3. English Grammar for Smt. III

8/18/2019 3. English Grammar for Smt. III

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/3-english-grammar-for-smt-iii 1/46

ENGLISH GRAMMARS FOR SMT III

LECTURERS:

Dr. Baso Andi Pallawa, Di. TEFL., M.Pd

Drs. !os, E. O"iw#$#n

UNE%EN SEMESTER &'()*&'(+

(



THE PARTS OF SPEECH

Par$ o s--" is $"- o//on na/- or a word lass 0 A a$-1or2 in$o w"i" words ar- la-d aordin1$o $"- wor3 $"-2 do in a s-n$-n-. H-r- 2o#4ll 5-in$rod#-d $o $"- -i1"$ $radi$ional ar$s o s--".L-arnin1 $"- na/-s o $"- ar$s o s--" ro5a5l2won4$ /a3- 2o# wi$$2 6l-7-r8 w-al$"2, or wis-. Ina$, l-arnin1 9#s$ $"- names o $"- ar$s o s--"

won4$ -7-n /a3- 2o# a 5-$$-r wri$-r. B#$ 2o# will1ain a 5asi #nd-rs$andin1 o $"- En1lis" lan1#a1-, w"i" s"o#ld "-l 2o# ollow $"- o$"-r l-ssons"-r- a$ a5o#$ Gra//ar and Co/osi$ion. And$"os- l-ssons will "-l 2o# $o i/ro7- 2o#r wri$in1.

&

http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/wordclassterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/partsspeechterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/e/g/englishlanguageterm.htm






-- in /ind $"a$ onl2 in$-r9-$ions 6;<-s=;8 "a7- a "a5i$ os$andin1

alon- 6or alon1sid- o/l-$- s-n$-n-s8. T"- o$"-r ar$s os--"

no#ns, rono#ns, 7-r5s, ad9-$i7-s ad7-r5s, r-osi$ions, andon9#n$ions00o/- in /an2 7ari-$i-s and /a2 a-ar 9#s$ a5o#$

an2w"-r- in a s-n$-n-. To 3now or s#r- w"a$ ar$ o s--" a

word is, w- "a7- $o loo3 no$ onl2 a$ $"- word i$s-l 5#$ also a$i$s

/-anin1, osi$ion, and #s- in a s-n$-n-.

Par$s o S--"

(. T"- ar$ o s--" 6or word lass8 $"a$ is #s-d $o na/- orid-n$i2 a -rson, la-, $"in1, >#ali$2, or a$ion. Ad9-$i7-:nominal .

A no#n or no#n "ras- an #n$ion as a s#59-$,dir-$ o59-$, indir-$ o59-$, o/l-/-n$, aosi$i7-, oro59-$ o a r-osi$ion. In addi$ion, no#ns so/-$i/-s /odi2 o$"-r no#ns $o or/ o/o#nd no#ns.

?

http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/interjecterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nounterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/pronounterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/verbterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/adjecterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/adverbterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/prepositerm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/conjuncterm.htm



http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nominterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/subject.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dirobjecterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/indirobjterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/complterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/apposterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/objprepterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/modterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/compnounterm.htm


http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/modterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/objprepterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/apposterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/complterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/indirobjterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dirobjecterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/subject.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nominterm.htm



http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/conjuncterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/prepositerm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/adverbterm.htm


http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/verbterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/pronounterm.htm


http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/interjecterm.htm



Mos$ no#ns "a7- 5o$" a sin1#lar and l#ral or/, an 5- r--d-d 52 an ar$il- and*or on-or /or- ad9-$i7-s, and an s-r7- as $"- "-ad

o a no#n "ras-.@. T2-s o No#ns:

• A5s$ra$ No#n and Conr-$- No#n

• Ani/a$- No#n and Inani/a$- No#n

• A$$ri5#$i7- No#n• Coll-$i7- No#n

• Co//on No#n and Pro-r No#n

• Co/o#nd No#n

• Co#n$ No#n and Mass No#n

)

http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/singularterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/pluralterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/articleterm.htm


http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/headterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nounphraseterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/abstrerm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/concreterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/animatenounterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/inanimatenounterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/Attributive-Noun.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/collnounterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/comnounterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/propnounterm.htm


http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/countnounterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/massnounterm.htm






http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/collnounterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/Attributive-Noun.htm


http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/animatenounterm.htm




http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/headterm.htm







(. A5s$ra$ No#n is a no#n $"a$ anno$ 5- s--n, $o#"-d 5#$ 5--l$: wind, id-a, air. On $"- o$"-r "ands, onr-$- no#n is a no#n$"a$ an 5- s--n, $o#"-d.

