I I IProfessional Ethics and Morality:

Islamic Ethical Paradigm

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCESRIPHAH INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

1. The essence of the Qur’an lies in its holistic ethics in practice

“And you are certainly on the most exalted standard of moral excellence.”

(al-Qalam 68:4)

The mission of the Prophet (sallalahu alayhay wasaallum) was to present through his behavior an immitable ethical model.

1.A

“Surely Allah conferred a great favor on the believers when He raised from among them a Messenger to recite to them His signs (ayat) and to purify (yuzakkihim) them and to teach them the Book and wisdom (hikmah). For before that they were in manifest error”.

(al-i-‘Imran 3:164)

2. Prophet’s Role Model

“Surely you have in the Messenger of Allah a good example.”

(al-Ahzab 33:21)

The ethical model of the Prophet sallalahu alayhay wasallam is historic, comprehensive, contemporary, practical and simple.

3. Islamic Universal Ethical Values

Protection of Property (mal)

Protection and Dignity of Gene and Genealogy (nasl)

Preservation of Religio-Cultural Freedom (din)

Protection of Reason (‘aql)

Protection and Promotion of Life (nafs)

Equity, Justice, Fairness (‘adl)

Unity in Life

and Cosmos (tawhid)

4. Tawhid in universe

“Had there been any gods in the heavens and the earth apart from Allah, the order of both the heaven and the earth would have gone to ruins…”

(al-Anbia 21:22)

5. Tawhid in life

“Say: Do you serve, instead of Allah, that which has no power either to harm or benefit you whereas Allah alone is All Hearing, All Knowing”

(al-Ma‘idah 5:76)

“Do not call upon any apart from Allah, upon those who have no power to benefit or hurt you…”

(Yunus 10:106)

6. Tawhid in Political authority

“All sovereignty (hukm) belongs to Allah, He has commanded that you serve non but Him, This is the Right Way of Life (dhalika al-din al-qayyim)”

(Yousuf 12:40)

7. Tawhid in Law

“These are the bounds (hudud) set by Allah…..”(an-Nisa 4:13)

In Ibadat:

“…..These are the bounds set by Allah; and a grievous chastisement awaits the unbelievers”

(al-Mujadalah 58:4)

In criminal matters:

Those who fornicate whether female or male, flog each one of them a hundred lashes. And let not tenderness for them deter you from what pertains to Allah’s din”

(al-Nur 24:2)

د�ة� و�ال� ل �ة� ج� ه�م�ا م�ائ �ل� و�اح�د� م�ن �د�وا ك ل �ي ف�اج ان �ة� و�الز� �ي ان �لز� �ا"!ه� ن� الل ف�ة& ف�ي د�ي ا �ه�م�ا ر� �م ب خ�ذك �ا .ت

8. Tawhid in Financial matters

Those who believers don’t eat up your property, among yourselves in vanities: But let them be amongst your trading by mutual good will”

(an-Nisa 4:29)

�ال� �اط�ل� ا ب �ال �م ب �ك ن �ي �م ب �ك �مو�ال �و3ا ا �ل ك �ا �وا ال� ت !م�ن ن� ا �ذ�ي 5ھ�ا ال �ي !3ا ي�م ك ف�س� �ن �و3ا ا �ل �قت و�ال� ت �م ك اض� م�ن �ر� ة= ع�ن ت �ج�ار� �ون� ت �ك �ن ت �ا

م=ا ي ح� �م ر� �ك �ان� ب "!ه� ك �ن� الل ا 29

“Believers! Have fear of Allah and give up all outstanding interests (riba) if you truly believe.”

(al-Baqarah 2:278)

“But if you fail to do so then be prepared to face war (against you) from Allah and His Messenger….”

(al-Baqarh 2:279)

9. Tawhid in Financial matters

10. Realization of Allah’s hukm through (‘Adl) equity, balance, moderation and fairness

“Allah commands you to deliver trusts to those worthy of them; and when you judge between people, judge with justice”

(an-Nisa 4:58)

“

“Surely Allah enjoins justice, kindness, and doing of good to kith and kin and forbids all that is shameful, evil and oppressive”

(al-Nahl 16:90)

11.

‘Adl is one of the core teachings of Islam. It is also a major attribute of the Creator and Sustainer, Allah subhanahu wa taala. It is a desirable behavioral quality to be reflected in the attitude of all believers and in their behavior toward their Rabb, toward universe, toward their own self, and others.

