3 rd UNCEEA Meeting New York 26-27 June 2008 Ecosystem Ecosystem accounts within SEEA revision An...
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3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
Ecosystem Ecosystem accounts within SEEA revision
An EEA proposal
Third Meeting of the UN Committee of Experts onEnvironmental-Economic Accounting
New York, 26-27 June 2008
“Global warming may dominate headlines today.
Ecosystem degradation will do so tomorrow”
Corporate Ecosystems Services review, WRI et al. March 2008
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
What’s at stake – human and planetary well beingM
illenn
ium
Eco
syst
em A
sses
smen
t
Ecosystem integrity
(functions, biodiversity, résilience…)
Ecosystem services
Economy
Society
Human wellbeing, poverty alleviation
Direct drivers of change
Climate Change
land use, resource use, species, technology
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
Application of ecosystem accounting foreseen for…
• MA follow-up 2015 (in Europe: Eureca! 2012)• IPBES, The Intergovernmental Platform on
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services• Adaptability to Climate Change• EU’s Thematic Strategy Sustainable Use of Resource
(“basket” of 4 headline indicators)• ESEA, European Strategy for Environmental Accounting• European Data Centers related to land and ecosystems• Beyond GDP (natural K in physical units, inclusive final
consumption, full cost of goods & services, of imports...)• TEEB, The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity• IPES, International Payments for Ecosystem Services• National initiatives (accounting, ecosystem assessment,
mitigation banking…)• Corporate accounting guidelines for environmental liability
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
The economic questions behind ecosystem accounting
• Risks of unsustainable use of the living/cycling natural capital are ignored: the negative impacts of over-harvesting, force-feeding with fertilisers, intoxication, introduction of species, fragmentation by roads or dams, or sealing of soil by urban development have no direct monetary counterpart in GDP or corporate accounts.
• The natural capital is not even amortised in accounting books of companies and in the national accounts – no depreciation allowance is made for maintaining ecosystems’ critical functions and services. The full cost of domestic products is not covered in many cases by their price.
• This is as well the case of the price of imported products made from degraded ecosystems: their full cost is not covered by their price.
• The actual value for people of free ecosystem services is not accounted in their final consumption (the market tells: price = zero).
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
Amvrakikos, Greece: Wetland management, Water & Fish
Accounting for ecosystem costs and benefits at different scales…
Global scale
National & regional government, European market
Action level, local scale
Doñana, Spain: Water, Wetland & StrawberriesMigratory Birds Flyways, Wetlands & Bird Flu Prevention
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
1990
LEAC/ Landscape Ecological Potential 1990-2000, 1km² grid (Source: Ecosystem Accounting for Mediterranean Wetlands, an EEA feasibility study for TEEB)
Change 1990-2000
… & accounts for connecting different scales
Legend
Camargue Regional Park, France
Change in net LEP 1990 to 2000
1 km² grid, range : -100 to +100
Improvement/ Highest : 47
Degradation/ Lowest : -33
Natural Park of Camargue (France)Natural Park of Camargue (France)
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
Central role of the SEEA framework
Global monitoring programmes
International statisticsSimplified accounts
Global scale,
framing & monitoring of International Conventions and markets (IPES)
Clearing house on tariffs
Beyond GDP Accounting
(statistical offices, environmental agencies…)
SEEA 2012SEEA 2012
FrameworkFramework
National & regional government
Implementation by municipalities, agencies, business
Guidelines, accounting chartsAction level, local scale, business, projects, case studies
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
Working Group“Integrating biodiversity into
corporate strategies”
3.3 Le « bilan biodiversité » des entreprises
Un système comptable pour une responsabilité écosystémique des organisations
A. Au niveau de l’entreprise individuelle (cf. entité juridique)• Mettre en évidence les flux monétaires // systèmes vivants dans les bilans annuels et
comptes de résultats • Mettre en évidence les flux non monétaires de consommation des ressources (cf. éco-
efficience énergétique et matérielle)• Fournir des explications quantitatives et qualitatives sur la nature des interactions en
termes de coévolution avec la biodiversité
B. Au niveau des relations interentreprises• Élargir les démarches précédentes aux filières d’approvisionnements / filiales et
réseaux de firmes (approche de type Analyse de Cycle de Vie) • Participer à la comptabilité des écosystèmes (marins et terrestres) => Évaluer des
coûts de gestion et de restauration imputables à l’entreprise
C. Investir individuellement et collectivement dans des mécanismes de co-viabilité
• Repenser les processus de production, d’approvisionnement, de communication, de formation, etc.