&. Ani/a$- no#n 0 A s-/an$i a$-1or2 o no#n, r--rrin1 $o a-rson, ani/al, or o$"-r r-a$#r-. Con$ras$ wi$" inani/a$- no#n r--rs $o a la-, $"in1, or id-a00no$ a -rson, ani/al, or o$"-rr-a$#r-.

T"- /os$ i$-d 1-nd-r-d r--r-n- $o an inani/a$- o59-$ $oda2

/a2 5- $"- #s- o she $o r--r $o ships. T"is #sa1- was rs$ no$-d

52 B-n !onson in "is English Grammar o ()' "- na/-s s"is as

an --$ion $o $"- r#l- $"a$ it r--rs $o inani/a$- o59-$s . . .. In&''&, i$ was anno#n-d $"a$ Llo2d4s Lis$, $"- world4s 5-s$03nown

so#r- o /ari$i/- 5#sin-ss n-ws and inor/a$ion, wo#ld s$o

#sin1 she in r--r-n- $o s"is, swi$"in1 o7-r ins$-ad $o it . 6Ann-

C#ran, Gender Shifts in the History of English. Ca/5rid1- Uni7.

Pr-ss, &''?8.+



http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/gendersociolinguisticsterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/gendersociolinguisticsterm.htm





?. A$$ri5#$- No#n 0 r--rs $o a no#n $"a$ /odi-s ano$"-rno#n and #n$ions as an ad9-$i7-. Also 3nown as a no#nad9#n$. 6-.1.: s-a ira$-, or"an "o#s-, /idwi-aad-/2, -$.8.

). Coll-$i7- No#n R--rs $o a no#n 6s#" as team,committee, or family 8 $"a$ r--rs $o a 1ro# o indi7id#als.

N.B. In A/-rian En1lis", oll-$i7- no#ns usually $a3-sin1#lar 7-r5 or/s. Coll-$i7- no#ns an 5- r-la-d 52

5o$" sin1#lar and l#ral rono#ns d--ndin1 on $"-ir/-anin1. S-- Ea/l-: ;Ma3- s#r- 2o# "a7- nis"-ds-a3in1 5-or- 2o#r audience "as nis"-d lis$-nin1.

;No#ns s#" as committee, family, government, jury , andsquad

$a3- a sin1#lar 7-r5 or rono#n w"-n $"o#1"$ o as a sin1l-#ni$,

5#$ a l#ral 7-r5 or rono#n w"-n $"o#1"$ o as a oll-$iono

Indi7id#als.



S-7-ral 7-r5s an 5- ollow-d 52 a 1-r#nd or an

inni$i7- 7-r5 wi$"o#$ "a7in1 di-r-n$/-anin1s.

Finis", 5-1in, s$ar$

I will nis" $-a"in1 a$ () ./ I will nis" $o$-a" a$ () ./.

S-7-ral 7-r5s an 5- ollow-d 52 a 1-r#nd or aninni$i7- 7-r5 "a7in1 di-r-n$ /-anin1s

S$o, n--d, wan$.

I s$o $-a"in1 a$ () ./

I s$o $o $-a" a$ $"- in$-rs-$ion $"-r- or$-a"in1 a$ STIE.



N--d J G-r#nd assi7- /-anin1. E.1.:

I n--d $-a"in1 52 2o# Sa2a -rl# dia9arol-"/#.

I wan$ $-a"in1 52 2o# Sa2a /a# dia9arol-"/#

N--d J $o inni$i7- 7-r5 a$i7- /-anin1. E.1:

I n--d $o $-a" 2o# Sa2a -rl# /-n1a9ar 3a/#

I wan$ $o $-a" 2o# Sa2a /a# /-n1a9ar 3a/i I wan$ $o $-a" 2o#

I n--d $-a"in1 52 2o# I

n--d $o 5- $a#1"$ 52 2o#I wan$ $-a"in1 52 2o# Iwan$ $o 5- $a#1"$ 52 2o#



;I$ is ossi5l- or sin1#lar oll-$i7- no#ns $o 5- ollow-d-i$"-r 52

a sin1#lar or a l#ral 7-r5 or/: The audience wasdelighted with

the performance. The audience were delighted with the

performance. T"- rs$ o $"-s- o$ions is nor/al inA/-rian

En1lis". In Bri$is" En1lis" 5o$" o$ions ar- o#nd.

