2nd Annual Global Forum on Pipeline Maintenance and ...
Transcript of 2nd Annual Global Forum on Pipeline Maintenance and ...
2nd Annual Global Forum on Pipeline Maintenance and lntegrity Management
18"'-19th of September 2014
Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Discover lmplementation of Advanced lnspection Techniques and Develop Effective Maintenance Strategies
to Optimize your Pipeline lntegrity
~ MÖVENPÏCK
Hotel Amslefdam City Centre
Speaker Pane l: . ...... .".
Wolfram Günther & Jens Foeke Manager Operations Information Systems Ontras Gastransport GmbH Germany
lvana Kalicanin Lead Expert for E&P lnvestment Projects INA Croatia
Branislav Refkovsky Head of GIS and ITIS Department Eustream, a.s. Slovakia
Turad K. Al-Hujaili Hot Tap and Stopple Engineer Saudi Aramco Saudi Arabia
Prof. Ir. A.M. (Nol) Gresnigt Assoc. Prof. Steel Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geosciences Delft University ofTechnology The Netherlands
Hasan Yasir Bora Genera! Manager Kayserigaz A.S. (an EWE Grp. Co.) Turkey
Mihai Zafiu Projects Office Team Leader, E&P Division OMV Petrom SA Roman ia
Sponsors : - .
Silver Sponsors
K YN . . . . . . .
and Mitigate Operational Challenges
Leen Pronk Senior Advisor Asset Management Gasunie Trans port Services and Chairman of the Working Group T ransmission Pipelines Marcogaz The Netherlands
Houssam Sabry Head of Corrosion & lnspection Department Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Company Ltd. (ADGAS) United Arab Emirates
Ulrich Schneider Business Development Manager Continental Europe KTNAS Norway
Ton van Wingerden Principal Consultant, Asset Risk Management DNV GL - Oil & Gas The Netherlands
Mohamed Daoud Projects Quality Manager Abu Dhabi Comyany for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) United Arab Emirates
Mohamed Hassane Senior Asset lntegrity Engineer Dolphin Energy Ltd. Qatar
Topics to be addressed:
Unpiggable pipelines and methods of their inspection In-Line lnspection tools and intelligent pigging Pipeline Leak Detection Systems Corrosion threats and Cathodic Protection as the main tool Stress Cracking Corrosion Extendi ng the lifecycle of ageing pipelines PIMS and data management within this system Challenges for offshore pipelines 3rd party interference Product and pipe theft
Benefits of attending:
meeting selected senior decisionmakers from global leading operating companies in Pipeline industry learning from the selected examples of practical approach knowledge and expertise exchange direct networking with industry decision makers in a business -friend ly environment
Media Partner:
DNV•GL WorldÛils
2nd Annual Global Forum on Pipeline Maintenance and lntegrity Management
1 sm - 1 9m of September 2014
Amsterdam, the Netherlands ~ (é " ~ prospero
EVENTS GROUP
1 B th of September
Conference Day One
~ MÖVENPiCK
Hotel Amsterdam City Centre
8 30 Registration &Welcome Coffee
9 oo Opening Address from the Chairman
PIPELINE INSPECTION AND MONITORING SYSTEMS
9-1 o Developing lnspection Strategy for Unpiggable Pipelines
What is an •unpiggable• pipeline / What makes a pipeline "unpiggable" How to change from •unpiggable• to •difficult to inspect• Solutions for inspection of•difficult to inspect" pipelines Intelligent BiDi lnspection tools, tethered tools, crawler tools Case studies
Ulrich Schneider Business Development Manager Continental Europe KTN AS, Norway
9:50 Intelligent Pigging
Types of data that can be collected du ring pigging and its usage Ways of inspection that can be performed by an intelligent pig 'Smart' pigging with ultrasonic applications
Mohamed Hassane Senior Asset lntegrlty Engineer Dolphin Energy Ltd., Qatar
10:30 Coffee & Networking Break
11 :OO Pipeline Commissioning
11 :•~O
