3. International relations and 3. International relations and European integrationEuropean integration

2.Do the 2.Do the ProtestantsProtestants and the and the Roman Roman Catholics Catholics share the same version of share the same version of the Old Testament? the Old Testament? a.the Bible of Judaism plus 7 other a.the Bible of Judaism plus 7 other books and additional books in Greek. books and additional books in Greek. b.the Bible of Judaism.b.the Bible of Judaism.3.What is the significant feature in the 3.What is the significant feature in the ordering of books in the Jewish Bible? ordering of books in the Jewish Bible?

a.the Torah (Law), the books of Mosesa.the Torah (Law), the books of Moses b.the Nebiim (Prophets) b.the Nebiim (Prophets) c.the Ketubim (Writings) c.the Ketubim (Writings)

4.What is the significant feature in 4.What is the significant feature in the the ordering of books in the Christian ordering of books in the Christian Old Old Testament? Testament? a.the Pentateuch a.the Pentateuch 摩西五书摩西五书 (Laws)(Laws) b.historical books b.historical books c.poetic or wisdom books c.poetic or wisdom books d.prophetical books d.prophetical books5.5.How important is Bible in Jewish How important is Bible in Jewish and and Christian religious life? Christian religious life? a.the basis for public worship a.the basis for public worship b.the basis for private devotion b.the basis for private devotion

6.What is the significant feature 6.What is the significant feature in the in the ordering of books in New ordering of books in New Testament?Testament? a.the four Gospels (books about a.the four Gospels (books about the the life of Christ) by Matthew, life of Christ) by Matthew, Mark, Mark, Luke and John Luke and John b.the Acts of the Apostles b.the Acts of the Apostles (chosen by (chosen by Christ to spread Christianity), Christ to spread Christianity), an an early history early history c.Epistles (letters) of Paul and c.Epistles (letters) of Paul and other other writers writers d.an apocalypse (books of d.an apocalypse (books of revelation)revelation)

THE OLD TESTAMENTTHE OLD TESTAMENT1.How did early Christians 1.How did early Christians distinguish distinguish the the Old TestamentOld Testament from the from the New New Testament Testament?? a.agreement God made with a.agreement God made with IsraelIsrael b.agreement made through b.agreement made through Jesus Jesus 2.Why is the Old Testament in 2.Why is the Old Testament in fact a fact a library more than a unified library more than a unified book?book? a.a big collection of different a.a big collection of different booksbooks b.with various types of b.with various types of literatureliterature c.and oral tradition in the Near c.and oral tradition in the Near EastEast

3.Why is the Old Testament 3.Why is the Old Testament seen as seen as a narrative Hebrew history a narrative Hebrew history with with God behind the scenes? God behind the scenes? a.with books reporting past a.with books reporting past events events b.showing God’s power on b.showing God’s power on human human events events 4.What are the general 4.What are the general linguistic linguistic features of the poetic works in features of the poetic works in the the Old Testament? Old Testament? a.parallelism a.parallelism b.rhythm b.rhythm

5. 5. What are the general themes What are the general themes of of the Hebrew wisdom poetry? the Hebrew wisdom poetry? a.advice for living a successful a.advice for living a successful lifelife b.reflections on relationship b.reflections on relationship between following the wise between following the wise path path and obedience to the divinely and obedience to the divinely revealed law revealed law c.the meaning of life in the face c.the meaning of life in the face of of death death66. Why do speeches . Why do speeches predominate in predominate in the Hebrew prophetic the Hebrew prophetic literature? literature?

The essence of prophetic activity The essence of prophetic activity

was to announce God’s words o was to announce God’s words of f punishment or salvation, which punishment or salvation, which concern the immediate future. concern the immediate future.7. 7. What are the Hebrew laws in the What are the Hebrew laws in the Old Testament represent by? Old Testament represent by? a.the apodictic a.the apodictic 无可质疑的无可质疑的 :by the :by the Ten Commandments Ten Commandments b.the casuistic b.the casuistic 诡辩的诡辩的 :by problem:by problems s of condition–legal consequences of condition–legal consequences concerning farming and town life concerning farming and town life

8.8.When did the apocalyptic When did the apocalyptic writings writings arise and what are their arise and what are their major major features? features? 500BC500BC a.disclosure of future events a.disclosure of future events b.lengthy dream or vision b.lengthy dream or vision reportreport c.with highly symbolic images c.with highly symbolic images and and according explanations according explanations d.reflecting the author’s d.reflecting the author’s historical historical view of his time as one with view of his time as one with evil evil powers’ final dash against powers’ final dash against God, God, which will lead to a new age which will lead to a new age

9.How is the 9.How is the Old TestamentOld Testament related related to the history of Israel? to the history of Israel? As the major source of As the major source of information information concerning Israel’s history: concerning Israel’s history: a. the exodus from Egypt (1300 a. the exodus from Egypt (1300 BC)BC) b. monarchy (1000 BC)-proper b. monarchy (1000 BC)-proper form form of government to deal with of government to deal with internal internal strife and external threat strife and external threat c. the exile in Babylon-Jerusalem c. the exile in Babylon-Jerusalem lost lost (597 BC)/destroyed (586 BC) (597 BC)/destroyed (586 BC) b. the return to Palestine (538 b. the return to Palestine (538 BC) BC)

Saint JeromeSaint Jerome is best known for his translation of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into Latin. This translation, known as the Vulgate, was used for many centuries. In this portrait of Saint Jerome (1521) by German Reformation artist Albrecht Dürer, he is shown surrounded by his scholarly books and a skull, a traditional reminder that death awaits us all.

