2nd Defense Group Brief

8/10/2019 2nd Defense Group Brief

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UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT TITLE: POTENTIALS OF PULVERIZEDPOLYVINYL WASTE AS A BINDER IN CONCRETE.

GROUP MEMBERS:

EHIKHUENMEN Samuel O. 090402021

LASOJU Folasade 090402036

ILUYOMADE Gbemisola 080402019

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE (Bsc.) in

CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Supervised By:

DR EFE EWAEN IKPONMWOSA.

FEBRUARY, 2014.


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CONTENTS

Introduction

Literature Review

Methodology

Results and Discussions

Conclusions and Recommendations

Photo Galleries.


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INTRODUCTION

cost of erect

Concrete is the worlds second most

consumed material after water. Inconstruction today, the cost oferecting a structure that would be ofmaximum strength and good qualityis very high due to the cost of

purchasing construction materials.Cement, a major component inconcrete is known to be quiteexpensive and its replacement hasbeen a major target of recent

research efforts.This has led to the quest for readilyavailable alternative materials whichare cheaper and relatively easy toproduce locally.


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PROJECT AIM & OBJECTIVE

Aim: To determine the Potentials of pulverized polyvinyl wasteas binder in concrete and its impact on the strengthcharacteristics of concrete.

Objective: To determine the optimum replacement percentageof polyvinyl waste in concrete with the view of reducing cost of

structure without compromising safety policies or structural

integrity. That is, producing structures with high economic

impact factors (local & global).


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Scope of study:

In this project, we considered

Evaluation of the physical, chemical and mechanical propertiesof the materials to be used. e.g. Grain size analysis,

determination of bulk-densities etc.

Setting time of cement paste, Density, Slump test,

Compressive strength test and Split cylinder test of curedspecimen (ranging from control value to 40% replacement

level at 10% interval at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days curing ages).

Statement of problem:

The cost of cement production and purchase is on theincrease.

The issue of waste management.


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Limitation of study : this study is limited to

Shortage of waste materials. Constraint of information availability.

Need of study: Due to the cost of cement, its

replacement has been a major target of recent research

efforts and if this can be achieved, it will provide

Economic gain (low cost of housing)

Reduction in Landfill (waste disposal).


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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD)

YEAR AUTHOR(S) POZZOLANICMATERIAL

AREA OF RESEARCH REMARKS

2010. Ikponmwosa etal

Agriculturalwaste:soldier antmound clay,

Partial replacementof cement withSoldier ant moundclay.

Results show that 5% replacement levelwas optimum flexural strength for thespecimen beams .

2008 Oyekan andKamiyo

Rich HuskAsh

The effect of richhusk ash on someengineeringproperties ofconcrete blocks

He observed that concluded that theaddition of RHA in the mix producedsandcrete of lower density andcompressive strength. However, RHAhad fairly significant effect on thecompressive strength of the concretecube specimens, increasing the latter by

nearly 17% (at 28 days) and at 5% RHAcontent.

2004to2010.

Bin Alam et al,coppola et al,Elinwwa et al,Mohaned et aland others.

Agriculturalwaste: Ricestraw ash,wood fly ash,rice husk

ash, soldierant moundcla etc.


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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD)YEAR AUTHOR(S) POZZOLANIC

MATERIAL


2008 Ikponmwosa et

al, Bin Alam etal, coppola et al,Elinwwa et al,Mohaned et aland others.

Steel

Industrial:Steel Slag

The effect of the

partial replacementof fine aggregates inconcrete with steelmill scales.

He observed that Replacing 40% of

sand with steel mill scale gave thehighest increase in compressivestrength and flexural strength. He alsoobserved that the drying shrinkage ofthe concrete was lower when using steelmill scale.

2004 Manso and

Gonzalez

Electric Arc

Furnace slag,

The effect of the

partial replacementof fine aggregates inconcrete with steelmill scales.

It was observed that the compressive

strength was similar to that oftraditional concrete. The durability wasslightly lower than conventionalconcrete. The concrete had goodphysical and mechanical properties, butresults showed that special attentionshould be paid to the gradation andcrushing process.