What data and equipment does a company need prior to commissloning Critica! issues in commissioning a pipeline Commissioning of mu lti-products pipelines
Mohamed Daoud Projects Quality Manager Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO), United Arab Emirates
CORROSION THREATS: RISKS, CONSEQUENCES, MITIGATION STRATEGIE$
Case Study Failure of Crude Oil Main Pipeline due to Sulphate Reducing Bacteria
Initia! context Description of the first failure Ways to remedy and maintaining in use the pipe Current situation and next step Lesson learned, discussions, opinions
Mihai Zafiu Projects Office Team Leader, E&P Division OMV Petrom SA, Roman ia
12:20 Lunch Break
13:20 Coffee and Networking Break
14:00 Stress Cracking Corrosion
Causes of Stress Cracking Corrosion (mildly corrosive environments, susceptib le materials) Techniques to minimize stress concentrations to avoid sec Choice of metal as a preventive measure
Houssam Sabry Head of Corroslon & lnspection Department Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Company Ltd. (ADGAS), United Arab Emirates
RE PAIR AND MAINTENANCE STRATEGIE$
14:4<' Case Study
Hot Tap and Stopple Successful Story
Partial isolation of a S6 in. in-service life crude pipeline using double stopple technique Saudi Aramco capabilities and the magnitude in HT&S operations Engineering analysis, procedure and implantation of life isolation process
Turad K. Al-Hujai li Hot Tap and Stopple Engineer Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia
15:20 Coffee and Networklng Break
16:00 Ageing Pipelines - Extending the Lifecycle
Pipeline Risk Management: analyse pipelines condition, decide on rehabilitation Reliabi lity problems with ageing pipelines Making a decision on rehabilitation or replacement
lvana Kalicanin Lead Expert for E&P lnvestment Projects INA, Croatia
16: 0 Panel D cu 10
Pipeline Leak Detection Systems
Current pipeline monitoring regulations and governmental control of leak detection standards Mass balance, pressure point, acoustic technology, their advantages and disadvantages How to choose the right detection system for your pipeline
Led by:
lvana Kalicanin Lead Expert for E&P lnvestment Projects INA, Croatia
17:20 Closing Remarks from the Chair& Wrap up of Day One
17:40 18:40
Cocktail Reception
Conference Producer : Nadia Andrews te1: +420 2 SS 709 SOS fax: +420 2SS 709 S99 email : [email protected]
2nd Annual Global Forum on Pipeline Maintenance and lntegrity Management
1 9 th of September
Conference Day Two
1gih_ 19th of September 2014
Amsterdam, the Nethe rlands
~ MÖVENPÎCK
Hotel Amsterdam City Cenue
8:30 Registration &Welcome Coffee 11 .• n Strategie Analysis and Planning of Pipeline As sets -
9:00 Opening Address from the Chairman
ASSET INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
9:10 How DNV GL bridge assetmanagement and
9:50
10:31)
11 00
operational excellence using ISO 55000 What is Asset Management lntroduction to ISO 55000- the new standard for Asset Management DNV GL approach of implementing the 1 SO 5 5000 standard
- Assessment phase - lmplementing phase - Certification
Our success stories
Ton van Wingerden Principal Consultant, Asset Risk Management DNV GL - Oil & Gas, The Netherlands
Case Study EN 1 6348 Safety Standard System for Gas T ransmission Pipelines
lntroduction to EN 16348 - functional requirements Safety management system and references to PIM S Practical examples of implementation
Leen Pronk Senior Advisor Asset Management Gasunie Transport Services and Chairman of the Werking Group T ransmission Pipelines Marcogaz, Th e Netherlands
Business Card Exchange and Coffee Break
This time slot is an opportunity dedicated specifically to strengthen your business connections by sharing your contact information with the industry peers present.
