3rd quarter Assessment

The Cell Cycle

• 2 Main Phases• Interphase and M phase

• The M can be either Mitosis or Meiosis• Interphase ---G1, S, G2

• M phase---• PMAT

DNA replication—Chromosomes Double

• During the S stage of Interphase

Know the structure below:

• Prophase: Nucleolus and Nuclear membrane disappear, centrioles and spindle fibers appear and Chromosomes are visible

• Metaphase –Sister chromatids (doubled chromosomes) line up down the MIDDLE of cell

• Anaphase---Sister chromatids (doubled chromosomes) are pulled apart

• Telophase---opposite of prophase• Cytokinesis---cell divides---parent cell

becomes 2 cells.

Mitosis Info:

• Creates:• 2 Diploid cells• AKA 2 Body cells• AKA 2 Somatic Cells

• Meiosis makes—• 4 Haploid Cells• AKA 4 Sex Cells• AKA 4 Gametes

• Meiosis creates cells for sex reproduction

• Meiosis has 8 total phases

• Know what each phase of Meiosis I and II look like

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

DNA Replication

• Takes place in the Nucleus• Copies chromosomes…an organism’s

entire genome• Enzymes: Helicase and DNA Polymerase• Helicase causes Hydrogen bonds to break

between the DNA strands• New nucleotides are made during Step 2

of replication

4 Major Differences between DNA and RNA

DNA ---2 strands RNA ---1 strand

DNA—Sugar RNA---SugarDeoxyribose Ribose

Bases---Adenine, Thymine Bases—Adenine, UracilCytosine, Guanine Cytosine, Guanine

Protein Synthesis

• The two processes that make it up are Transcription and Translation

• It takes place in the Ribosomes• The mRNA codons have the code for the

amino acid strand

• KNOW how to use the Table of mRNA codons and amino acids

Genetics

• Gregor Mendel---Father of Gentics• Used pea plants• An allele is an alternate form of a gene• Genotype—genetic make up---use letters• Phenotype—physical outward appearance—

use descriptive words• Homozygous Genotype---2 same size letters• Heterozygous Genotype---2 different letters

Representing other Genotypes---Use 1st letter of dominant trait and make it Capital• Use the same letter and make it lower case

• All codominance and Incomplete Dominance crosses end in the 2 codominant traits creating BLENDED offspring

• Dihybrid Crosses—Hetero for both traits X Hetero for both traits

• 9:3:3:1 Ratio

• Sex chromosomes are XX-female XY—male

DNA Transcription• Takes place in the NUCLEUS• Process of making mRNA from DNA• RNA POLYMERASE is the enzyme that unzips

DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds…• New RNA bases pair with the exposed DNA

bases• RNA POLYMERASE bonds a new sugar and

phosphate to EACH base to help create a strand of mRNA

Translation

• Translation takes place in the ribosome to help build a protein.

• mRNA carries the code and tRNA translates it by bringing an amino acid to the ribosome.

• AT the end of the process, mRNA and tRNA release from each other

• What is left is a strand of AMINO ACIDS aka a PROTEIN