2000to2008.

Saud Al Otaibi,Manso andGonzalez,Maslehuddin etal, manso et al,Salau et al,Anastasiou and

Papayianni, etc.

SteelIndustrialWaste: Steelslag, ElectricArc Furnaceslag, Steelmill, etc.


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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD)

YEAR AUTHOR(S) POZZOLANICMATERIAL


2008 Pereira et al. Glassindustrialwaste:amberwaste glass

Partial replacement

of cement by amber

waste glass in

concrete

It was observed that with a 30%

replacement of cement by amber

waste glass, the compressive strength

of concrete increase 25% at 7 days

and 35% when tested for 28 days

strength.

2001to2009

Vijayakumar etal, Federio andChidiac, Idir and

Tagnit , Pereiraet al.

Glassindustrialwaste: Glass

powder,amber wasteglass, glassaggregate,etc.


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METHODOLOGY

Materials Used: Fine aggregate, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), PortableWater, Polyvinyl Waste (Nigerite Ltd) and Coarse aggregate.

Apparatus: Various Sizes of Sieve Ranging From 2.36mm - 65m, Drying oven,Evaporating pans, VICAT Apparatus, Concrete mixer, cube moulds, Tamping rod(16mm), Weighing machine, Compression test machine, Slump cone, etc.

Composition of Concrete

Mix proportions 1:2:4 by weight and a water/binder ratio of 0.6, 0.65 and 0.7 willbe used. The ratio of the polyvinyl waste will be varied by 0% to 40% with 10%interval.

Production Details:

Mix ratio = 1:2:4 for concrete cubes (150x150x150mm) and split cylinder while 1:3for slurry cubes(150mmdia, 300mmhigh). Water/binder ratio = 0.6, 0.65 and o.7 Total number of cubes and cylinders = 100 ( 60 cubes, 40 cylinders) Total weight of binder =142.29kg Total weight of sand = 284.58kg Total weight of granite= 569.16kg


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METHODOLOGY (CONTD)

Experimental Test

Preliminary Investigation:

Chemical Analysis Test

Physical Properties and Sieve Analysis Test

Secondary Investigation:

Setting time (Initial and final) Test

Slump test (Workability) on concrete

Compressive strength test on concrete cubes

Density of the concrete cubes

Split Cylinder test


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Preliminary Investigation:

Chemical Analysis Test :

Free lime recorded zero for polyvinyl waste meaning that it is not reactive withwater but a good absorbent of water.

However, the Polyvinyl waste showed high pozzolanic properties i.e. the threeoxides of Silicon, Calcium and Iron are in excess of the recommended 70% of thepercentage composition of the material (ASTM C618).

Hence the material is a good pozzolan as it exhibits good pozzolanic properties.

S/N NAME OF COMPOUNDS ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMNT (%) POLYVINYL WASTE (%)

1 Silica, (SiO2) 18.34 19.18

2 Sodium oxide (Na2O) 0.55 0.75

3 Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.48 0.46

4 Calcium oxide (CaO) 63.97 63.30

5 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.16 2.25

6 Barium oxide (BaO) 0.02 0.037 Lead oxide (PbO) - -

8 Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) 4.73 3.90

9 Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 3.58 2.40

10 Sulphite (So32-) 1.67 1.44

11 Moisture (%) 0.006 0.08

12 Free lime Ca(OH)2 0.78 -

13 Insoluble residue (IR) 20.02 18.89

14 Loss on ignition (L.O.I) 1.11 2.32


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)

Physical Properties of the materials:

PHYSICAL PROPERTY SAND GRANITE CEMENT POLYVINYL WASTE

FINES CONTENT (% passing

through 600m sieve)- - 99.5 75

UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT

(Cu)3.03 1.58 - -

COEFFICIENT OF CURVATURE

(Cz)