Case S 1dy Pipeline Risk Model in Eustrea m, a.s. and its Real Behavior (2009-2013)
Risk model in Eustream - risk factors Risk model behavior in years 2009-201 3 Analyses and reasons of risk model behavior
Branislav Re(kovsk'{ Head of GIS and ITIS Department Eu stream, a.s., Slovakia
Methods and Tools
IT Systems methodology systematics behind the systems A cost driven approach implemented in pipelines How to find the right asset decisions How to ensure transparency of decisions made
Wolfram Günther & jens Foeke Manager Operations Information Systems Ontras Gastransport GmbH, Germany
12:?0 Lunch Break
'3:?0 Coffee and Networking Break
OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES
14: 1 Pane l D .cu s10 Offshore pipeline management
Requirements and standards for offshore pipes Difficulties in offshore pipelines maintenance What challenges offshore pipeline operators are facing and how they overcome them
14 40 Pipelines under lmposed Deformation - Local Buckling
Buried pipelines in settlement areas, local buckling limits Post buckling behaviour, safety against leakage and burst, effect of cyclic pressure loading Local buckling limits of lined pipe (carbon steel outer pipe and stainless steel liner pipe) fo r reeling instal lat ion offshore
Prof. Ir. A.M. (Nol) Gresnigt Assoc. Prof. Steel Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geosciences Delft University ofTechnology, The Netherlands
15 ' Coffee and Networking Break
16 n Third Party lnterferences du ring the operation of a city natura! gas dist ribut ion network
Brief information about the natura! gas network in Kayseri Difficulties of werking at highly populated areas Challenges in Maintaining Right ofWay Examples to thi rd party damages Preventive measures for pipeline integrity and operation safety
Hasan Yasir Bora Genera! Manager Kayserigaz A.S. (an EWE Grp. Co.), Turkey
16:40 Closing Remarks from the Chair &Wrap up of Day Two
Conference Producer: Nadia Andrews tel :+420 255 709 505 fax:+420 255 709 599 email : [email protected]
2nd Annual Global Forum on Pipeline Maintenance and lntegrity Management ~
(• " 181h-19•h of September 2014
~ l?v!:~~ppero Amsterdam, the Netherlands
~ MÖVENPiCK
~P<>.~.~.Qf~ : Silver Sponsor
DNV•GL
In the o il & gas industry
Hotel Amsterdam City Centre
DNV GL is the leading technica! advisor to the global oil and gas industry. We provide consistent, integrated technica! and advisory services within , risk management and offshore classification, to enable safe, reliable and enhanced performance in projects and operations. We drive the industry forward by developing best practices and standards. Our people combine industry expertise, multi-disciplinary skills and innovation to solve complex challenges for our customers.
DNV GL has specific in-depth asset (integrity) management and safety management experience within the European gas sector, since our heritage partly originates from the Research & Development departments of transmission system operator Gasunie in the Netherlands and the former British utility company British Gas.
Silver Sponsor
KTN AS is a technology company that specializes in condition assessments and periodic maintenance of oil and gas pipelines. The company performs work on offshore installations and onshore terminals and process plants internationally. KTN isespecially well known fortheirtethered tool inspection technology forchallenging pipelines. Different types of measuring technologies are offered : Ultrasonic wall thickness and crack measurement, angular beam pulse echo and TOFD. BIDI UT tools can be pumped or inspect the line self-propelled.
The Technology is under a constant development and every year new types of solutions and applications can be offered to the mar ket.
Media Partner:
World6 ils Worldoils is a company that combines the power of marketing as well as the in-house expertise for the Oil, Gas, Offshore and the Maritime industries. Worldoils' web portal www.worldoils.com has become a truly central platform for visitors who need information regarding oil and gas products and services, research, training, conferences, news and events as well as a popular advertising base for providers of Oil, Gas, M arine and Offshore services. Worldoils has also launched the jobs system and a marketplace. In the recent months, Worldoils has strengthened its position as a fast developing central place for buying and selling of land rigs, offshore rigs, barge rigs and other oilfield and subsea equipment.
For upcoming events you can visit our website
www .prosperoevents.com/ upcoming-events
Pipelines under lmposed Deformation Local Buckling
A.M. (Nol) Gresnigt Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civi l Engineering & Geosciences
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Contents
• lntroduction, importance of deformation capacity
• Local buckling tests UOE and seamless
• Effect of pressure on local buckling curvature
• Effect of local buckling on burst pressure
• Effect of local buckling on fatigue behaviour
• Current research on spirally welded pipes
• Concluding remarks
• Publications
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Deformation capacity of pipelines
• Onshore, pipelines in settlement areas
• Crossings in The Netherlands till 1990 • Over the dike (no digging allowed in the dike)
• Soft soils: extra load gives differences in settlements and imposed bending of the pipe
• In the beginning of the 1970's: elastic theory gave far higher stresses than allowable
• Requirement: replace crossings or remove settlements
• Solution: apply plastic theory and limit state design: "strain based design"
• First Dutch standard on plastic design of pipelines in 1977
• Crossings now: Horizontal drilling
• Offshore: Deformation capacity required: uneven sea bottoms etc.