6G-or-2 L--", A Glossary of English Grammar .Edin5#r1" Uni7. Pr-ss, &''8

+. Co//on No#n

• A no#n $"a$ an 5- r--d-d 52 $"- d-ni$- ar$il- 6the8and $"a$ r-r-s-n$s on- or all o $"- /-/5-rs o a lass.

• As a 1-n-ral r#l-, a o//on no#n do-s no$ 5-1in wi$" aai$al l-$$-r #nl-ss i$ a-ars a$ $"- s$ar$ o a s-n$-n-. Con$ras$ wi$" ro-r no#n.

@


http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/defarticleterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/capletters.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/senterm.htm



http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/senterm.htm


http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/defarticleterm.htm




A student of Tadulako University must besmart.

The student of Tadulako University mustbe smart.



• Co//on no#ns an 5- s#5di7id-d in$o o#n$ no#ns and/ass no#ns. S-/an$iall2, o//on no#ns an 5- lassi-d asa5s$ra$ no#ns and onr-$- no#ns.

• A no#n 5-lon1in1 $o $"- lass o words #s-d as na/-s or

#ni>#- indi7id#als, -7-n$s, or la-s. Con$ras$ wi$"o//on no#n.

• Mos$ ro-r no#ns 6or -a/l-, red, !ew "or#, $ars, %oca%ola8 5-1in wi$" a ai$al l-$$-r. Pro-r no#ns ar- no$ #s#all2r--d-d 52 ar$il-s or o$"-r d-$-r/in-rs. Mos$ ro-r no#nsar- sin1#lar.

. Co/o#nd No#n

•. Two or /or- no#ns o/5in-d $o or/ a sin1l- no#n.

•. Co/o#nd no#ns ar- wri$$-n as s-ara$- words 61ra- r#i$ 9#i-8, as words lin3-d 52 a "2"-n 6sis$-r0in0law8, or as on-word 6s"ool$-a"-r8.

•. A o/o#nd-d no#n w"os- or/ no lon1-r l-arl2 r-7-als i$sori1in 6s#" as 5onr- or /ars"all8 is so/-$i/-s all-d ana/al1a/a$-d o/o#nd. Man2 la- na/-s 6or $oon2/s8ar- a/al1a/a$-d o/o#nds: -.1., Norwi" 6nor$" J 7illa1-8and S#ss- 6so#$" J Saons8.

•. K






http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nameterm.htm




http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/determterm.htm



http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/hyphenterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/toponymterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/toponymterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/hyphenterm.htm



http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/determterm.htm




http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nameterm.htm








N.B: TOPON<M

A la- na/- or a word oin-d in assoia$ion wi$" $"-na/- o a

la-. Ad9-$i7-s: toponymic and toponymous. T"- s$#d2 os#"

la- na/-s is 3nown as toponymics or toponymy 00a5ran" o

ono/as$is.

T2-s o $oon2/ inl#d- agronym 6$"- na/- o a -ld or

as$#r-8, dromonym 6$"- na/- o a $ransor$a$ion ro#$-8,

drymonym 6$"- na/- o a or-s$ or 1ro7-8, econym 6$"-na/- o a

7illa1- or $own8, limnonym 6$"- na/- o a la3- or ond8,

and necronym 6$"- na/- o a -/-$-r2 or 5#rial 1ro#nd8@. Co#n$ No#n 0 A no#n $"a$ r--rs $o an o59-$ or id-a

$"a$ an or/ a l#ral or o#r in a no#n "ras- wi$" anind-ni$- ar$il- or wi$" n#/-rals. Con$ras$ wi$"/ass no#n 6or nono#n$ no#n).