• Innover simultanément en termes de technologies, de modes d’organisation (ex. logistique, standards EDI, etc.) et d’institutions
• Ex. d’innovations institutionnelles : neutralité fiscale, marchés de droits, etc.
An accounting system for an ecosystem liability of
organisations
“Participate in ecosystem
accounting (marine and terrestrial)
Assess management and restoration costs
chargeable to companies”
Ecosystem accounting at the action scale, an example
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
Supply of commodities
Stocks & flows, Integrity, BiodiversityFunctional Landscape
RegulatingClimate, floods, soil formation,
carbon sequestration, air quality, water quality, pest and diseases
control, pollination, invasion resistance, habitat provisioning
SupportingPrimary production
Water cycleBiogeochemical cycles
ProvisioningFood, water, fibre, wood, fuel,
medicines
CulturalAesthetics, tourism, spiritual, education, research, traditional
knowledge
Non nature-based sources of goods
and services
Insurance value Market & nonmarket values
Main
ten
an
ce / re
stora
tion o
f natu
ral ca
pita
l
Mostly negative
feedbacks
Adapted from Scholes, 2007, Lomas, 2007
Use of commodities& non-produced services
Ecosystem and servicesClassification of ecosystem services
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
Ecosystem assets
Provisioning M S
Cultural M S
Regulation Regulating M S
C
Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Services Valuation
Internal functions
Support to ES functions
ES used as part of commodities
Final use of non market ES
Ecosystem maintenance and restoration costs (to offset depreciation)
Ecosystem services valuation
Accounting for ecosystem services value & sustainability
Distance to stated targets & additional maintenance/restoration
costs
Capital stocks and functions
Services
Market values
Physical measurement and shadow prices
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
Social Dimension of Ecosystem Accounting: Spatial integration of ecosystems, land use, services, & population
Services 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
Land cover types Fo
od
Mat
eria
ls
Fo
rest
tre
es-
rela
ted
Pla
nt-
rela
ted
Ph
ysic
al
sup
po
rt
Am
enit
y
Iden
tity
Did
acti
c
Cyc
lin
g
Sin
k
Pre
ven
tio
n
Ref
ug
ium
Bre
edin
g
Artificial surfaces/ Urban
Arable land & permanent crops
Grassland & mixed farmland
Forests & woodland shrub
Heathland, sclerophylous veg.
Open space with little/ no vegetation
Wetlands
Water bodies
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
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YY YY YY
YY YYYY
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YY YY
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3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
LEAC/Land cover accounts as basic infrastructure
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
LEAC: from changes to flows of land cover
LCF3
LCF1
LCF2
LCF5
LCF4
LCF7
LCF6
LCF8
Change Matrix(44x43=1932
possible changes)summarized into
flows
LCF9
Corine land cover types 1 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4 5
Land cover flows
Art
ific
ial a
reas
Fo
rest
ed la
nd
Wet
lan
ds
Wat
er b
od
ies
LCF1 Urban land management 737 15 19 0 8 0 0 780LCF2 Urban residential sprawl 1924 1867 200 145 8 3 2 4149LCF3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures 77 2728 1595 665 451 35 22 53 5627LCF4 Agriculture internal conversions 17252 10062 27314LCF5 Conversion from other land cover to agriculture 273 935 1796 1734 155 96 50 5039LCF6 Withdrawal of farming 2393 2860 5253LCF7 Forests creation and management 254 35803 5166 1048 1063 3 43337LCF8 Water bodies creation and management 191 252 253 117 190 17 21 1042LCF9 Changes due to natural & multiple causes 311 44 15 1317 1323 1041 229 252 4534
No Change 160016 1149717 802502 990736 255914 50289 45502 45473 3500149
LCF1 Urban land management 780 780LCF2 Urban residential sprawl 4149 4149LCF3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures 5627 5627LCF4 Agriculture internal conversions 15695 11619 27314LCF5 Conversion from other land cover to agriculture 2450 2590 5039LCF6 Withdrawal of farming 1124 2792 1244 23 70 0 5253LCF7 Forests creation and management 42547 766 24 43337LCF8 Water bodies creation and management 21 1021 1042
