1. Mali Empire Islam in West Africa What happened to the Ghana Empire

2. Islam in North Africa Sunni Almohad dynasty (11211269) Shiite 4th caliph, Ali Almoravid dynasty (10401147) Khajirite - anyone can become caliph Ibadi moderate form (from ~720) (777-909) Bierschenk, Thomas. "Religion and political structure: remarks on Ibadism in Oman and the Mzab (Algeria)." Studia islamica (1988): 107-127. 3. Essouk Tadmekka Imports Song Dynasty (AD 960 - 1279) Cowrie 4. Decline of the Ghana Empire 1076 Almoravid leader, General Abu-Bakr Ibn- Umar captures the capital of Ghana and coverts everyone to Islam possible Almoravid rule to 1087 Legendary death of Wagadu-Bida Return to paganism with possible weakening of central control 5. Ghana Empire and surrounds Mali = Kangabo 6. Djenne Figure covered with snakes ~1350 7. Djenne, Coiled Snake, 12th-14th C. CE 8. Jenne-Jeno Conical pot w. snake 9. Sumanguru (1200-1235) Considered last leader of Sosso (Susu) state Possibly from a clan of former slaves who became palace guards and war chiefs Blacksmith-magician Suppression of Malinke? 10. Sundiata (1235-1255) Invokes traditional powers Blacksmith Gold traders Hunters Ghana legacy Adds Islam 11. Griots/jeli Oral history through story telling w. music Hereditary (Diabate family) Keita 12. Balafon 13. Mali Empire 14. Mansa Wali (Ouali) (1255-1270) Expands the Empire Increases agricultural production Hajj 15. Abu Bakr II (1310-1312) Abdicates to lead a large navy to explore the ocean Never returns Evidence in Brazil and/or the Caribbean? 16. Mansa Musa (1312-1337) 17. Mansa Musa Hajj 18. Consequences Construction of mosques, schools Islam coexisting with native religions Arab economic advisors Commerce in gold to east 19. Mansa Sulaiman (1341-1360) Visit by Ibn Battuta 1352-4 Observation and comments on both wealth and lack of orthodoxy 20. Decline Obscure rulers after 1389 1430 Tuareg seizure of Timbuktu Songhai becomes independent Mali confined to S. of former empire 1450s Portuguese raid the Atlantic coast 1545 Songhai forces raid Niani 21. Decline 22. Economy of the Mali Empire Agricultural production Upper Niger and floodplain very good agricultural land Sahelian grasslands good for grazing Small villages send proportion of surplus to village chiefs and central government State farms, slave labour, produced food needs for court and army 23. Trade in the Mali Empire Gold trade in private hands: nuggets to king and tax on salt imports (as with Ghana) Gold of Akan forest in 14th century Class of professional traders (Wangara or Dyula, usually Muslim) From 14th century, Cowrie shells from Indian Ocean: Main currency for local trade Gold dust & salt: currency of trans-Saharan trade 24. Traders (Dyula) From early 11th C. Manding speakers originating in Dia Specific clans with high status Transport Islam south to Ivory Coast and Ghana (current) 25. Wealth in the Mali Empire Merchants 60,000 mithqals per year (1507) Salt merchants 10,000 1 mithqal = 4.25 g ($178 at current gold prices) Small change 1,150 cowries to the mithqal (note: ~1,000,000 to the mithqal in the Maldives) 26. Cowries Cypraea moneta Maldives Cypraea annulus East African Coast Gao Saney C. moneta Marco Polos family in cowrie import/export porcellana 1352 Ibn Batuta finds cowries used as money in Gao 27. Trade Routes and Empires Ghana Mali 28. Timbuktu Founding attributed to Tuaregs in the 12th century Trade in Islamic culture Import: Berber N. Africa Export: Other parts of Empire; Sudan Becomes intellectual center in 15th century 29. Djingareyber Mosque, 1325, enlarged 1570-83 30. Djingareyber Mosque 31. Sankore Mosque, 14th C., restored and enlarged 1578-82 32. Sankore Mosque 33. Mosque of Sidi Yahia, ~1400 34. Jenne-jeno 35. Jenne-Jeno History Phase I 250 BCE to 50 CE use of iron; lack of permanent architecture; aquatic resources Phase II 50 400 CE cultivation of rice Phase III 400 900 CE Population growth Phase IV 900 1400 CE Decline after 1150 and rapid decline ~1400 CE 1180 Conversion of Koi-Konboro 36. Djenn Ruins of 13th century mosque 37. Great Mosque at Djenne (3rd version, 1906-7) 38. Jenne-jeno as depicted by a National Geographic artist 39. Jenne-jeno Smiths workshop 40. Jenne-jeno Altar Smiths Workshop 41. Jenne-jeno Statuettes Smiths Workshop 42. Djenne, Spindle Whirls 43. Djenne style Embracing Couple ~1325 CE 44. Inland Niger Delta Style Equestrian figure 13th - 15th C. CE 45. Djenne style Equestrian figure 46. Djenne style Mounted warrior 47. Djenne Seated coupe 12th -15th C. 48. Djenne Seated couple (brass) 15th C