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
= original pipe position
- - - = pipe position due to settlements
" ~»"""'?». ..... ».-;<<-«-<< ___ _
Dike and Road crossings
~ TU Delft
Deformation capacity of pipelines
• Bending moment mostly less important
• Local buckling curvature: • Dit ratio
• lnternal pressure - external pressure
• Soil leads- support leads
• lmperfections in the geometry
• Strain hardening properties of steel: Re I Rm ratio
• Bauschinger effect: UO-UOE
• Large scatter, especially in thin walled pipes
• Questionable definition of local buckling: curvature at maximum moment
2500
~ 2000 ..:.:: ...... -ái 1500 E 0
~ 1000 c: "C
ái 500 m
0
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
0
/
( I
10
Pipe 20" - 83
-1 - r -
~
J ""'
20 30 40 50 60
Deflection [mm]
"Thick walled pipe"
~ TU Delft
Deformation capacity of pipelines
Thin walled pipe
Different buckle shapes
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
Thick walled pipe
~ TU Delft
Deformation capacity of pipelines
Bending
Bending + to rsi on
Low i nterna 1 pressu re
Low internal pressure
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
High internal pressure
1 High internal pressure
.... ,.... . c " . ... •
" ·~ ...
~ TU Delft
Buckling design equations
AGA research program 1998: many different buckling design equations
Buckling strain
BS 8010 (1993):
Gresnigt (1986): , D t ior - < 120: &c = 0.5- - 0.0025
t D
for D :2: 120 : &c = 0.2_:_ t D
Murphey and Langner (1985): &c = 0.5_:_ D
lgland (1993):
D0 = outside dia meter
D =Do- t
'c = o.oos + n(;0
)'
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 201 4
DNV (1996): t
ee =-- 0.01 Do
ABS (2001):
Bending moment capacity
BS 8010 (1993)
with:
DNV (1996)
ABS (2001)
Me = Mp(l - 0.0024 Do) tmin
2 Mp = D fnomG'y
Me = M p(l.05 - 0.0015 D0)
t
~ TU Delft
AGA: Buckling and collapse of UOE pipes (1998)
Table 1. Summary of measured dimensions (averaged values). Table2: Material properties of the pipe sections (tensile tests).
Test Type Wall
Diameter Ovalisatior Dit 0.2%
Ultirnate thickness Test Direction yield [mm] [%] N/mm2
[mm] N/mm2
Bl UOE 11.22 509.0 0.285 45.4 Longi.tudinal 479 568 B I
B2 Seamless 17.54 514.7 0.078 29.3 Circumferential 429 575
B3 UOE 18.99 507.9 0.138 26.8 B2
Longi.tudinal 459 533
B4 UOE 23.61 525.6 0.124 22.3 Circumferential 373 538
B3 Longi.tudinal 474 527 Circumferential 457 548
B4 Longi.tudinal 450 534 Circumferential 466 560
• Bending and collapse tests
• Four 20" pipes
• Big difference longitudinal and circumferential material properties for seamless
• UOE - Bauschinger
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
Elonga-Necki
tion % ng %
39 40 41 41
35 30 36 33
28 27 28 30
33 35 31 38
~ TU Delft
AGA: Bauschinger
3 mm compressive tests with strain gauges
Seamless pipe
UOE pipe
0 " u
1 c "iij
" -en
-7
-7
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
20" -1 8 Outside first
-6 -5 -4 -3
v
Load [kN]
20" -24 Outside second
-6 -5 -4 -3
....-___..
