3% Surround Control 12% Surround - cajamar.es · In summer the use particle film (kaolin particles)...
Transcript of 3% Surround Control 12% Surround - cajamar.es · In summer the use particle film (kaolin particles)...
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12% Surround
3% SurroundControl
Source:Dr. David Michael Glenn USDA, ARS, West Virginia, USA
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Phot
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Irrigated September 13-20 2007Control irrigated #1 control irrigated #23% Surround irrigated 3% Surround irrigated #212% Surround irrigated 12% Surround irrigated #2
Source:Dr. David Michael Glenn USDA, ARS, West Virginia, USA
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In summer the use particle film (kaolin particles) applied in high light condition (clear sky)
-Increase reflection of UV and IR -Reduce leaf temperature-Increase stomatal conductance-Increase whole-canopy photosynthesis and transpiration
12kg = 38US$
Concentration: 10%/12%
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Effects on sap flow
heated probe
non-heated probe
H2O
Water reducetemperature
Sap flow measure differences between heated andnon-heated probe
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May to July (winter dry season)(104days)
Plant leaf area: 5m2
Kaolin particles: 0.70 L h m-2 x 5m2 = 3.5 L h-1 plant-1 x 8h = 28 L H2O plant-1 day-1
Control: 0.32 L h m-2 = 1.60 L h plant x 8h = 12.8 L H2O plant-1 day-1
Maximum light = 2300µmol m-2 s-1 = 1000 W m-2
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Sapf
low
(L m
-2h-1
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I think that Kaolin particles is important to papaya:
- Can reduce midday photosynthesis depression (stomatal effects is so important to increase yield in papaya). The photosynthetic capacity of a papaya genotype also influences papaya fruit quality (Salazar, 1978).
-Can control aphids (Aphids are the predominant means by which papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) is transmitted)
-Reduce canopy temperature (Prolonged droughts, associated with high temperatures, adversely affect fruit production because the condition induces abortion of floral and fruit structures, leading to sterile phases or fruiting skips along the stem)
-Increase scatter light inside the greenhouse
-Kaolin particles reduce dew formation on leaves
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Action of Particle Films Against Insects and Mites
850 X
Untreated
Treated
1. Repellent2. Oviposition Deterrent3. Feeding Inhibitor4. Acute Mortality5. Chronic Mortality
6. Impedes Grasping (Fall-Off)7. Paralysis or Altered Behavior8. Host Camouflaging 9. Restricts Movement or Infestation
Process
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Inside the greenhouse light is verylimitant
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Kaolin particles reduce dew in papayaleavesCan reduce disease!
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Microspray irrigation applying above the canopy during summer (12h to 14h). Evaporative cooling reduce VPDleaf-air, increase stomatal conductance, increase transpiration andphotosynthesis
When the airtemperature insidethe canopy reached35ºC the microsprayirrigation system was turned on
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5 fruits plant-1
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Greenhouse can provides adequate environmental conditions to cultivate papaya.-protection against excessive light (sunburn, photoinhibition, high leaf temperature, high VPDleaf-air)-protection against wind and hail- Exclusion of PRV vector
Baixinho de Santa Amália genotype
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30% Light reduction
PPF
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Full sunlight ● GreenhouseFull sunlight ● Greenhouse
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2004/2005 Greenhouse Full sunlight
Plant Height (cm) 183.8 a 144.2 b
Trunk diameter (cm) 13 a 10 b
Leaf number plant-1 35.3 a 29.4 b
Leaf area plant (m2) 0.2 a 0.15 b
Number of fruits plant-
19.7 a 6.5 b
Fruit weight plant-1 3.53 kg a 2.12 kg b
Average fruit weight 364.7 g a 326.1g b
Commercial production
Martelleto et al 2008
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Light quality and intensity can affect leaf anatomy in papaya plant
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Full sunlightShade 50% < R/FR Buisson e Lee, 1993
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Sun leaf Shade leaf
Leaf thickness (µm) 137 119
Specific leaf mass (mg cm-2) 4,7 2,8
Leaf area (cm-2) 292 162
Chlorophyll content (µg cm-2) 3.57 5.16
Petiole lenght (mm) 207 148
Stomata density (mm-2) 465 330
Degree air space 0.29 0.33
Buisson e Lee, 1993
Under conditions of low light intensity and lowred:far red light , leaf lobing was dramaticallyreduced.