9

http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/onomasticsterm.htm




http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/indefterm.htm


http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/noncounterm.htm





http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/indefterm.htm




http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/onomasticsterm.htm



"T"- s$#d2 o la-0na/-s 6toponymy 8 is los-l2 alli-d$o 1-o1ra"2, "is$or2, and r-la$-d disilin-s. T"-s$#d2 o -rsonal na/-s 6anthroponymy 8 is r-la$-d $o1-n-alo12, soiolo12, and an$"roolo12. Ano$"-r s#50

disilin- is literary onomastics, w"i" -a/in-s $"-#s- o ro-r na/-s in li$-ra$#r-, and o$-n o#s-son $"- na/-s o "ara$-rs in $ion 6characternyms8.A ri/ar2 r->#ir-/-n$ o ono/as$is is $"-laria$ion o -r$ain 5asi $-r/s r-la$in1 $o $"-

on-$ proper name. In as#al #sa1-, ro-r na/-s,ro-r no#ns, and ai$ali-d words ar- o$-n $a3-n$o 5- $"- sa/- $"in1. T"a$ ass#/$ion, "ow-7-r, an/isl-ad, 5-a#s- $"- $"r-- -r-ssions r--r $o $"r--di-r-n$ $"in1s w"i" ar$iall2 o7-rla.;

6!o"n Al1-o, ;Ono/as$is.; The &'ford %ompanion tothe English (anguage, -d. 52 To/ MAr$"#r. OordUni7-rsi$2 Pr-ss, (92)

('



• Mos$ o//on no#ns in En1lis" ar- o#n$a5l-00$"a$is, $"-2 "a7- 5o$" sin1#lar and l#ral or/s.

• Man2 no#ns "a7- 5o$" o#n$a5l- and non0

o#n$a5l- #s-s, s#" as $"- o#n$a5l- ;do-neggs; and $"- non0o#n$a5l- ;egg on "is a-.;

N.B: Loanword Borrowin1 ords

• A word i/or$-d in$o on- lan1#a1- ro/ ano$"-rlan1#a1-. Also all-d a )orrowed word .

• Followin1 $"- Nor/an Con>#-s$, d#rin1 $"- -riodo Middl- En1lis" 6ro#1"l2 (('' $o (+''8, $"-Fr-n" lan1#a1- on$ri5#$-d /an2 loanwords $oEn1lis". O7-r $"- as$ (,+'' 2-ars, En1lis" "as

ado$-d words ro/ /or- $"an ?'' o$"-rlan1#a1-s.

((



http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/languageterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/midenglterm.htm



http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/midenglterm.htm

http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/languageterm.htm





THE PLURALS OF NOUNS

T"r-- 3inds o no#ns: lass0no#ns 6w"i"*$"a$d-no$-8 d-no$in1 -rsons, ani/als and

$"in1s8. Ma$-rial no#ns and A5s$ra$ no#ns.

Class0no#ns an 5- l#rali-d. T"- l#ral ono#ns is /os$l2 or/-d 52 addin1 ‘s’ $o $"-sin1#lar.

A. T"- ron#nia$ion is s a$-r no#ns -ndin1in a 5r-a$"-d so#nd, and * a$-r no#ns-ndin1 in a voiced sound. E.g.+ one ship two s"is, a "a$ $wo "a$s

a 1a/- $wo 1a/-s 68

a 5-d 0 $"r-- 5-ds 68

(&



B. -s is "ow-7-r, add-d $o no#ns -ndin1:

(. In "issin1 so#nd T"- -ndin1 -es isrono#n-d i

E.1.: 5#s 5#s-s, "#r" "#r"-s, -d1- -d1-s

&. In O, r--d-d 52 a onsonan$:

o$a$o o$a$o-s, "-ro "-ro-s

BUT: a/-o a/-os 69-w-lr28, s$#dio s$#dios

: iano ianos, "o$o "o$os, olio olios.

T"- a5o7- words ar- or-i1n words

?. In 2 r--d-d 52 a onsonan$, $"-n 2"an1-s in$o i J -s. E.1.: lad2 ladi-s, Q2 Qi-s.

(?



). In or - $"-n or - "an1-s in$o ves/

E.1.: wi- wi7-s, 3ni- 3ni7-s, al al7-s6ow 3id8

wol 0 wol7-s, loa loa7-s, $"i- $"i-7-s,

T"i- θi:f or $"i- 6s$-al-r, swindl-r,5#r1lar /alin1, ro55-r -ra/o38.

E-$: roo roos, "oo "oos, "i- "i-s C"i- i: or "i- 6l-ad-r, "-ad o V8.

C. IRREGULAR PLURALS ARE:

a5a#s a5ai, "ild "ildr-n, oo$ --$,

/an /-n, wo/an wo/-n, s"-- s"--,

1oos- 1--s-, d--r d--r, /-ans /-ans,

o o-n 6/al- ow8,

()



B-a#s- man 5-o/-s men, w- also nd:

En1lis"/an En1lis"/-n, Fr-n"/an Fr-n"/-n

D#$"/an D#$"/-n, BUT:

G-r/an G-r/ans, Ro/an Ro/ans

Nor/an Nor/ans.

