2standards and Protocols

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STANDARDSSTANDARDS

ANDANDPROTOCOLSPROTOCOLS


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1. Organizations For1. Organizations ForCommunication StandardsCommunication Standards

Standards are developed by cooperation among

standards creation committees, forums, and

government regulatory agencies.

Standards Creation Committees

a) International Standards Organization (ISO)

b) International elecommunications !nion (I!)

c) "merican #ational Standards Institute ("#SI)d) Institute of $lectrical and $lectronics $ngineers

(I$$$)

e) $lectronic Industries "ssociation ($I")

f) Internet $ngineering as% Force (I$F)


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a) International Standardsa) International StandardsOrganization (ISO)Organization (ISO)

& " multinational body 'ose membersip is dra'nmainly from te standards creation committees ofvarious governments trougout te 'orld

& edicated to 'orld'ide agreement oninternational standards in a variety field.

& Currently includes *+ membersips industrializednations.

& "ims to facilitate te international ecange ofgoods and services by providing models forcompatibility, improved -uality, increased -uality,increased productivity and decreased prices.


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& "lso %no'n as Internationalelecommunications !nion&elecommunication Standards Sector (I!&)

& "n international standards organization

related to te !nited #ations tat developsstandards for telecommunications.

& 'o popular standards developed by I!&are

i) / series 0 transmission over pone linesii) series 0 transmission over publicdigital net'or%s, email and directoryservices and IS#.

b) International elecommunicationsb) International elecommunications

!nion (I!)!nion (I!)


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c) "merican #ational Standardsc) "merican #ational StandardsInstitute ("#SI)Institute ("#SI)

& " non&profit corporation not affiliated 'it!S government.

& "#SI members include professional

societies, industry associations,governmental and regulatory bodies, andconsumer groups.

& iscussing te internet'or% planning andengineering, IS# services, signaling, andarcitecture and optical ierarcy.


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d) Institute of $lectrical and $lectronicsd) Institute of $lectrical and $lectronics$ngineers (I$$$)$ngineers (I$$$)

& e largest national professional groupinvolved in developing standards forcomputing, communication, electricalengineering, and electronics.

& "ims to advance teory, creativity andproduct -uality in te fields of electricalengineering, electronics and radio.

& It sponsored an important standard forlocal area net'or%s called 2ro3ect *4+ (eg.*4+.5, *4+.6 and *4+.7 standards.)


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e) $lectronic Industries "ssociatione) $lectronic Industries "ssociation($I")($I")

& "n association of electronicsmanufacturers in te !S.

& 2rovide activities include public

a'areness education and lobbyingefforts in addition to standardsdevelopment.

& 8esponsible for developing te $I"&+5+& and $I"&754 standards.


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f) Internet $ngineering as%f) Internet $ngineering as%Force (I$F)Force (I$F)

& Concerned 'it speeding te gro'tand evolution of Internetcommunications.

& e standards body for te Internetitself

& 8evie's internet soft'are andard'are.


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+. Communication 2rotocols+. Communication 2rotocols

Definition& 2rotocol is a set of rules tat govern all aspect of datacommunication bet'een computers on a net'or%.

& ese rules include guidelines tat regulate te follo'ingcaracteristics of a net'or% access metod, allo'ed

pysical topologies, types of cabling, and speed of datatransfer.

& " protocol defines 'at, o', 'en it communicated.& e %ey elements of a protocol are synta, semantics and

timing.

& 2rotocols are to computers 'at languageis to umans.Since tis article is in $nglis, to understand it you must beable to read $nglis. Similarly, for t'o devices on a net'or%to successfully communicate, tey must both understandte same protocols.


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$lements of protocol$lements of protocol

i) Snta!

e structure or format of te data.

$g. " simple protocol9

:6bits* bits * bits

Senderaddress

8eceiveraddress

data


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ii)Semantics

& 8efers to te meaning of eac

section of bits.

& o' is a particular pattern to beinterpreted, and 'at action is to beta%en based on tat interpretation.

$g. oes an address identify te routeto be ta%en or te final of temessage;


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iii) Timing

8efers to t'o caracteristics

a.