I ir
f Load [kN]
-2
-2
-1 0
0
-2000
-4000
- Strain 1
- Strain2 ,_ -6000 - Strain3
-8000
-1 0
0
-2000
-4000
- Slrain 1
- Slrain2 ,_ -6000 - Slrain3
-8000
~ TU Delft
AGA: Bending tests
stram 1
250
Strain gauges
strain 2
l•deflection • I 1500
center 1 1 1 1 1
st:rki 3 strain 4 =r=
-t-stram 6 strlli.n 7 stram 8
250
1 1 1
250
·ack
stram 5
250
Ovalisation and deflection ( curvature ), (measuring length 1500 mm)
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
AGA: Bending tests
1600
1400
~ 1200 Q ë 1000 " 5 800 E g> 600 i5 ; 400 ID
200
0
35
30
- 25 E
.§. 20 c: 0
"" -~ 15 j 0 10
r /
/ I
/ I
I I
0 5
--m.al-1 -•••• o-.al-2
- - - o-.al-3
Pipe 20" • 8 1
~
10
Deftection 111111
Pipe 20" - 61
.
\
\ '
1--Max. M:lment~ 1-Deflection
15 20
I
/ ).-
) ~/ \.
- ~ ~-5
0 0
-~ ~
5 10
Deflection [mm]
81: UOE pipe
15 20
2000
1800 /" I I I I I
Pipe20" - 62
~
............. ~r---... . 'E' 1600
~ 1400
~ 1200
~ 1000
go 800
i5 600 i ID 400
200
0
I I
1 Deflectioo J-I~ Max. Mlment
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Defle et ion [nm)
Pipe 20" - 62
30 1
• • • · oval-1 -- • - oval-2
J - - - oval-3 ~
25
~ 20
5
--Oval-m 1 / 1
,.,,,,, "/ / ~ -~
~~ ~-- " .... . . . . . . .
~ c .2 15
~ t;j 10 0
·-0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Deflection [nm]
82: Seamless pipe
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
AGA: Bending tests
81: UOE pipe
83: UOE pipe
82: Seamless pipe
84: UOE pipe
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
AGA: Evaluation bending test results
0,04
0,035
·= 0,03 ... .; 0,025
-e 0.02 ::i ~ 0,015 Cl>
:IE 0,01
0,005
0
0,05
0,04
c ïi ~ 0,03 'C !!! ~ 0,02 ... ~
0,01
0
Maximum bending strain • Murphy
:i:
" • Kyriakides
... a Fowler
a •1 • • MJrphy • x Korol
+ • a
+I 9(
:i: Orran
e TNO R: - ~
+ Reddy
0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03 0,035
10 20
Predicted strain
Maximum bending stra in
30
Dit
40 50
• Kyriakides
o Fowler
• MJfphy
x Koror
:c Olran
• TNO
+ Reddy
- Gresnigt ••••••• glan<l
--MJrphy
----858010
Bending strain of p ip es.
Mean Prediction model coITection of
a
BS 8010 1.123
Igland 0.896
Mmphey Langner 1.076
Gresnigt 1.271
DNV 0.854
*) Lowest CoV
• Data base of tests
• 15 < Dit< 50
• Statistica! evaluation: Murphy-Langner best tor strain
• Gresnigt 2nd best for this D/t range
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
CoVofa CoITelation
0.393 0.738
0.311 0.738
0.260 *) 0.792
0.261 0.791
0.292 0.790
êc = 0.5 -t D
t &c = 0.5- - 0.0025
D
~ TU Delft
c:
~ -en
Local buckling equations - big scatter
Compressive strains
0,045
0,040
0,035 - - Murphy
0,030 --Gresnigt
--DNV 0,025
--De Geer 0,020
0,015
0,010
0,005 ---0,000
0 20 40 60 80
Dit
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
100
Murphy:
Gresnigt:
DNV:
DeGeer:
D &er =0,50-
t D
&er = 0,50- - 0,0025 t
D &er = 1,00--0,0100
t
D &er = 0,75- - 0,0075
t
Need for improvement !
~ TU Delft
AGA: Concluding remarks thick walled pipes
• Cold expansion is beneficia! for the buckling strain in bending.
• The Bauschinger effect due to cold expansion reduces the collapse resistance up to 20 °/o ( collapse tests on the sa me pipes). Confirmed in FEA.