1.08 1.03 - -

SPECIFY GRAVITY 2.63 2.66 - 2.47

DRY DENSITY (Kg/m3) 1405.01 1403.29 - 698.44

BULK DENSITY ((Kg/m3) 1409.55 1407.36 1297.79 839.25

MOISTURE CONTENT (%) 0.323 0.29 - 20.16

AGGREGATE CRUSHING

VALUE- 22.01 - -

AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE - 9.62 - -


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Sieve Analysis: Distribution for fine aggregate (sand):

Initial dry weight of sample=200g.Test Weight Percentage

Cumulative PercentagePercentage

Sieves Retained (g) Retained (%) Retained (%) Passing (%)

2.36mm 8.73 4.37 4.37 95.63

1.18mm 46.2 23.1 27.47 72.53

600m 79.1 39.55 67.02 32.98

425m 26.6 13.3 80.32 19.68

300m 19.9 9.95 90.27 9.73

212m 13.8 6.9 97.17 2.83

150m 4.3 2.15 99.32 0.68

75m 0.6 0.3 99.62 0.38


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Distribution for Coarse aggregate (granite):

Initial dry weight of sample=10000g.

Test Weight PercentageCumulative

PassingPercentage

Sieves Retained (g) Retained (%) Retained (%) Passing (%)

37.5mm 0 0 0 100

25mm 0 0 0 100

19mm 199.8 2 2 98

12.7mm 6202 62.02 64.02 35.98

9.53mm 2652 26.52 90.54 9.46

5mm 474 4.74 95.28 4.72

2.36mm 158.8 1.59 96.87 3.13

1.18mm 81.9 0.82 97.69 2.31


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Secondary Investigation:

Setting-time test: Cement paste with polyvinyl waste asreplacement:

PERCENTAGE REPLACEMENT (%) INITIAL SETTING TIME (MINS) FINAL SETTING TIME (MINS)

Control 122 220

10 135 232

20 157 251

30 176 278

40 188 289

50 195 313


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The deceleration of the setting times (both initial and final)

of cement pastes may have been the result of decreasing

volume of hydration compounds. This indicate that the

Polyvinyl waste has high absorbing capacity. With these

results, it can be inferred that Polyvinyl waste is a setting

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Se

ttin

gTime

(mins

)

% Replacement

Variation of Setting Time with % Replacement

initial settingtime

final settingtime


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Workability: A standard measure of workability of wet concretemix is the slump.

SLUMP TEST VALUE FOR CYLINDER

WATER BINDER

RATIO

CONTROL

0%

10% 20% 30% 40%

0.6 136 95 65 56 20

0.65 175 146 123 114 90

0.7 185 150 132 120 115


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Effect of Water/Binder Ratio on Slump Test:

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75

SlumpValu

e

Water/Binder Ratio

Variation of Slump Test with Water/Binder Ratio

Control

10% Replacement

20% Replacement

30% Replacement

40% Replacement


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Control (100% Cement): The following readings were obtained-


Water/Binderratio

Age ofcuring

AverageWeight (kg)

Average Density ofCube (Kg/mm3) Average Compressive

Strength (N/mm2)

Average Tensile Strength

(N/mm2)

0.6

7 8.23 2.44 15.41 3.11

14 8.29 2.46 16.3 3.97

21 8.46 2.49 17.92 4.25

28 8.52 2.53 18.96 5.1

0.65

7 8.12 2.41 14.52 3.42

14 8.24 2.44 16.29 4.25

21 8.31 2.46 16.8 4.81

28 8.47 2.51 18.08 5.52

0.7

7 8.07 2.34 14.07 3.68

14 8.2 2.43 16 4.53

21 8.26 2.45 16.89 5.38

28 8.34 2.47 18.07 5.66


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2.44

2.41

2.39

2.46

2.442.43

2.49

2.462.45

2.53

2.51

2.47

2.35

2.4

2.45

2.5

2.55

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72

DENSITY

(kg/mm3

)

Water/binder Ratio

VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR CONTROL

7 Days 14 Days

21 Days 28 Days

15.41

14.5214.07

16.3 16.2916

17.92

16.89 16.8

18.96

18.1 18.08

10

12

14

16

18

20

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72Com

pressiveStrength(N/mm2)

Water/binder Ratio

VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR CONTROL

7 Days 14 Days

21 Days 28 Days

( )


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3.113.42

3.683.97

4.254.53

4.25

4.81

5.385.1

5.8 5.66

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72

Ten

sileStrength(N/mm2)

Water/binder Ratio

VARIATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FORCONTROL

7 Days 14 Days

21 Days 28 Days

It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density

and compressive strength decreases but the tensile strength shows

an increasing trend. As the curing ages increases, the strength values

also increased.