D. T"- word penny "as $wo l#ral or/s: a -nn2 $"r-- -nni-s 6$"- oin8

a -nn2 & -n- 6$"- 7al#-8

E. Co/o#nd no#ns onsis$in1 o $wo no#ns"a7- $"- si1n o $"- l#ral add-d $o $"-las$ no#n:

on- 1irl s$#d-n$ $wo 1irl s$#d-n$s.

(+



F. Co/o#nd No#ns onsis$in1 o a no#n and ar-osi$ion, $a3- $"- l#ral s a$-r $"- no#n:

E.1.: a ass-r 52 $wo ass-rs 52, loo3-r on &

loo3-rs on. NOTE: "-n in a o/o#nd no#n$"-r- is no no#n, $"- l#ral s is add-d $o $"-las$ word:

one grown up two grown0ups

G. Co/o#nd no#ns -ndin1 in ful $a3- s a$-r$"- -ndin1:

1 )as#etful 2 )as#etfuls, a spoonful 3spoonfuls

1 mouthful 3 mouthfuls 4sesuap penuh5H. T"- ollowin1 words ar- alwa2s #s-d in $"-

sin1#lar or/:

(



F#rni$#r-, s$r-n1$", ro1r-ss, inor/a$ion.

I. T"- ollowin1 1ro#s o words ar- onl2 #s-din $"- l#ral:

(.a. So/- na/-s o 1a/-s : To la2 6a$85illiards, $o la2 6a$8 do/ino-s, $o la2 6a$8ards

(.5. So/- na/-s o si-n-s: /a$"-/a$is,"on-$is, "2sis, /-"anis, oli$is.

NOTE: So/-$i/-s $"-s- words "a7- asin1#lar 7-r5.:

"a$ ar- "is oli$isW

Poli$is is a diX#l$ s#59-$.

(.. So/- na/-s o dis-as-s: /-asl-s 6.a/a38

/#/s 6. Gondo38 (@



(.d. So/- words as: -arrin1s, on$-n$s, wa1-s,sa7in1s.

(.-. So/- na/-s o instruments and articles of

dress, onsis$in1 o $wo ->#al ar$s: s-$al-s 61lass-s8, $ro#s-rs, 3ni3-r5o3-rs

6D#$"/-n 5-o/- N-w <or3 o#la$ion s"or$$ro#s-rs8, draw-rs, $on1s, sissors, o/ass-s.

NOTE: a air o 1lass-s 6$"r-- air o 1lass-s. BUT: a air o s"o-s $wo airs o s"o-s

6onsis$in1 o $wo s-ara$- ar$s8, a air os$o3in1s $wo airs o s$o3in1 a air o

lo7-s o#r airs o lo7-s a air o -arrin1s $"r-- airs o -arrin1s.

(K



THE GENDER 6!ENIS ELAMIN8

No#n an 5- masculine, feminine, or neuter+

(. No#ns d-no$in1 6w"i" d-no$-8 -rsons, -i$"-r

masculine, or feminine ar- $"#s r--rrin1 $o $"-rono#n -he etc.

NOTE: T"- no#ns child and )a)y ar- o$-n n-#$-rand $"-n r--rr-d $o 52 $"- rono#ns it, its.

&. No#ns d-no$in1 ani/als ar- /os$l2 n-#$-r, 5#$

so/-$i/-s na/-s o lar1- and s$ron1 ani/als as:lion, "ors-, $i1-r, do1, ar- /as#lin-, w"il- na/-s os/all ani/als as: a$, ra55i$, ra$ ar- -/inin-.

?. A no#n d-no$in1 6w"i" d-no$-s8 a $"in1 is n-#$-rand is r--rr-d $o 52 $"- word i$.

). Na/-s o o#n$r2, s"i, -n1in-, ar$i#larl2 w"-n-rsoni-d, ar- -/inin-. E.1.: To ro$-$ $"- na$ion,$"- Indon-sian o#n$r2 n--ds "-r sons $o 5- ar/i-s.

(



Tidar s"i "as 5--n &+ 2-ars old, so s"-n--ds r-airin1 6n--ds $o 5- r-air-d8.

T"- -n1in- o 2o#r ar /#s$ 5- "an1-d5-a#s- s"- 6i$8 "as 5--n old.