• Whether Bauschinger is beneficia! for the combination bending and external water pressure, will depend on the water depth.
• The definition for the buckling strain is taken as the strain at maximum moment. In deformation controlled situations this is nota real failure mode.
• The difference in post buckling behaviour between thin walled and thick walled pipe allows a lower safety level for thick walled pipe.
• A lower safety level for deformation control led situations to be adopted than for load-controlled situations, especially for thick walled pipelines. DNV gives guidance on that.
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Thinner walled pipes
• Much scatter
• lnfluence of internal pressure
• lnfluence of ovalisation e.g. due to earth loading
For t/r '< 60: &er =0.25!_-0.0025 +30oo (Pr)2
.IPI r' E t P
For t/r ' > 60: &er = 0.10 !_ + 3000 ( p r Î2
. IPI r' \. E t ) P
r r '=---
l- 3a r
b -H-
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
Q03
Cl02
ClOI
o.ooe
0.00.
Y "EOOY•stttl
• REOOY •al"minivm V Wlllloil & M.,._in
o Bott•mon
A 9o"waomp
Clo111cal t lothc ~~ • Cl61/R
0.30 t/r \
0.25 l/r- 0.0025 _;s > · 0.10 t/r',
().00'1~~~---~-i..~~---.._~-11.~~ 10 20 30 ~ ~ 50 eo 100 r
î
~ TU Delft
Effect of local buckling on burst pressure
• Deformation controlled: bending moment capacity is not important
• Plastic design: redistribution of stresses to give optimal resistance to avoid failure
• Requirement: ductile material behaviour
• Many tests to validate theoretica! findings and to convince authorities
• Mostly the "non loaded" pipe did burst first
E.g. Out of plane bending
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Effect of local buckling on burst pressure
20 400 mm
measuringrange
1 • " 1 girthweld ~-_.__,
F
t=12.7 mm t=6.4mm t =12.7mm
• Bending - burst test on 24" - 6,4 mm X52 pipe
• Buckling away from girth weid
• Burst away from local buckle
• Burst pressures equal
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
crack
~ TU Delft
Remaining Life of Buckled Pipelines - Fatigue
Installation of pipeline crossings
• Now: Horizontal drilling
• Till about 1990: "Zinkers" • Often in a bundle
• Underwater dredging not always accurate
• Lowering the "zinker" not always well controlled
• Soft soils: settlements and bending occur
• Severe bending has caused local buckles in a "zinker" near Rotterdam
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
"Zinker"
~ TU Delft
Local buckles in a pipeline crossing near Rotterdam
• Pipeline crossing • Installed in 1969
• 24" - 7 0 mm '
• Steel ST 37.2, specified minimum yield stress 240 MPa
• Water transport, Max Operating Pressure 7 bar
• Local Buckles and dents • Inspection with video camera through pipe revealed
local buckles and dents
• Shape and depth could be estimated
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
Local buckles in laboratory test
~ TU Delft
What to do with the local buckles ?
• Replacement or strengthening of buckled part? • In under water section not well possible • Only solution: replacement of complete crossing
• Fitness f or pu rpose • What is required safety level? • What is present safety level ? • If acceptable: What is remaining safe operating time?
• Loading conditions • Variations in internal pressure give:
• Variations in ovalisation and buckle configuration • Variations in bending moment due to stretching of buckles and nearby bends
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Low cycle fatigue
• What strain variations occur?