Change in spectral quality also resulted in a reduction in the ratio chlorophyll a to b
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High Leaf lobing can reduce leaf temperature in sun leaf
Motorcycle radiator
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The papaya photosynthetic capacity can be linked to non stomatal limitation in soil field capacitycondition.
As exemple:-Nitrogen leaf concentration
15 g kg-1DM 35 g kg-1DM
18 g kg-1DM 37 g kg-1DM
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Valor SPAD 6,6
Valor SPAD 26,6
Valor SPAD 39,8
Valor SPAD 41,2
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15 g kg-1DM 35 g kg-1DM
18 g kg-1DM 37 g kg-1DM
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45 Spad reading
1 Spad reading
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Blade Leaf: Optimal N concentration 50 g Kg-1
(Marinho 2002)
Petiole: Optimal N concentration 11 g Kg-1
(Caliman Company, Brazil)
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Soil and air water
1) Air water:
2) Soil water:
Papaya exhibits both stomatal and non stomatal response to soil water deficits and thesource of the response signals are both hydraulic and non-hydraulic in nature
Threshold VPD values to papaya:VPDair = < 1kPa (esair – eair)VPDleaf-air= < 2kPa (esleaf –eair)
Valor SPAD 6,6
Valor SPAD 26,6
Valor SPAD 39,8
Valor SPAD 41,2
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Baixinho de Santa Amália genotype70L potsGreenhouseMaximum PAR 1200µmol m-2 s-1
Severe water stress: ψleaf =-0,8MPaRegular irrigated plants: ψleaf =-0,6MPa
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ATP
ADP + Pi
H+
Cl-
K+
H2O
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(-20kPa)(--68kPa)
(-20kPa)(--68kPa)
Tainung
Red Lady
Sunrise
Tainung
Red Lady
Sunrise
Marler e Mickelbart, 1998
Field-grown papaya
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Strategies to increase effective use of water in papaya
-Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI)-Partial rootzone drying (PRD)
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15L potsSubstrate soil, sand andcattle manure (2:1:2)The plants were kept at field capacity (FC) until they were 96 days old.
Strategies to increase effective use of water in papaya
-Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI)-Partial rootzone drying (PRD)
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-Gas exchange-Chlorophyll fluorescence-Growth (central vein lenght, root dry biomass, stem dry biomass, leaf dry biomass, total dry biomass, root volume)-Proline-Carbon isotope discrimination-Agronomic water use efficiency-Thermal imaging
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Av MinMax
RH VPD
TempPAR
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The plants were kept at field capacity (FC) until they were 96 days old.
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NI PRD14 days after plantingmaximum stress
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14 days after plantingmaximum stress
NI
NI
FI
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DAT
VPD
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0 3 6 9 12 14 16 17 21
g s(m
ol H
2O m
-2s-1
)
Days after treatment
CIIPSRRDINI
PRDFI
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
CI IPSR RDI NI
gs (m
ol m
-2 s-
1)
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 3 6 9 12 14 16 17 21
E (m
mol
H2O
m-2
s-1)
Days after treatment
CI
IPSR
RDI
NI
High VPD
Low VPD
High VPD
y = 12.69x + 0.72R² = 0.5369
FIy = 11.092x + 1.4987
R² = 0.7368PRD
y = 10.871x + 1.6225R² = 0.722
RDI
y = 10.543x + 0.7411R² = 0.715
NI
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Tran
spira
tion
(mm
ol m
-2s-
1)
Stomatal conductance (mol m-2 s-1)
FIPRDRDINI
FI
PRD
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0
5
10
15
20
0 3 6 9 12 14 16 17 21
A (µ
mol
CO2
m-2
s-1)
Days after treatment
FI
PRD
RDI
NI
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
FI PRD RDI NI
A (µ
mol
m-2
s-1)
0
24
68
10
121416
1820
0 50 100 150 200
Phot
osyn
thes
is(
mol
m-2
s-1)
Soil water potential (kPa)
FIRDINI
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Photochemical efficiency of PSII PI=(RC/ABS) x (TR/DI) x (ET/(TR-ET))
(RC/ABS): Active RC density on a Chl basis
(FV/F0): Performance due to trapping probability Fv/F0=TR/DI
(ET/(TR-ET): Performance due to electron-transport probability