No Change 160016 1149717 802502 990736 255914 50289 45502 45473 3500149
199
0
2000
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
Natural capital• Natural capital stocks, resilience (physical units, by sectors)• Natural capital consumption/maintenance & restoration costs (physical units and €)• Ecosystem assets inclusive wealth (€)
Supply & use of ecosystem goods and services(Use of resource by sectors, supply to consumption & residuals, accumulation, I-O analysis, NAMEA)
Functional Ecosystem Services• Incorporated into products (€)• Free end use ES (physical units, €)
Framework of Ecosystem Accounts
Natural Capital Accounts/ living & cycling natural capital
Accounts of flows of ecosystem goods and services
Ecosystem Stocks & State Accounts
Eco
syst
em t
ypes
Economic sectorsSpatial integration
Economic integration
Counts of ecosystem health/resilence
(diagnosis by ecosystem types)
Core accounts of assets & flows
(by ecosystem types, raw quantities)
Land coverRiversSoil, sea, atmosphereComponents: water, biomass, C, N P,
species…
Material/energy flows(biomass, water, nutrients, residuals…)
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
Environmental Expenditures, Taxes
SNA/SEEA Integrating Ecosystems Physical flows
Monetary flows/valuation
Assets valuation
Material & Energy FlowsEcosystem
Assets[stocks and resilience]
Rest of the World
Subsoil Assets[stocks]
Ecosyste
m
ServicesEcosystem Additional
Maintenance Costs
Ecosystem
Functional Services
SNA flows & assets
Ecosystem AdditionalMaintenance
Costsin Imports
(less in Exports)
Assets / Natural capitalEcosystem Assets
[stocks and resilience]Subsoil Assets
[stocks]
NAMEA
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
SEEA2003: enlargement of SNA1993 for a better description of the economy-environment relation
Natural resources EcosystemsEconomic
assets (SNA)Non-economic
assets
Openingstocks
Openingstocks
OpeningState
SNAtransactions
and otherflows
Changes instocks
Changesin stocks
Economicactivities,
naturalprocesses,
etc.
Changesin state
Closingstocks
Closingstocks
Closingstate
Described in SNA
RM HASSAN - UN The System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (UN 2003) - RANESA Workshop June 12-16, 2005 Maputo
Volume 1
Statistical Standard
Volume 2
Non Standard Accounts
Volume 1
Statistical Standard
NAMEA, expenditure,
physical quantities, sub-soil, energy,
value of economic assets
Volume 2
Non Standard Accounts
ecosystems, quality,
valuation…
Revision SEEA2012
Macro-ecological closure
(non-linear feedbacks, spatial issues)
Impacts on ecosystems & related services/benefits
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
EEA’s proposal
• Publish SEEA volume 2 (version 1) at the same date as volume 1 SEEA full picture in 2012
• Steer volume 2 project and editing: ecosystem accounts (see next slide); qualitative aspects assets possibly treated in Volume 1
from a quantitative perspective; valuation issues related to ecosystem “degradation”,
“depletion” being part of Volume 1; other items will be postponed…
• Review edition with London Group & international panel of experts
• Look after projects related to ecosystem accounting (TEEB, headline indicators, MA…)
• Report to London Group & UNCEEA
3rd UNCEEA MeetingNew York 26-27 June 2008
1st Draft outline for ecosystem accounts in SEEA revision
Part A - Overview and accounting framework Chapter 1. Objectives, system analysis, main featuresChapter 2. Implementation of ecosystem accountsChapter 3. Synthesis and Reporting
Part B - Accounts by dominant ecosystem types Chapter 4 Land cover accounts Chapter 5 Urban ecosystems Chapter 6 Cropland systems Chapter 7 Pasture, mosaics and natural grassland systems Chapter 8 Forest ecosystems Chapter 9 Non cultivated dryland, sparse vegetation and bare soils Chapter 10 Wetlands Chapter 11 Lakes and rivers Chapter 12 Soil Chapter 13 Sea Chapter 14 Atmosphere Chapter 15 Regional approaches (mountains, coastal zones, islands,
catchments, biogeographic zones)