• Low cycle fatigue tests on similar pipe
• Four point bending to introduce local buckles
• Variations in internal pressure / bending moment
• Measurement of strains and strain variations
• Finite element calculations:
• To simulate the tests and validate the FEA model to calculate strain variations
• To carry out parameter studies
• Analytica! modelling:
• Load - deformation behaviour near and in buckles
• Estimate of fatigue life
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Low cycle fatigue tests Frame A
0 0
•• •• 0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
A 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2020
Frame B
o B 0
0
0
0
0
6060
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
Four point bending in two directions
Large deformations
o B 0
0
0
0
0
2020
A 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
~ TU Delft
Low cycle fatigue tests, 1, 2, 3
Start of bending 24" - 7,9 mm pipe
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
Tests:
1. Bending
2. Pressure
3. Bending, pressure, burst
~ TU Delft
Low cycle fatigue test 1: bending
• Constant pressure 1 bar
• Variations in bending
• FEA indicated correct crack location
• Measured and FEA strains OK
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Low cycle fatigue test 3: Bending, pressure variation, burst
• After 50 °/o fatigue loading: burst test
• Burst outside buckle and fatigue damage area
• Buckle "disappeared"
• Advise: Replacement of pipeline crossing: not necessary
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Concluding remarks fatigue
D Replacement of pipeline crossing near Rotterdam not necessary
D Tools are available to evaluate fatigue life of buckled pipe
D Pipelines get older, inspection techniques get better: more buckled pipes will be found
D More work to be done to carne up with "design rules"
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Local buckling of spirally welded pipes
• RFCS project, focussing on application in combined walls: quay walls in harbours and building pits
• Ben ding moment capacity M (:) D2tf Y
• Economie design: thin walled D/t = 80 - 120 • Spirally welded pipes:
• Much lower purchase costs than longitudinal welded pipe
• Available in large diameters
• Can be fabricated at any length
Tubular king pile
Connector
1 Tubular
pile
New Quay Wall Rotterdam
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
European research - Eurocode 3
• Motivation RFCS :
M
• Present rules Eurocode 3 : toe conservative and uneconomic for local buckling.
• Present rules are stress based instead of strain based: influences that affect the bending moment behaviour directly reduce the bending moment capacity instead of rotation capacity.
Other influences can be: • Soil lead
• External pressure L\M / Pure bending
• Internal pressure
• Support leads
• Ovality
··········· ·········• ······· ..... .. I .... ..... ••• 1" " Effect of other influences
• Geometrical imperfections
• Attachments
Curvature •
• AM is aften small and easy to calculate. • Working along the strain (curvature) axis offers better insight in the effect of
"other influences" on local buckling and thereby on the bending moment capacity.
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Bending test #1
Pipe 1067mm x 16mm, X70
• Peur point bending, with thin straps for lead introduction to avoid influences of lead introduction on ovalisation and local buckling
• Measurement of Diameter, wall thickness, imperfections, residual stresses, material data, moment-curvature, ovalisation, strains
• Laser cart to follow growth of wrinkles from initial imperfections
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
E' z ~
~
Bending test #1 Spirally welded pipe, 1067x16,0 - X70 Local buckling
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
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Tube length axis [mm]
Imperfections with laser show: 0 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0, 0,012 0,014 0,0
Curvature [l/m)
16 • Spiral weids
• Smaller imperfections between spiral weids
t 1 6 • Eer = 0,5- - 0,0025 = 0,5 - 0,0025 = 0,004998
D 1067
• C = E • !!.. = 0 004998 1067 = 9 37 · 10-6 mm-1 = 0 00937 m-1
er er 2 , 2 ' '
• Design rule for local buckling in e.g. EN1594 pipeline standard gives safe prediction
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Bending test #2
Pipe 1067mm x 9mm, X70
• 14 tests in Delft • Also test program in Karlsruhe University (KIT): bending plus normal force • Variation in D/ t, steel grade, effect of girth weid, coil weid • Tests used for calibration FEM models (Abaqus) in U-Volos and U-Edinburgh • Parameter studies where all relevant geometrical and material properties are taken
into account:
• To develop design guidance that cover test results better: less scatter • Design guidance will also be important for pipelines
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Concluding remarks Local Buckling
D There is large scatter in tests results and design rules
D Sources for scatter are identified
D An extensive research program is set up to quantify the influence of these scatter sources to develop more accurate design rules:
• Further analysis of own test data and test data reported elsewhere (databases)
• Test programme with extensive measurements of relevant influences
• Validation of FEM models at two different places
• Parameter studies
• Special attention of remaining life after local bucklung
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
m m n n n ii 1 n n
G.
Publications (1)
• Gresnigt A.M., Plastic Design of Buried Steel Pipelines in Settlement Areas. HERON, Volume 31, no 4, 1986. pp. 1-113.