Kingdoms of Judah and Israel

Despite his desire to unify and improve the vast empire of his father, King David, King Solomon’s oppressive rule caused much dissension among the Israelites and eventually led to the division of the kingdom following his death. The northern part of his realm became the kingdom of Israel, while the southern became the kingdom of Judah.

10.10.What are the major What are the major theological theological themes of the Old themes of the Old Testament?Testament? A. Yahweh--the God of Israel, A. Yahweh--the God of Israel, of of justice, fairness in all affairs justice, fairness in all affairs B. covenant--agreement B. covenant--agreement (Yahweh/(Yahweh/ Israel) sealed at Sinai; law Israel) sealed at Sinai; law thatthat governs behavior in relation governs behavior in relation to to others and religious others and religious practicespractices C. man--an animate body; a C. man--an animate body; a unity unity of physical matter and life, a of physical matter and life, a gift gift of God; death as a vivid of God; death as a vivid reality reality

Creation of Adam

According to the book of Genesis, the first book of the Bible, God created Adam, the first man, in his own image from dust. In this fresco from the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Italian Renaissance artist Michelangelo depicted God in human form, giving Adam the breath of life.

The Fall of Man

When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit, and ate; and she gave some to her husband with her, and he ate. The eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked. They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.

11.11.What are the spiritual What are the spiritual standardsstandards of the Old Testament? of the Old Testament? 1) Yahweh as the supreme 1) Yahweh as the supreme God God 2) no other gods to be 2) no other gods to be worshipedworshiped 3) no cursing others 3) no cursing others 4) observing Sunday as a holy 4) observing Sunday as a holy dayday 5) be pious to parents 5) be pious to parents 6) no murdering 6) no murdering 7) no committing adultery 7) no committing adultery 8) no stealing 8) no stealing 9) no lying against others 9) no lying against others10) no greed10) no greed

Moses Smashing the

Commandments

The Ten Commandments

serve as the fundamental

moral laws of Judaism and

Christianity. According to

the Hebrew Bible (known

to Christians as the Old

Testament), Moses

received the Ten

Commandments directly

from God on Mount Sinai.

He smashed the tablets

upon returning from the

top of the mountain when

he found that the Israelites

had begun to worship a

golden calf.

THE NEW TESTAMENTTHE NEW TESTAMENT

1. What is the original language 1. What is the original language of of the New Testament? the New Testament? GreekGreek2. 2. What are the four major What are the four major types of types of literature in its documents? literature in its documents? A. Gospels: with accounts of A. Gospels: with accounts of Jesus’ Jesus’ arrest-trial-death- arrest-trial-death- resurrectionresurrection B. History: theological B. History: theological narrative of narrative of Jesus and the Christian Jesus and the Christian church church set in the history of Israel set in the history of Israel and of and of

the Roman Empire the Roman Empire

C. Epistles: letters used by C. Epistles: letters used by church church leaders and writers as leaders and writers as sermons, sermons, exhortations or treatises; exhortations or treatises; D. Apocalyptic writing: D. Apocalyptic writing: visionary, visionary, symbolic, pessimistic about symbolic, pessimistic about future;future;3. How is the New Testament 3. How is the New Testament related related to history? to history? A. with stories of Jesus and A. with stories of Jesus and Christian Christian church in time sequence; church in time sequence; B. infancy story of Jesus set on B. infancy story of Jesus set on that that of Moses in the Old of Moses in the Old Testament;Testament;

C. Apostles in 12 Israeli tribes C. Apostles in 12 Israeli tribes and and the early church: the early church: PeterPeter, , Andrew, Andrew, James the GreatJames the Great, , Bartholomew, Bartholomew, JohnJohn, Philip, Thomas, Matthew, , Philip, Thomas, Matthew,

James the lessJames the less, Thaddeus, , Thaddeus, Simon, Simon, Judas (replaced by Matthias); Judas (replaced by Matthias); Paul,Paul,4. What are the major 4. What are the major theological theological themes of the New themes of the New Testament?Testament? A. A. GodGod-creator; sustainer of -creator; sustainer of universe; universe; source/end of all; with love, source/end of all; with love, justice, justice, mercy, judgment and mercy, judgment and forgiveness;forgiveness;