12. ‘Adl as a comprehensive Qur’anic term refers to:

• Balance and Harmony• Impartiality• Equity and justice • No-discrimination • Fair and just social conduct• Ethical and moral responsibility• It is essentially an Applied Ethical Principle

13. Social dimension of ‘adl:Islam visualizes the individual self in the context of family. Living family life is considered an ethical obligation and a social responsibility; “Your nafs has a right on you (hadith). Similarly, nikah is declared a Sunnah and a requirement for completion of Iman. Celibacy and monk hood are condemned and state and society are asked to let people live a family life.

“…and marry off every single person among you…”(an-Nur 24:32)

14. Economic dimension of ‘adl:

Right to economic activity (fadl) Right to save and invest (tijarah, Ba’y) Right to transfer, distribute (hibah, infaq,sadaqah) Right to inherit (warathah) Right to share (shirakah, mudaraba) Right to just economic reward (ujra) Dignity to labour

15. Political Dimension

• Holding of independent views and opinion (ra’iy)• Assuming public responsibility (khilafa, imarah,

niyabah, immamah)• Participating in decision-making (shura)• Formation of group (jama’ah)• To fight for truth, justice, virtue, public good and to

take steps for elimination of injustice, falsehood, corruption and obscenity (amr bi al a’ruf wa nahi an il munkar)

16. Religious Dimension

• Liberty to interpret the Qur’an and the Sunnah within the Muslim Ummah.

• Right to practice one’s faith and culture as a non-Muslim

• Principal of Ijtihad as a requirement for the Ummah

17. Value of protection, preservation, and promotion of life

“Do not kill any person Allah has forbidden to kill, except with right…” (Bani-Isra’il 17:33)

�ل� �هC م�ن ق�ت �ن ل� ا ء�ي ر� �س �ي3 ا �ن �ا ع�ل!ي ب ن �ب �ت �ك� ك �جل� ذ!ل ا�م�ن ا ۃ�اس� �ل� الن �م�ا ق�ت �ن �ا �رض� ف�ك اد� ف�ي اال �و ف�س� �فس� ا ر� ن �غ�ي اب �ف �ن س

ع=ا �اس� ج�م�ي �ا الن ي �ح �م�ا ا �ن �ا �اه�ا ف�ك ي �ح و�م�ن ا ع=ا �ج�م�ي On that account: We ordained for the Children of Israel that if any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people: and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people.

( Al-Ma’idah 5:32)

“Do not kill your children for fear of want. We will provide for them and for you, surely killing them is a great sin”

(Bani-Isra’il 17:31)

17.1 Value of protection, preservation, and promotion of life

18. Value of reason

Knowledge Responsible behavior (prohibition of liquor)

م� ال� �ز� اب� و�اال� �ن�ص� ر� و�اال� ي�س� ال�م� ر� و� م� ا ال�خ� �ن�م� ا ا ن�و�� اال�ذ�ي�ن� ا�م� �ي�ھ� ي��او�ن� ل�ح� ت�ن�ب�و�ه� ل�ع�ل�ك�م� ت�ف� اج� ي�ط�ن� ف� 90ر�ج�س2 م1ن� ع�م�ل� الش�

who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones, and (divination by) arrows, are an abomination,- of Satan's handwork: eschew such (abomination), that ye may prosper.

(Al-Ma’idah 5:90)

19. Value of Religious and Cultural freedom

Co-existence and plurality

ن� �ي� د�ي �م و�ل �ك ن �م د�ي �ك ل

To you be your Way, and to me mine. (Al kafiron 109:6)

ن� اه� ف�ي الد�ي ر� �ك ال� اLet there be no compulsion in religion.

(Al-baqrah 2:256)

20. Value of ownership:

• To orphans restore their property (When they reach their age), nor substitute (your) worthless things for (their) good ones; and devour not their substance (by mixing it up) with your own. For this is indeed a great sin.

(an-Nisa 4:2)

ب�ي�ث� م� و�ال� ت�ت�ب�د�ل�وا ال�خ� ال�ھ� و� ـت�م��ى ا�م� �ت�وا ال�يـ� ا و��ن�ه> ك�ان� ال�ك�م� ا و� �ل��ى ا�م� م� ا ال�ھ� و� ا ا�م� �ب�الط�ي1ب� و�ال� ت�ا�ك�ل�و�� �

ا ب@ا ك�ب�ي�ر@ و� ح�

20.1

• Right to work• Right to own • Right to invest• Right to gift and transfer• Right to inherit

