractions. It has been extracted

amino alcohols with two hydroxyl groups from olefin

fraction at 160-180C. Water-soluble corrosion inhibitor

on the on the basis of active substance has been prepared

which composes 5% of dosed inhibitor. Created inhibitor(T-1) has demonstrated high inhibition property and low

corrosion rate. Reagent has been studied as corrosion

inhibitor with the methods of Linear Polarisation

Resistance (Figure 3) and Total Metal Loss. Influence ofpotassium salts, of nitro derivative of high -olefins in 1%

NaCl solution saturated with CO2on steel corrosion, was

study by Abbsov et al (2010) (Figure 4). Potassium

nitronated, based on C8 olefin and propylene tetramer

protects from corrosion, showed the following protective

efficiency from corrosion.

1. Potassium nitronated (C12)-98.52%.2. Potassium nitronated (C14)-97.78%.3. Potassium nitronated (C16-18)-99.74%.

3. Conclusions

The following conclusions were drawn from this review:

1. Carbon Dioxide corrosion is one the most studiedform of corrosion in oil and gas industry. This is

generally because of the crude oil and natural gas,

from the oil reservoir/gas well, usually contains

some level of CO2.

2. CO2 acts in two ways - it increases the amount ofhydrogen formed on the cathode and it forms

carbonate-oxide films on the surface of the metal.

3. The inhibitor for CO2corrosion should be chosenon the basis of the pH and temperature, as well as

the initial condition of the metal surface (the type

of film and/or deposits on the surface of the metal

being protected).

4. Most corrosion inhibitors used in oilfields areorganic compounds, containing nitrogen or sulfur

functionalities.

5. The percentage inhibition efficiency (%) of theinhibitors increases by increasing inhibitor

molecule size.

Figure 2. Polarization Curves for N80 Carbon Steel in CO2-Saturated 3% NaCl Solution Containing 2-Undecyl-1-Ethylamino Imidazoline at

25 C and at pH 4 After 30 Minutes of Immersion (Okafor et al, 2009)

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6. The results indicated that the inhibitor moleculesformed a good protective film on the steel

surface.

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