3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New Militarism
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Transcript of 3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New Militarism
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Into the Eighteenth CenturyAn Increasingly Militaristic EIC
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1660 Restoration of Charles II
• 1662 Marries Catherine of Breganza, Portugal
• Dowry
– Bombay
– Tangier
• Tea
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A Bulk Import−Saltpeter
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Tea
• 1657 Introduced at Thomas Garraway’s coffee house
• Used as medicinal
• 1669 British East India company receives its first order: two canisters of tea weighing 143 lbs 8 oz from Bantam (Banten, Java)
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Tea as a Court Drink
• 1662 Catherine of Braganza brings a preference to England
• Use no longer medicinal
• Popular with literary figures
• Popular with women
• Where does tea come from?
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Beginning of Textile Imports
• Initially little interest and minor imports
• Becomes significant in 1660s
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Indian Textile Technology
• Use of alkaline mordant to create bright colorfast chintz
• Dyes
– Madder (red)
– Indigo (blue)
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Chintz bed cover, 1625-1685
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Floral chintz fragmentmid 17th C.
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English Calico 1690 India Chintz 1720
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Asian Trade
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Protest
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Pamphlet War
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Calico Acts
1701
• Ban “all calicos painted, dyed, printed or stained”
• Import undyed cloth to be dyed in England
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Calico Acts
1721
• Banned not only the importation, but also the use and sale of most cotton items
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Popular enforcement
• Dorothy Orwell
• Women wearing calicoes had acid thrown at their clothing
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Interlopers
• East India Company officials suspect for their support of the Stuarts
• Others try to break into the trade with Asia
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Issues
• Stability of market
• Prerogatives of king and Parliament to regulate trade
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Competition
1689 Case limited ability of EIC to enforce its monopoly by seizing competing ships
EIC to maintain monopoly by gifts
1694 Act deregulates trade (vote, 91-90)
1698 Create English Company Trading to the East Indies with government backing
– EIC stockholders invest £315,000
– William given £200,000 to offset customs
– Old Company given 3 years to dissolve
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EIC Lives On
• 1702 Given right to incorporate
• 1708 Companies merge as United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies
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Private Trade
• EIC personnel partner in country trade
• EIC personnel invest in precious stones for the European market
• Diamonds – A look at two diamond traders
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Diamond Mining AreasCoromandel Coast, Golconda, Carnatic
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Thomas “Diamond” Pitt (1653-1726)
2nd son of rector
1674 Interloper in India
1683 Arrested and later fined
1694 Taken on by EICPresident of Madras
1709 Removed from office
Grandfather of William Pitt
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Pitt/Regent Diamond
• Rumored to have been stolen from a slave by an English sea captain and sold to an Indian merchant
• 1701 Bought by Thomas Pitt, Governor of Madras, for £20,400
• 410 carat rough cut in London to create a 141 stone for ~£5,000
• Pitt estate £300,000 ($49,000,000 $2017)
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Alexander Pope vesion
Asleep and naked as an INDIAN lay
An honest factor stole a gem away;
He pledged it to the Knight, the Knight had wit,
So kept the diamond, and the rogue was bit.
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Regent Diamond
1717 sold to Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. Regent for Louis XV for £135,000
1722 Set in crown of Louis XV
1775 Set in crown of Louis XVI; reused in a hat of Marie Antoinette
1791 Appraised at £480,000; security for the Directoire
1801 Redeemed by Napoleon
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Regent Diamond
• Restored to monarchy
• Used in crowns of Louis XVIII, Charles X and Napoleon III.
• Mounted in a Greek diadem designed for Empress Eugenie
• 1887 In Louvre
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Napoleon in Coronation Robes, Francois Gerard
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Charles X, François Gérard.
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Napoleon III receiving the Siamese embassy at the palace of Fontainebleau in 1864. Jean-Léon Gérôme
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Regent Diamond, Louvre
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A Well Known Governor
• Started with the EIC at Madras ~1671
• Governor 1684-5; 1687-92
• Directors often engaged in diamond trading on behalf of London merchants, particularly Jewish merchants who were barred from Madras
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Fired for Illegal Profiteering
• Married in Madras but childless
• Trading scrutinized; dismissed
• Returned to London and went into diamond business
• Supporter of Anglican Church
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Philanthropist
• Had enlarged hospital in Madras
• 1713 Gave 32 books to the Collegiate School at Saybrook
• 1718 Asked to make a substantial gift
• Gave more books, a portrait of George I and Indian textiles worth £800
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New building and naming rights
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Greatest extent of Mughal Empire
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Hyderabad governor breaks with Mughals
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Maratha Confederacy (Empire)
• Grandson of rebel Shivaji, revives Maratha push for independence
• Power granted to hereditary family of chief ministers who become the real leaders after 1749
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Marathas in 1750
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A Weak Mughal Empire
• 1735 Marathas control Malwa and Gujirat
• 1737 Marathas defeat Mughal army at Battle of Delhi
– Sack Delhi
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1739 Persian invasion
• Nader Shah defeats larger Mughal armies in battles at Khyber Pass and Karnal
• Mughal emperor, Muhammad Shah is captured
• His troops plunder and sack Delhi
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Sack of Delhi
• Muhammad Shah sues for peace
– Territory is returned
– Peacock throne, symbol of empire, is taken
Replacement for Peacock Throne ~1850
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War of the Austrian Succession
1740 Begun in Europe and involved multiple powers
1742 Britain joins, largely in defense of Hanover
English and French East India Companies discuss non-agression
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First Carnatic War
• François Dupleix French governor-general at Pondicherry, attempts to expand influence by exploiting succession conflicts in neighboring Indian states
• 1745 Royal Navy squadron captured some French merchant ships; fight inconclusive battle with French EIC fleet
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Carnatic Wars
• Indian conflict between Arcot and Hyderabad (Nizam)
• British forts at Madras and Cuddalore
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First Carnatic War: 1745 French capture Madras
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Madras
• Dupleix wants to turn Madras over to Nawabof Carnatic while his naval commander wants to give it to EIC for ransom
• Nawab attacks and is defeated by the French
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Battle of Cuddalore
1746 Force under Nawab of Carnatic repuls French attack on Fort St. David, Madras
1748 French attack Cuddalore is defeated by Major Stringer Lawrence
1748 Royal Navy fleet carrying army troops fails in siege of Pondicherry
Stringer Lawrence, Gainsborough
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Stringer Lawrence
Becomes first commander of combined army of East India Company
“Father of the Indian Army”
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East India Company Employees
1676 Masulipatnam
– 18 employees.
– one returned to England after being dismissed
– 32 English free merchants
– 14 died in India,
– 16 unknown fate
– 2 returned to England
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Madras Employees
1677
• 29 persons
• 18 died in India,
• 9 returned to England (including three former governors, one was dismissed and one went mad)