+. So/- no#ns $"- -ndin1 ess is #s-d $od-no$- $"- -/al- s-, -.1.:

a$or a$r-ss, a#$"or a#$"or-ss "-ir 6a"li waris8 "-ir-ss "os$ "os$-ss

1od 1odd-ss, lion lion-ss

o#n$6lord8 o#n$-ss, $i1-r $i1r-ss

d#3- 6lord8 d#"-ss, n-1ro n-1r-ss

-/-ror -/r-ss 6/a"arani8,

rin- rin-ss, &'



GUIDELINES OF ENLISH ARTICLES 6a, an Y $"-8

(. A 6an8 an 5- #s-d wi$" an2$"in1 $"a$ an 5-o#n$-d:

a /an, a wo/an, a 5oo3, an #/5r-lla, an -ras-r&. Co#n$a5l- no#n in $"- sin1#lar is alwa2s r--d-d

52 a or $"- A a$ sa$ in $"- window.

T"- a$ sa$ in $"- window.

?. (. An is #s-d w"-n $"- ollowin1 word 5-1ins wi$"$"- so#nd o a 7ow-l. an #nl-, an "o#r,

?.&. A is #s-d w"-n $"- ollowin1 word 5-1ins wi$" aonsonan$ so#nd, 0 a #ni7-rsi$2, a on- lo3.

). A is r-$ain-d #s-d -7-n $"o#1" on- or /or-

ad9-$i7- ar- #s-d 5-or- $"- no#n, 0 a sri1"$l2li$$l- old lad2,

an -n-r1-$i /an, 0 a "a2 s$#d-n$.

&(



+. on- is #s-d ins$-ad o a w"-nn#/5-r is -/"asi-d I "a7- a

-n. I "a7- onl2 on-

-n now, I los$ /2 o$"-r on-.

. A is #s-d wi$" #ni$s o /-as#r-: a 3ilo1ra/, a do-n -11s, on- da2

a w--3,

"al o a do-n a "al do-n.@. A is o$-n #s-d 5-oran

-r-ssion o >#an$i$2 w"i" is no$

a #ni$ o /-as#r-:



NOTE: F-w 6 s-di3i$8 is di-r-n$ ro/ a -w 65-5-raa8:

F-w 5oo3s is l-ss $"an a -w 5oo3s.

Z#i$- a -w a lo$ o, 0 a 1r-a$ d-al*a 1r-a$ /an2/an2.

K. A is #s-d wi$" oss-ssi7- o /-as#r-.[:

T"- "olida2 will las$ a /on$" 6 a /on$"s "olida28

I li3- oran1-. Pl-as- 1i7- /- a >#ar$-rs wor$". 6a >#ar$-r &+ -n$ 0 \ ]8.

. A ollows s#" in an -r-ssion o a#s- or-s#l$:

I$ is s#" a "a2 da2 $"a$ i$ is "ard $o s$a2 indoor.

T"-r- was s#" a 5i1 rowd $"a$ i$ was "ard $o s--$"- /inis$-r o -d#a$ion.

&+



('. A is so/-$i/-s #s-d w"-n $"- o59-$/-n$ion-d s$ands or all i$s 3ind:

T"- 6a8 s$#d-n$ a$ UNTAD 0 I$ do-s no$

/-an $"a$ onl2 on- s$#d-n$ 6Us-d in/a3in1 1-n-ralia$ion a5o#$ a w"ol-1ro#8.

((. T"- /-ans $"a$ o59-$ w"i" I a/$al3in1 a5o#$ and w"i" 2o# 3now a5o#$:

In $"- lassroo/ $"-r- is onl2 on- -ras-r.So I an as3: "-r- is an -ras-r. BUT, i$"-r- ar- s-7-ral -ras-rs, and on- o $"-/is /ar3-d wi$" a 5l#- olor, I an as3:"-r- is $"- -ras-r wi$" $"- 5l#- olorW

&



(&. T"- is r-$ain-d w"-n an ad9-$i7- is #s-d:

T"- -n T"- r-d -n.

T"- odor T"- ra1ran$ odor 65a# "ar#/8 o

war/ 5r-ad.