• Gresnigt A.M., Dijkstra O.O., Van Rongen H.J.M. (1994), Design of Pipelines in High Strength Steel. Proceedings of the Fourth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Osaka, April 10-15, 1994, Vol. II, pp. 186-194.
• Gresnigt A.M., Van Foeken R.J. (1995), Strength and Deformation Capacity of Bends in Pipelines. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering (IJOPE). Vol. 5. No. 4, December 1995, pp. 294 307, ISBN 10535381.
• Van Foeken R.J. Gresnigt A.M. (1998), Buckling and Collapse of UOE manufactured steel pipes. PR-238-9423. Final report prepared for the Offshore and Onshore Supervisory Committee of PRC International, Arlington USA, November 1998.
• Gresnigt A.M., Van Foeken R.J., Shilin Chen (2000). Collapse of UOE Manufactured Steel Pipes. Proceedings of the Tenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE). Seattle, May 28 - June 2, 2000. Vol. II. pp. 170-181.
• Gresnigt A.M., Van Foeken R.J. (2001) . Local Buckling of UOE and Seamless Steel Pipes. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE). Stavanger, June 17-22, 2001. Vol. II. pp. 131-142.
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Publications (2)
• Karamanos S.A., Tsouvalas D. and Gresnigt A.M. (2006). Ultimate Bending Capacity and Buckling of Pressurized 90 degree Steel Elbows. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, ASME, Vol. 128, No. 3, pp. 348-356, August 2006
• Dama E., Karamanos S.A., Gresnigt A.M. (2007). Failure of Locally Buckled Pipelines., Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, ASME, Vol. 129, No. 2, pp. 272-279, May 2007. (low cycle fatigue).
• Gresnigt A.M., Karamanos S.A., Andreadakis K.P. (2007), Lateral Loading of lnternally Pressurized Steel Pipes. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, ASME, Vol. 129, No. 4, pp. 630-638, November 2007.
• Foeke E.S., Karjadi E., Gresnigt A.M., Meek J., Nakasugi H. (2007). Reeling of tight fit pipe (TFP}. Proceedings of the 26th international conference on offshore mechanics and arctic engineering OMAE2007 (pp. 1-11). New York, USA: ASME International.
• Gresnigt, A.M., Willemse, C.A., & Karamanos, S.A. (2010). Local buckling limits of tubular sections in bending and compression. The 13th International Symposium on Tubular Structures, 15-17 December 2010, Hong Kong.
• Hilberink, A. (2011) Mechanical Behaviour of Lined Pipe. PhD thesis, TU-Delft.
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft
Publications (3)
• Vazouras P., Karamanos S. A., and Dakoulas P. (2011). Numerical Simulation of Buried Steel Pipelines Under Strike-Slip Fault Displacements, International Conference on Pipeline Engineering & Construction, ASCE, Seattle, WA, July 2011.
• Vasilikis D. and Karamanos S.A. (2011). Buckling Design of Confined Steel Cylinders Under External Pressure. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, ASME, Vol. 133, No. 1, Paper Number: 011205.
• Houliara, S. and Karamanos, S. A. (2011). Buckling of Thin-Walled Long Steel Cylinders under Bending, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, ASME, Vol. 133, No. 1, Paper Number: 011201.
• George E. Varelis, Gresnigt, A.M. & Karamanos S.A. (2012). Steel Elbow Response under Strong Cyclic Loading. Proceedings of the 2012 international offshore and polar engineering conference. Cupertino, USA: ISOPE.
• Van Es, S.H.J., Gresnigt, A.M., Kolstein, M.H., Bijlaard, F.S.K. Strain Based Design of Spirally Welded Pipes, Local Buckling in 4-point bending. Proceedings of the 2014 international offshore and polar engineering conference. Cupertino, USA: ISOPE.
• Vasilikis D. and Karamanos S.A., Van Es, S.H.J, Gresnigt, A.M. Bending Deformation Capacity of Large-Diameter Spiral-Welded Tubes. Proceedings of the 10th International Pipeline Conference IPC2014, September 29 - October 03, 2014, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Amsterdam, 18-19 September 2014
~ TU Delft