Fv/Fm= TR/ABS
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y = 0.281x + 12.816R² = 0.9695 FI
y = 0.1678x + 12.876R² = 0.8736 PRD
y = 0.2068x + 13.101R² = 0.8998 RDI
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 5 10 15 20 25
Leaf
num
ber
Days after treament
FINIPRDRDI y = 0.8018x + 61.052
R² = 0.9566 FI
y = 0.7248x + 58.33R² = 0.9617 PRDy = 0.5561x + 61.358
R² = 0.9666 RDI50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
0 5 10 15 20 25
Hig
h nu
mbe
r
Days after treament
FINIPRDRDI
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
CI IPSR RDI NI
Root
vol
ume
(cm
3)
FI NI
RDI PRD0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
1,60
FI NI PRD RDI
Leaf
are
a (m
2)
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FI FI
NI Dry side of PRD
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root dead(7 days withoutirrigation)
young root5 days withirrigationafter 7 dayswithoutirrigation
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Carbon isotope discrimination
-30,5
-30
-29,5
-29
-28,5
-28
-27,5CI IPSR RDI NI
δ13C
b b b
a
>Ci/Ca (≈0,7) = < δ‰
<Ci/Ca (≈0,3) = > δ‰
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
CI IPSR RDI NI
Ci/C
a
a
b
c
bc
Ca
Ci
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0
1
2
3
4
5
FI PRD RDI NI
AWU
E (g
tota
l DW
.L-1
)
b
b
a a
Agronomic water use efficiency
Treatment
Water economyin relation FI AWUE
Transpirationrate
(%) (g DM L-1) (L H2O g DM-1)FI - 3.12 0.322
PRD 50% 4.55 0.217RDI 50% 4.57 0.217NI 55.14% 2.46 0.400
C3 crops1 to 6 g DM L-1 H2O
C4 grasses10 to 30 g DM L-1 H2O
Arkley (1982)
Treatment L H2O m-2 day-1
FI 1.63
PRD 0.84
RDI 0.78
NI 1.17
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Treatment Volume waterapplied per
plant per day
TranspirationL H2O per m2
leaf per day per plant
Transpiration L H20 per plant
per day
Leaf aream2
age
Whole canopysummer
16.0 2.5 10 4.0 5 months
Whole canopywinter
10.0 4.2 15 3.5 5 months
FI 2.3 1.63 2.3 1.41 3 months
PRD 1.1 0.84 1.1 1.30 3 months
RDI 1.1 0.78 1.1 1.40 3 months
NI 1.0 1.17 1.0 0.85 3 months
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Thermal imaging
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Field condition
20 monthsCaliman companyBrazilhttp://www.caliman.com.br/pt/
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Field condition
ET0
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Field condition
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01020304050607080
Rain
fall
(mm
)
1nd gas exchangemeasurements
July
01020304050607080
Rain
fall
(mm
)
2nd gas exchangemeasurements
October
3 days after rainfall
13 days after rainfall
70%
70%
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Dr. Thomas MarlerUniversity of GuamGuam
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Flooding
Papaya is considered a species sensitive to low oxygen availability in the soil (hypoxia), which is commonly caused by waterlogging(Ogden et al., 1981; Malo and Campbell, 1986)
Reduced oxygen can occur as a result of tropical storms that saturate the soil for several days, flood irrigation, as well as micro-irrigation practices that create microenvironments of reduced soil oxygen
A completely flooded soil can cause death to papaya plants in 2 d (Wolf and Lynch, 1940; Khondaker and Ozawa, 2007) or 3 to 4 d(Samson, 1980)
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Khondaker and Ozawa (2007) constructed chambers that controlled soil gas composition atambient (20%), 18% and 11% oxygen; under soil oxygen at and below 18%, A, chlorophyll content, large and small roots, and shoot dry matter wereall decreased
20% O2 18% O2 11% O2
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20% O2 18% O2 11% O2
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Box 1: 20% O2Box 2: 18% O2Box 3: 11% O2
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Papaya, considered sensitive to hypoxia, responds with accentuatedsenescence (chlorotic leaves), leaf fall and does not recover after hypoxicconditions are removed (Marler et al., 1994).
These studies indicate that papaya is sensitive to small reductions in soiloxygen content and it is likely that micro-irrigation saturation of a smallportion of the soil is having some negative effects. Consequently, awelldrained soil is essential for high productivity.
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