(?. T"- is #s-d w"-n $"- ad9-$i7- /-n$ion-ds$ands or i$s 3ind 6S-- n#/5-r ('8: $"- 7o$-r, $"-

adol-s-n$.(). T"- is #s-d w"-n $"- s-a3-r and $"-

in$-rlo#$or 5o$" onsid-r w"a$ $"- o59-$ is/-an$:

T"- oX-, $"- #ni7-rsi$2, $"- 5-a", $"-

r-s$a#ran$.(+. T"- is #s-d w"-n $"- o59-$ is #ni>#- 6onl2 on-

o i$s 3ind*lass: T"- s#n, $"- /oon, $"- s32, $"- $7.

&@



(. "-n a is #s-d, $"- rs$ $i/-, an o59-$ is/-n$ion-d $"- is #s-d $"-r- a$-r:

M2 ri-nd "as a arro$. T"- arro$ li3-s $o -a$

5ananas.(@. T"- is #s-d w"-n $"- o59-$ al$"o#1"

/-n$ion-d or $"- rs$ $i/- is los-l2 r-la$-d $oano$"-r o59-$ /-n$ion-d -arli-r: O#r lassroo/is l-asan$. T"- windows ar- lar1-r.

(K. An2 l#ral no#ns an 5- r--d-d 52 $"- i i$is ollow-d 52 a >#ali2in1 "ras- or a la#s-, ino$"-r words, i $"- no#n is 5-in1 #s-d in as-i s-ns-:

M-n in 1-n-ral li3- sor$s. How-7-r $"- /-n inan2 lass n-7-r la2 5as3-$ 5all.

Man2 s$#d-n$s li7- in "os$-l, 2-$ $"- s$#d-n$s I3now all li7- a$ "o/-.

&



(. T"- is #s-d in or/in1 $"- s#-rla$i7-o an ad9-$i7- "ras- or a la#s-:

T"- "ard-s$ $-s$ o $"- s-/-s$-r.

T"- /os$ i/or$an$ n-ws o $"- w--3.

&'. %ario#s words in addi$ion $o on- ana-ar 5-or- $"-: So/- o $"- 5oo3s,

Man2 o $"- s$#d-n$s,So/- o $"- /il3, A lo$ o $"- a/ili-s

&(. T"- is #s-d w"-n i$ is r--d-d 52 $"-word on-:

On- o $"- 000 J l#ral C.N.:

On- o $"- 5oo3s on $"- $a5l-.

On- o $"- s$#d-n$s in $"- lassroo/.

&@



NOTE: -w, a -w, s-7-ral, /an2, /os$, 5o$",so/-, "al

all, an 5- #s-d wi$" V. o $"- V

&&. T"- is #s-d $o india$- ord-r in a s-ri-s6#s- $"- ordinal n#/5-r8:

T"- rs$ Qoor, T"- s-ond lass, T"- $"ird1rad-, T"- o#r$" "a$-r o $"- 5oo3, $"- +$"

$o &'$" and so on.

&?. T"- is o$-n #s-d 5-or- 1-o1ra"iad9-$i7-s:

T"- Uni$-d S$a$-s, T"- Bri$is" E/ir-, T"-En1lis" lan1#a1-

&). T"- is #s-d 5-or- $"- na/-s o ri7-rs,o-an, s-as, and 1#ls 6s$rai$8

&K



E.1.: T"- !a7a s-a, T"- Poso ri7-r, T"- Pai o-an,$"-

1#l o Pal#.

&+. T"- is #s-d 5-or- $"- na/-s o or1ania$ion,s#"

as 5#sin-ss, l#5s and r-s$a#ran$s.

E.1.: T"- Eas$ Indian Tradin1 Co., T"- Marann#

r-s$a#ran$, T"- Isla/i -n$-r, T"- 2o#$" -n$-r,

T"- s-a 7i-w, T"- Ford Fo#nda$ion

&. T"- is #s-d wi$" /#sial ins$r#/-n$s:

Do 2o# li3- $o la2 $"- iano, $"- >#i$ar, $"- 7iolinW

&@. T"- is #s-d wi$" s-ason o $"- 2-ar w"-n a

ar$i#lar $i/- is /-an$.

&



NO ARTICLES

&. Us- no ar$il- 6or so/-8 w"-n a l#ral is#s-d in a 1-n-ral s-ns-:

C"ildr-n la2, S$#d-n$s a$$-nd $"-l-$#r-s.

?'. A anno$ 5- #s-d wi$" a l#ral. T"-l#ral a is no$"in1 or a >#ali-s s#" as

so/-:

I saw a /an I saw so/- /-n.

?(. E7-n w"-n an ad9-$i7- is add-d $o al#ral no#n, $"- l#ral o a is s$ill no$"in16or so/-8:

I saw a "a2 /an I saw "a2 /-n.