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Caracteristics of protocolCaracteristics of protocol

a) Direct " indirect& communication bet'een t'o entities

maybe direct or indirect.i) point#to#point lin$

& connection provides a dedicated lin%bet'een t'o devices& te entities in tese systems may

communicate directly tat is data and

control information pass directlybet'een entities 'it no interveningactive agent.


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ii) multipoint lin$

& connection more tan t'o devices can

sare a single lin% & e entities must be concerned 'it te

issue of access control and ma%ing te

protocol more comple.


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b) %onolithic " structured & e tas% of communication

bet'een entities on different

systems is too comple to beandled as a unit.


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$g. "n electronic mail pac%age runningon t'o computers connected by a

syncronous =?C lin%. o bestructured, te pac%age 'ould needto include all of te =?C logic. If te

connection 'ere over a pac%et&s'itced net'or%, te pac%aged'ould still need te =?C logic toattac it to te net'or%.


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c) Smmetric " asmmetric

& Symmetric is te most use in

protocol and involve communicationbet'een peer entities.

& "symmetry may be dictated by te

logic of an ecange (eg9 client anda server process) te desire to %eep

one of te entities or systems as

simple as possible.


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d) Standard @ nonstandard

If Kdifferent %inds of information

sources ave to communicate 'it Ltypes of information receivers, asmany as K x Ldifferent protocols are

needed 'itout standards and a totalof 2 x K x Limplementations arere-uired

If all systems sared a commonprotocol, only K+Limplementations'ould be needed.


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Common protocol usedCommon protocol usedProtocol Acronm Remar$s

2oint o 2oint 222 !sed to manage net'or%communication over amodem

ransfer@ransmission Control 2rotocol C2 @ I2 Aac%bone protocol. emost 'idely used protocol.

Internet'or% pac%age ecange I2 Standard protocol for #ovell#OS

#etAIOS etended user interface #etA$!I >icrosoft protocol tat

doesnBt support routing tooter net'or%. 8unning only?

"pple al% "pple al% 2rotocol suite to net'or%>acintos computer and apeer&to&peer net'or%protocol

OSI >odel OSI ?ayers " 'ay of illustrating o'

information functions travelstroug net'or% of its layers.


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&. Net'or$ Protocols&. Net'or$ Protocolsa) Simple Net'or$ %anagement Protocol

(SN%P)

& "llo's simple maintenance and remotemonitoring of any device on a net'or%.

& 2, administrators can address issues

suc as problems 'it a net'or% card in aserver, a program, or service on te server, or adevice suc as a ub or a router.

&


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b) ser Diagram Protocol (DP) Rela

& " connectionless protocol tat operates at

te transport layer of te C2@I2 and OSImodels.

& !2 is an unreliable delivery service, it

does not re-uire receiving protocols toac%no'ledge te receipt of te pac%et.

& e advantage of !2 is9 it does notconcentrate on establising a connection,

it can transmit more information in asmaller amount of time tan C2.


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c) *irtual LAN(*LAN)

& " logical grouping of net'or% devices

or users tat are not restricted to apysical s'itc segment.

& e devices or users in a /?"# can

be grouped by function, department,and application, regardless of teirpysical segment location.

& " /?"# creates a single broadcast

domain tat is not restricted to apysical segment and is treated li%ea subnet.


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d) Routing +nformation Protocol (R+P)

& " protocol supplied 'it !#I AS

systems.

& !sed to transfer routing informationbet'een routers tat are located in te

same domain.& 8I2 uses op count as a routing metrics.

& "llo's te router to determine 'ic patit 'ill use to send, based on a concept%no'n as distance&vector routing.


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e) Open Shortest Path ,irst (OSP,)

& " lin%&state routing protocol based onopen standards. " better description,migt be Ddetermination of optimum patEbecause tis interior gate'ay protocolactually uses several criteria to determinete best route to a destination.

& ese criteria include cost metrics, 'icfactor in suc tings as route speed,traffic, reliability, and security.


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f) -ualit Of Serice (-oS)

& #et'or% management traffic

& 2rovide traffic management onnet'or% particularly during times ofcongestion or failure.

& oS also give preferential treatmentif a node does not reac te 'ort

levels during te pac%etstransmission.

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