( )


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Water/Binder

ratio

Age of

curing

Average

Weight (kg)

Average Density of

Cube (Kg/mm3) Average Compressive

Strength (N/mm2)


(N/mm2)

0.6

7 8.56 2.54 15.55 4.6

14 8.59 2.55 17.28 5.38

21 8.62 2.56 18.67 5.66

28 8.69 2.58 23.71 6.51

0.65

7 8.23 2.44 11.41 4.25

14 8.26 2.47 13.33 4.53

21 8.32 2.49 15.7 5.38

28 8.45 2.5 18.22 5.94

0.7

7 8.1 2.4 10.08 3.96

14 8.35 2.43 12.52 4.34

21 8.42 2.45 14.97 4.81

28 8.43 2.48 17.48 5.52

10% Replacement of Polyvinyl Waste : The following readings wereobtained-

S S S SS O ( O )


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2.54

2.44

2.4

2.55

2.47

2.43

2.56

2.49

2.45

2.58

2.5

2.48

2.35

2.4

2.45

2.5

2.55

2.6

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72

DENSITY

(kg/mm

3)

Water/binder Ratio

VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR 10 %REPLACEMENT

7 Days 14 Days

21 Days 28 Days

15.55

11.4110.08

17.26

13.3312.52

18.67

15.7 14.97

23.71

18.2217.48

0

5

10

15

20

25

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72

CompressiveStrength(N/mm2)

Water/binder Ratio

VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIOFOR 10% REPLACEMENT

7 Days 14 Days

21 Days 28 Days



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4.64.25

3.96

5.38

4.53 4.39

5.665.38

4.81

6.51

5.945.52

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72

TensileStrength(N/mm

2)

Water/binder Ratio

VARIATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR 10%REPLACEMENT

7 Days 14 Days

21 Days 28 Days

It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density,

compressive and tensile strength decreases. This is an indicationthat the more the w/c, the weaker the binding bond between theaggregates.

As the curing ages increases, the strength values also increased.



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Water/Binder

ratio

Age of

curing

Average

Weight (kg)

Average Density of


Strength (N/mm2)


(N/mm2)

0.6

7 8.26 2.45 15.41 4.25

14 8.35 2.47 23.04 4.81

21 8.41 2.49 24.89 6.51

28 8.53 2.51 25.19 8.21

0.65

7 8.17 2.42 9.63 3.4

14 8.27 2.44 13.63 3.93

21 8.3 2.46 18.59 4.25

28 8.46 2.5 19.41 5.24

0.7

7 8.02 2.4 8.89 2.55

14 8.22 2.43 11.11 3.68

21 8.26 2.45 12.15 4.05

28 8.48 2.51 14.52 4.81




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2.45

2.42

2.4

2.47

2.442.43

2.49

2.462.45

2.53

2.5

2.47

2.35

2.4

2.45

2.5

2.55

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72

DENSITY

(kg/m

m3)

Water/binder Ratio

VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR 20% REPLACEMENT

7 Days 14 Days

21 Days 28 Days

15.41

9.63 8.89

23.04

13.63

11.11

24.89

18.59

12.15

25.19

19.41

14.52

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72

CompressiveStrength(N/mm2)

Water/binder Ratio

VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR 20%REPLACEMENT

7 Days 14 Days

21 Days 28 Days



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4.25

3.4

2.55

4.81

3.933.68

6.51

4.25 4.05

8.21

5.244.81

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72

TensileStrength(N/mm

2)

Water/binder Ratio


7 Days 14 Days

21 Days 28 Days

It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density,compressive and tensile strength decreases. As the curing ages increases,the strength values also increased.