?(



?&. Us- no ar$il- 5-or- no#ns in $"- ollowin1ons$r#$ions:

Go $o s"ool, 1o $o "#r", 1o $o 5a3, 1o

"o/-??. Us- no ar$il- w"-n 5r-a3as$, l#n", dinn-r

$o $"- $"r-- /-als -a$-n -7-r2da2:

E "a7- l#n" a$. (.?' - "a7- dinn-r a$

.?',HOE%ER, #s- an ar$il- $o r--r $o a s-ial

/-al:

- "ad a d-liio#s l#n" a$ !-nn2s "o#s-.

T"- ('' r#ia" dinn-r o /i-d ri-.?). No ar$il- is #s-d 5-or- $"- na/-s s$r--$,

road, a7-n#-: S#dir/an a7-n#-, ar$ini s$r--$,Ba$#$-la road.

?&



?+. Us- no ar$il- wi$" $"- na/-s o i$2, ando#n$r2:

Pal#, Indon-sia, C"in-, Don11ala,

E-$ion: T"- Uni$-d S$a$-s, T"- Bri$is" Isl-s,T"- So7i-$ Union 6T"- USSR8, T"- P-ol-sR-#5li o C"ina, T"- R-#5li o V.

?. Na/-s o la-s ar- no$ r-di$a5l- ,

so/-$i/-s $"-2 #s- ar$il-s, so/-$i/-s $"-2do no$.:

Ta/an Ria B#/i Ba"ari, ar-5osi -ld, T"-THR or s-i la-.

?@. i$" U.N, a is n-7-r #s-d -7-n $"o#1"$"-2 ar- sin1#lar in or/:

S#1ar, 0 $"- s#1ar, 0 so/- s#1ar 6s-di3i$ 1#la8

??



F#rni$#r-, 0 $"- #rni$#r-, so/- #rni$#r- 6#s-$"- or no ar$il- a$ all, or a >#ali-r so/-8

?K. S-7-ral U.Ns and C.Ns $"a$ an 5- s--n and

/-as#r- ar- >#ali-d 52 a 7ani$26sia$8 o #ni$so /-as#r/-n$:

A # o o--, A 1lass o /il3, A 5#n" o5ananas, A "-rd 6s-3-lo/o38 o ow, A 5o$$l-o in3, A 5ar o soa, A loa o 5r-ad, A sli- o

5r-ad*/-a$, A air o s"o-s, A air o 1lass-s, A1ro7-*l#/ o 5a/5oo,

A dro o wa$-r, A air o $ro#s-r, A air-arrin1s,

A "and#l o ri-, A rowd o -ol-, A i-- oland,

A a3 o i1ar-$$-s, A a3a1- o i1ar-$$-s,A 5#n" o 3-2s, A 5o o /a$"-s, A s-$ o

5oo3s, A lin- o ar, A n#/5-r o ar ?)



A il- o : wood, s$on-s, ro3s8

?. So/- words ar- #s-d as 5o$" C.N. and U.N:

B#sin-ss is 1ood. O#r a$"-r r#ns a 5#sin-ss a$

Pari1i.Br-ad is /ad- ro/ 1rain. Bo2 5r-ad is a

d-liio#s 5r-ad.

Mil3 is a ood M-a$ is a ood.

%OCABULAR<:L#n" s/all /-al 6#s#all2 a$ noon8.

Dinn-r lar1- /-al 6 #s#all2 in $"- -7-nin18. I$ is

so/-$i/-s in $"- a$-rnoon on S#nda2 and on

"olida2.S#-r a li1"$ /-al in $"- -7-nin1.

Br-a3as$ s/all /-al in $"- /ornin1.

?+



Br#n" a sna3 5-$w--n 5r-a3as$ and l#n" or ala$-

5r-a3as$.

A sna3 Can 5- a$ an2 $i/- A s/all -$ra /-al iw-

ar- "#n1r2.

D-ss-r$ r#i$ or a3- a$-r a /-al.

D-s-r$ dr2 sand2 land

)'. T"- is no$ #s-d a$-r $"- oss-ssi7- rono#ns:

M2 $"- 5oo3s ar- on $"- $a5l-. Inorr-$

M2 5oo3s ar- on $"- $a5l- Corr-$.

?

3. English Grammar for Smt. III

Documents

Transcript of 3. English Grammar for Smt. III