3. Word Formation Means of word formation: Affixation: Compounding Conversation Clipping Acronymy Blending ….

30-40%28-30%26%8%10%

1-5%

3. 1 Affixation What is affixation? the process of making new words by

adding affixes to bases affixes + bases = new words affixes = prefix + suffix Characteristics: Prefixes change meaning Suffixes change part of speech

Prefixation Definition: Process of making new words by

adding prefixes to bases Classification: Prefixes are classified according to

meaning.

Prefixation Classes of prefixes = 9 1. Negative prefixes: 5 a-, dis- in-(il-,ir-,im-), non-, un- = 无 , 非 , 不 , 没 amoral ≠ immoral inability ≠ disability disinterested ( 公正无私 )≠ uninterested illogical but disloyal

Prefixation 2. Reversative prefixes: 3 de-, dis-, un- = reverse the action disunite unwrap decentralize

Prefixation 3. Pejorative prefixes: 3 mal-, mis-, pseudo- = bad, badly, wrong maltreatment 虐待 misuse pseudo-science

Prefixation 4. Prefixes of degree or size: 15 arch-, hyper-, ultra-, super-, extra- : macro-, micro-: macrocosm, microcosm under-, over-: underestimate, overestima

te super-, sub-: superstructure, sub-culture out-, sur-: outlive, surpass mini-, micro: mini-cenema, microscope

Prefixation 5. Prefixes of orientation and

attitude:4 anti-, contra-, counter-, pro- anti-: anti-violence counter-: counter-violence contra-: contra-flow pro-: pro-democratic

Prefixation 6. Locative prefixes: 6 extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, trans- extra- = outside: extra-curriculum fore- = front: forehead inter- = between: intra- = within: intra-linguistic tele- = far trans- = over, across: trans-Atlantic

Prefixation 7. Prefixes of time and order: 4 ex-, post-, pre-, re- pre-, post-: pre-war, post-war ex-: ex-president re-: reorganize post-,pre- (class-changing)

Prefixation 8. Number prefixes: 8 uni-(mono-): unicycle bi- : bicycle tri- : tricycle semi-(hemi-): hemisphere multi-(poly-) : multi-national

Prefixation 9. Miscellaneous prefixes: 4 auto-: auto-biography neo-: neo-classicism pan-: pan-African vice-: vice-chairperson

Prefixation Highly productive prefixes: 4 de-(class-changing): negate, reverse,

remove depenalize, defocus, depoliticize, defrost,

defog, deschool (abolish traditional schools), devalue (lessen the value of), defeather, depost, deplane, detrain (get off)

Prefixation non-: (to nouns, adjectives, adverbs) not, not important, of little value, not

　　　　 traditional non-scientific, non-musician, non-additiv

e, non-book, non-friend, non-hero, 　　　　 non-novel, non-topic, non-conversation

Prefixation anti-: 1. against, preventing 　 anti-crime, anti-fat, anti-noise 2. against traditional characteristics

　 anti-art, anti-music, anti-novelist, anti-theatre

Prefixation Example: In my happier nightmare," he adds, "I see

myself attending an anti-play with an 　　　　 anti-audience after a dinner prepared by an anti-cook."

Prefixation mini-: very small

mini-crisis, mini-war, mini-election, mini-boom, mini-lecture, mini-bikini, mini-by-pass

Suffixation Definition: Process of making new words by

adding suffixes to basis Characteristics of suffix: Changing part of speech Classification according to part of

speech

Suffixation 1. Noun suffixes 1) De-nominal nouns = changing nouns

into new nouns -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let, -ster profiteer, teenager, hostess, cigarette,

booklet, gangster, trickster concrete nouns

Suffixation -age, -dom, -ery (-ry), -ful, -hood, -ing, -i

sm, -ship wastage, officialdom, slavery, mouthful, a

dulthood, farming, terrorism, sportsmanship

abstract nouns

Suffixation 2) Deverbal nouns = changing verbs into N Concrete: -ant, -ent, -er(-or), -ee(opposite) informant, trainee, respondent Abstract: -age, -al, -ance, -ation (-ition, -ti

on, -sion, -ion), -ence, -ing, -ment marriage, dismissal, attendance, protection,

decision, existence, building, judgement

Suffixation 3) De-adjective nouns: -ity, -ness -ve: productivity, sensitivity -r: popularity, familiarity -al: morality, generality -able/-ible: ability, responsibility

Suffixation 4) Noun and adjective suffixes = making

new nouns and adjectives -ese, -an, -ist, Chinese; Australian, socialist

Suffixation 2 Adjective suffixes 1) De-nominal suffixes= changing N into adj -ed, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y simple-minded, successful, childish, pri

celess -ly: (to) father, mother, brother, sister,

daughter, man, woman -y: (to) cream, rain, sun, wind, winter, san

d, hill, hair, water

Suffixation -al (-ial, -ical), -esque, -ic, -ous (-eous, -iou

s), cultural, picturesque, economic, marvelo

us

Suffixation -ic -ical classic 经典的 classical 古典的 comic 喜剧性的 comical 滑稽的 historic 历史性的 historical 历史上的 economic 经济上的 economical 节俭的 electric 电动的 electrical 与电有关

Suffixation 2) De-verbal suffixes (added to verbs): -ive (-ative, -sive); -able (-ible) washable, permissible, active, decisive comfort-comfortable; value-valuable educate, operate, penetrate, demonstrate educable, operable, penetrable, demonstrabl

e

Suffixation 2) De-verbal suffixes (added to verbs): navigate → navigable calculate → calculable originate → originatable liguidate → liquidatable

Suffixation 3. Adverb suffixes -ly, -ward(s), -wise -ward(s): (to) in, out, up, down, back, fore, side, sky,

earth, east, west, north, south -wise: (to) budget, time, money, security, econom

y, life, weather

Suffixation 4. Verb suffixes -ate, -en, -(i)fy, -ize(-ise) originate, darken, strengthen, solidify,

beautify, thingify, humanized, modernize, symbolize

Suffixation Vogue suffixes: -nik = a person who becomes a member

of; devoted to folknik, peacenik, jazznik, protestnik, city-nik, good-willnik

Suffixation -ese = style of; the characteristics of Afro-Americanese 非裔美语 Americanese 美国英语 cablese 电报用语 childrenese 儿童语言 computerese 电脑语言

Suffixation headlinese 标题风格 jargonese 行业用语 journalese 新闻体 newspaperese 报刊文体 novelese 小说体

Suffixation officialese 官方文体 telegraphese 电报文体 Washingtonese 华盛顿特色

Suffixation -ee: (to) transitive verbs to make a noun

which is the receiver of the action appointee, employee BUT flirtee, kickee, kissee, laughee, huggee, m

eetee, shavee, toastee, consultee, visitee, slanderee, rushee, curee

absentee

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