3 Graeco Roman

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THE GRAECO ROMANTHE GRAECO ROMAN

MEDITERRANEANMEDITERRANEANSecond Week


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IntroductionIntroduction

Like geography, cultural landscapes ofMediterranean Basin are complex,ancient and diverse.

Like its name, it was the cultural centerof world civilizations. From the eighth millennium BC onwards,

it was the place of different cultures

with different origins, ethnicity andsocial backgrounds.

But the Mediterranean Sea was alwaysunifying core for people and cultures.


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Major Periods in theMajor Periods in theMediterranean HistoryMediterranean History

Greece from 8th centuy BC

Hellenization (323 146 BC) the annexation of the

Greece by the Roman Republic

Romanization

Arab Conquests


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PrejudicePrejudice

The author of this book accepts Arabconquests as the major discontinuityin the history of the Mediterranean in

the late seventh century AD byUmayyad Dynasty.

On the other hand, he accepts

Hellenization and Romanization astwo important cultural developmentsin the Mediterranean history.


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Ancient GreeceAncient Greece

The civilization of the ancient Greeks emergedaround the Aegean Sea and spread throughthe Greek mainland.

At its best times, it extended to Sicily and Italy

on the west, and through Asia Minor and theMediterranean Sea to the east and south. The Greek world (called Hellas by the Greeks)

was united culturally. It shared a commonlanguage, culture, and religion.

But it was divided politically. The Greek worldwas divided into city-states. It was not brought under a single government

until it became part of the Roman Empire inthe second century B.C.


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How do we know AncientHow do we know AncientGreeceGreece??

There were a few historians in thetime of Ancient Greece.

They recorded their time of Ancient

Greek history. Herodotus, (the 5th century BC )

known as the 'Father of History' who

travelled to many ancient historicsites at the time,Thucydides (the 5th century BC ) Xenophon (the 4the Century BC)
http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Herodotushttp://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Thucydideshttp://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Xenophonhttp://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Xenophonhttp://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Thucydideshttp://www.ancientgreece.com/s/People/Herodotus


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The Emergence of the GreekThe Emergence of the GreekPolis (Poleis)Polis (Poleis)

At the beginning of the 8th century BC, anew form of social and spatial organizationemerged in the islands and peninsulas ofthe Aegean Sea.

This new socio-political structure was calledaspolis, means city-state. Their total number was about 200 by 600 BC, Over 340 by 400 BC.

The most important and famous city-stateswere Athens and Sparta. The population of Athens, for example was

about 300,000 in 5th century BC.


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GreeGreekk

City-City-StateState

ss

-


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Characteristics of city-statesCharacteristics of city-states

These city-states had an urbancentral-place, but only Sparta wasnot centered on a city but on a

group of villages.They had an urban civilized life. Most of them were fortified. All had a market, called agora, a place

of assembly and a seat ofgovernment.


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AgoraAgora

The agora was the centralmarketplace in most Greek city-states.

Typically the agora was located in thecenter of town.

Governmental buildings, such as the

council building and courts,surrounded the agora in Athens.


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Thessaloniki (Greece) - The Ancient Agor, at the north end ofThessaloniki (Greece) - The Ancient Agor, at the north end of

Dikastirion Square.Dikastirion Square.


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Ruins_Ancient_Agora_ThessalonikiRuins_Ancient_Agora_Thessaloniki


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******

Polis was a community of citizens andnon-citizens (slaves and foreigners).

It had an established constitution.

Citizens acquired their rights by virtue ofbirth.

The main criterion of poverty waswhether or not one had to work for a

living or the basis of life. Land ownership was the most socially

prestigious form of wealth.


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Why and how theWhy and how thepoleispoleisdevelopeddeveloped??

The origin of thepoleis is obscure.

But we know that it became anextremely efficient vehicle for thetransmission of Hellenistic culture.

But before Hellenization, Greek world

was opened to the rest of the world bythe way of colonization. Formal Greek colonization reached its

peak between 750 550 BC.


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Greek ColonizationGreek Colonization

The establishment of a colony was aformal affair for Greek city-states.

In the period from the 8th to the 6th

century B.C. a great number of newcity-states were founded along thecoasts of the Mediterranean and theBlack Seas.

These new cities were part of acolonization movement sponsoredby city-states in Greece and

Phoenicia.


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RReasons for the colonizationeasons for the colonization

The lack of natural resources inGreece, especially the lack of metals(tin, copper), timber (kereste) and

food. While searching such materials, Greek

states gathered information aboutfavorable places for agriculture and

settlement around theMediterranean.

In the long run, there were

demographic pressures in the cities


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Urbanism and Society in theUrbanism and Society in thelater Greek World (500 29 BC)later Greek World (500 29 BC)There was a great competition between

the Greek cities themselves andbetween the Greeks and others like

Phoenicians and Etruscans for thecontrol of the best sites. For example, the Peloponnesian War

between Athens and Sparta in 431 to404 B.C.

Also, there were relatively short-livedcity alliances to establish their own

independence or to be protected from


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TThe Peloponnesianhe PeloponnesianWarWar

The Peloponnesian War

reshaped the Ancient

Greek world.

On the level of

international relations,Athens, the strongest city-

state in Greece prior to the

war's beginning, was

reduced to a state of near-

complete subjection,while Sparta became

established as the leading

power of Greece.


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Urban LifeUrban Life

Some of the Geek city-states wereorganized according to the plan ofHippadamos of Miletus.

Hippadamos was an ancient GreekUrban Planner, and is considered to bethe father ofurbanplanning.

The two great Classical orders, the Doricand Ionic (A style of architecturaldecoration), continued to be used butless formal fashion than before.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning


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******

Temples proliferated. Greek cities remained as the centers

of consumption rather than

production. Land ownership was the essential

parameter of elite status.


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Social Life: GymnasiumSocial Life: Gymnasium

The most innovative developmentwas the appearance ofgymnasium.

It was used for both physicalrecreation and artistic purposes.

It was also a place for socializing and

engaging in intellectual recreations.


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TThe gymnasium,he gymnasium, AAncientncient MMessini,essini,GreeceGreece


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Social Life: TheaterSocial Life: Theater

The theatre of ancient Greece,flourished in ancient Greecebetween c. 550 and c. 220 BC.

The city-state ofAthens, whichbecame a significant cultural,political and military power during

this period, was its centre, where itwas institutionalised as part of afestival.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/550_BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/220_BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/220_BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/550_BChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece


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Panoramic view of thePanoramic view of the HellenicHellenic theatretheatre

atat EpidaurusEpidaurus..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidaurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidaurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidaurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece


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A blueprint of an Ancient Theatre. Terms areA blueprint of an Ancient Theatre. Terms are

inin Greek languageGreek language andand Latin lettersLatin letters..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_lettershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language


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Houses in ancientHouses in ancientAthensAthens

*


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New age began...New age began...

Macedonian Kingdom in 338 gained thecontrol of many city-states.

Under the rule of Alexander (336 323),

the Aegean resources were mobilizedin a campaign against the Persians. With the conquests of Alexander,

Macedonian authority and Greek

culture reached to Afghanistan andmany parts of Asia and Egypt. With the death of Alexander, his Empire

was fragmented.

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