B. B. JesusJesus-as a prophet like Moses, -as a prophet like Moses, the the second Adam, the Son of God, second Adam, the Son of God, the the eternal mediator of creation eternal mediator of creation and and redemption, as presence of redemption, as presence of God, God, his sufferings and deathhis sufferings and death as as God’s God’s relentless love, relentless love, his his resurrectionresurrection as as God’s approval of his life, God’s approval of his life, death, death, and message and message C. C. Holy spiritHoly spirit-as active presence -as active presence of of God, which empowered Jesus, God, which empowered Jesus, the the church, disciples to serve the church, disciples to serve the goodgood

D. D. Kingdom of GodKingdom of God-as the -as the central central message of Jesus in his message of Jesus in his ministryministry E. E. SalvationSalvation-redemption coexists -redemption coexists

with creation; even hostile with creation; even hostile spirits spirits would be brought into would be brought into harmony harmony with the benevolent plan of with the benevolent plan of God.God. F. F. EthicsEthics-religious belief -religious belief connected connected with moral behavior inwardly with moral behavior inwardly and and in relation to others, and to in relation to others, and to God; God; all instructions based on the all instructions based on the Old Old Testament as God’s Testament as God’s expectationsexpectations

5. What are the spiritual 5. What are the spiritual standards of standards of the New Testament? the New Testament? Love for God and others; do to Love for God and others; do to one one whatever you desire for him to whatever you desire for him to do do to you; no adultery; no to you; no adultery; no murdering;murdering; no stealing; no false testimony; no stealing; no false testimony; nono greed; greed;6. What is the significance of the 6. What is the significance of the translation of Bible into translation of Bible into English?English? The Bible no longer possessed The Bible no longer possessed and and used by clergy alone; English used by clergy alone; English as a as a mixture of French, Anglo- mixture of French, Anglo-Norman;Norman;

Saint Mark Writing His Gospel

This illuminated manuscript depicting Saint Mark writing his gospel, comes from a leaf of a 13th-century Byzantine Psalter. According to tradition, during the 1st century ad Mark authored the Bible’s second Gospel, relying upon the teachings of Saint Peter.

Timeline of the GospelsDerived from the Old English word godspel, the word gospel means “good news,” and refers to the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The four Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—contain accounts of different time periods and events in the life of Jesus Christ. Matthew and Luke begin at the birth of Jesus, while Mark and John begin at Jesus’ baptism. While Mark, Matthew, and Luke provide similar accounts in a similar style, John exhibits a distinctive style and original accounts.

The Birth of Christ Now the birth of Jesus Christ was like this; for after his mother, Mary, was engaged to Joseph, before they came together, she was found pregnant by the Holy Spirit. Joseph, her husband, being a righteous man, and not willing to make her a public example, intended to put her away secretly. But when he thought about these things, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son of David, don't be afraid to take to yourself Mary, your wife, for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit. She shall bring forth a son. You shall call his name Jesus, for it is he who shall save his people from their sins."

Jesus’ baptismImmediately following the baptism, the Gospels describe the opening of the heavens and the descent of the Holy Spirit. Baptism of Christ, a panel painting by 15th-century Italian artist Piero della Francesca, depicts the Holy Spirit, in the form of a dove, descending above the head of Christ.

Ministry of Jesus

After receiving his baptism from John the Baptist on the shore of the Jordan River, Jesus began three years of ministry. During that time, Jesus traveled throughout the provinces of Judea and Galilee—areas now part of Israel and the West Bank. At the conclusion of his ministry, Jesus traveled to Jerusalem, where he was crucified.

Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper (about 1495-1497) decorates a wall at Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. This mural depicts the moment immediately following Christ’s dramatic announcement to his disciples that “One of you shall betray me.”

The Death of Christ

Jesus turned to the people, mourning and lamenting him: "Daughters of Jerusalem, "Daughters of Jerusalem, don't weep for me, but weep don't weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your for yourselves and for your children. For the days are children. For the days are coming in which they will say, coming in which they will say, 'Blessed are the barren, the 'Blessed are the barren, the wombs that never bore, and wombs that never bore, and the breasts that never the breasts that never nursed.' Then they will begin nursed.' Then they will begin to tell the mountains, 'Fall on to tell the mountains, 'Fall on us!' and tell the hills, 'Cover us!' and tell the hills, 'Cover us.'For if they do these things us.'For if they do these things in the green tree, what will be in the green tree, what will be done in the dry?"done in the dry?" There were also others, two criminals, led with him to be put to death.

Resurrection and ascension of Christ Jesus lifted up his hands, and blessed them. It happened, while he blessed

them, that he withdrew from them, and was carried up into heaven.

The Ascension of Christ

Fourteenth-century English theologian John Wycliffe sponsored the first complete translation of the Bible into English. He undertook the task of making the Christian Scriptures generally available to lay people. His writings later inspired Martin Luther, leader of the Protestant Reformation.