It was observed that at 20% replacement of polyvinyl waste, 0.6 and 0.65

W/B recorded their optimum values in compressive and tensile strength.



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Water/Binder

ratio

Age of

curing

Average

Weight (kg)

Average Density of


Strength (N/mm2)


(N/mm2)

0.6

7 8.22 2.44 12 9.91

14 8.3 2.46 18.45 9.05

21 8.46 2.5 18.96 6.8

28 8.57 2.55 20.37 5.24

0.65

7 8.1 2.4 10.74 9.34

14 8.15 2.42 14.52 8.21

21 8.36 2.48 16.81 6.2328 8.46 2.52 17.76 4.67

0.7

7 8.01 2.37 7.56 9.05

14 8.12 2.41 10.37 7.22

21 8.43 2.46 11.77 5.66

28 8.62 2.49 12.89 3.82



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Water/Binder

ratio

Age of

curing

Average

Weight (kg)

Average Density of


Strength (N/mm2)


(N/mm2)

0.6

7 8.2 2.43 9.93 7.22

14 8.22 2.44 15.46 5.66

21 8.45 2.51 16.59 2.42

28 8.73 2.59 19.63 1.28

0.65

7 8.1 2.39 9.93 7.08

14 8.24 2.43 13.11 5.38

21 8.37 2.46 14.62 2

28 8.63 2.55 15.48 0.71

0.7

7 8 2.37 6.07 5.22

14 8.12 2.41 9.04 4.53

21 8.18 2.42 11.11 1.84

28 8.36 2.48 12.3 0.48




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2.43

2.392.37

2.442.43

2.41

2.51

2.46

2.42

2.59

2.55

2.48

2.35

2.4

2.45

2.5

2.55

2.6

2.65

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72

DENSITY

(kg/m

m3)

Water/binder Ratio

VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR 40%REPLACEMENT

7 Days

14 Days

21 Days

28 Days

9.93 9.93

6.07

15.4613.11

9.04

16.59

14.82

11.11

19.63

15.48

12.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72CompressiveStrength

(N/mm2)

Water/binder Ratio

VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR40% REPLACEMENT

7 Days

14 Days

21 Days

28 Days



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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONT D)

7.22

7.08

5.525.66 5.38

4.53

2.422 1.85

1.28

0.710.48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72

T

ensileStrength(N/mm

2)

Water/binder Ratio


7 Days

14 Days

21 Days

28 Days

It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density,compressive and tensile strength decreases. As the curing ages increases,the strength values also increased but it was observed that the tensilestrength decreases with increase in curing age.

CONCLUSION


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CONCLUSIONThe following conclusions can be made:

With addition of polyvinyl waste, the setting time of the cement basedpaste is decelerated. This shows that Polyvinyl waste is a decelerator.

The workability of the mix decreased with increased addition ofpolyvinyl waste.

The optimum replacement of polyvinyl waste in concrete cube wasobtained at 20% replacement for 0.6 and 0.65 water/binder ratio.However, I observed that at 0.6 water/binder ratio, the compressivestrength exceed others. For tensile strength, the optimum replacementof polyvinyl waste was obtained at 20% replacement for 0.6 while 10%

replacement for 0.65 water/binder ratio.

Polyvinyl waste is available in significant quantities as a waste and canbe utilized for concrete. This will otherwise serve as a means recyclingpolyvinyl waste in our environment.


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RECOMMENDATION

More research work should be directed at percentage

replacements between 5% and 10% with smaller intervalsbetween such, say 1% since considerable strengths were

obtained within this range.

More research efforts can be directed at replacement of

fine aggregates or coarse aggregates with Polyvinyl waste in

normal and aerated concrete.

Polyvinyl waste should be incorporated in foamed aerated

concrete as it reduces environmental pollution.

PHOTO GALLARIES


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PHOTO GALLARIES


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THANK YOU

2nd Defense Group Brief

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