21. Islamic ethical paradigm- II Foundational Values

• Sincerity or ikhlas• Honesty or amanah• Observance of justice or ‘adl• Ethical and moral conduct or taqwa• Humanity and humbleness or insaniyat• Respect of faith and culture of others or din• Development of excellence or ehsan, virtue

or birr and self-purification (tazkiyah)

22. Ethical Behavior: Rights of Allah and His servants

(al-Baqarah 2:177)

22.A.“Righteousness (birr) does not consist in turning you faces towards the east or the west; true birr consists in Iman in Allah and the Last Day, the angels, the Book (al-kitab) and the Prophets, and in giving away one’s property in love of Him to one’s kinsmen, the orphans, the poor and the wayfarer, and to those who ask for help and in freeing the necks of slaves, and in establishment of salah and dispersing of zakah.(True righteousness is attained by those) who are faithful to their promise once they have made it and by those who remain steadfast (sabirin) in adversity and affliction and at the time of battle (between truth and falsehood). Such are the truthful ones (sadaqu); such are the Allah conscious (muttaqin). (al-Baqarah 2:177)

23. Personal Conduct: Right Intention“Action (deeds) are judged on intentions; a person will get what he intends for. Those whoso migrate for Allah and His messenger, his migration shall be counted fro Allah and His messenger; and whoso migrates for material gains or for marrying a woman, his migration will be for that purpose”

Reported by Umar bin al-Khattab, Sahih Al Bukhari,Kitab ul Wahi, Hadees # 1, Published by Markazi Jamiat Ahle hadith Hind, 2004

“Allah does not look at your faces and wealth, but He notices your hearts (qulub) and action (A’mal)”Reported by Abu Huraira, Sahih Al Muslim, Bab tehreem zulm ul Muslim, Hadith # 1986, Published by Dar ehya al-turaas ul arabi Al bairut

24.

The messenger of Allah (sallahu alayhy wassalam) said “Whoso loved (someone) for Allah; and disliked for Allah; and gave for Allah and withheld for Allah he perfected his Iman”Reported by Abu Umamah, Sunan Abu Dao’ud, Bab ul daleel ala ziadatul eman wa nuqsanehe, Hadith # 4681, Published by Al maktabah tul asriah, saidan al bairut

“’Amr bin ‘Abasah reports “ I said O Messenger of Allah what is Iman” He said “al sabr steadfastness, forbearance and samahah open heartedness (generosity).

Sahih of Muslim

25.

Anas says “Very seldom the Messenger of Allah (p.b.u.h) addressed us and did not say “He who destroys trust (amanah) has no Iman and he who does not keep his promise (‘Ahd) has no din”

Mishkat Al Masabeeh , Hadith # 35, Al Maktab ul Islami berut, 1985

26. Purity of Heart

Anas said “The Messengers of Allah (p.b.u.h) said “O my son, if you could lead your life in such a way that the there is nothing in your heart against anyone, then do it”

Then he said “O my son, this is what I do and he who loved my sunnah in fact loved me, and he who loved me will remain with me in paradise”

Sunan Al Tirmizi, bab ma ja fil akhaz al sunnah, Hadith # 2678, Published by Dar al garb ul islami Bairut, 1998

27.’Abdur Rahman ibn Abi Qarad says that the Prophet (pbuh) one day made ablution. So his companions started wiping their face with the water with the prophet made ablution. The Prophet asked them “What makes you do this?” They said: “the love of Allah and His Messenger”. The Prophet (pbuh) said “Those who are pleased with the love of Allah and His Messenger when talk should say the truth, when they are entrusted a trust, they hand it over to its rightful owner, and should treat well their neighbor”

Mishkat

28. Ethical Professional Conduct: Halal & Haram

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said “No one even ate a better food than the one who earned it with his own hand, and the apostle of Allah. Dawud used to eat from what he earned with his own hand”

Reported by Maqdad bin Ma’dikarb in Sahih of Bukhari

29.The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said “Allah is good (tayyib) and accepts only good things. And Allah expects the believers the same things as He expects from His messengers. Then He says “O my Messengers eat of good (tayyabat) thing and do good (amal al salih) and He says “O you who believe, eat of the good things that we have given you”The messenger of Allah mentioned about a person who after a long journey arrives at a sacred place, covered with dust and entangled hair, stretches out his hands toward sky saying “O my Rabb, while his food is haram, his drink is haram, his dress is haram and he has been brought up on an unlawful earning, how and why would the prayer of such a person be accepted” Kitab al arbaeen, Hadith # 10,

Published by Daruss salam

JAZAKUM ALLAH KHAYRAN

جزاكم الله خيراALLAH MAY INCREASE OUR KNOWLEDGE

(Aameen)

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