2lecture Egyptian Civilization

8/8/2019 2lecture Egyptian Civilization

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EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Surroundings

Religion

Art Sculpture

Pottery

Furniture

Glass Clothing

Hieroglyphs

Papyrus

Holy animals

Products


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SURROUNDINGS

To its north side is the

Mediterranean sea. To its west there is a large

Libyan desert.

To its east is the red sea.

Along its coast there is amountain range going fromnorth to south.


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EGYPTIAN HISTORY

Egypt is one of the most fertile areas of Africa, andone of the most fertile of the countries around theMediterranean Sea. Because it is so fertile, peoplecame to live in Egypt earlier than in most places,

probably around 40,000 years ago. At first there were not very many people, but

gradually Egypt became more crowded, so there wasmore need for a unified government.

Around 3000 BC (5000 years ago), Egypt was firstunified under one ruler, who was called the Pharaoh.


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CULTURE

The Culture of Egypt enjoys an international

reputation for its

uniqueness,

Majesty (dignity) and

technological skills.

Tourists from all over the world come to Egypt

to enjoy the beauty and splendor of culturethat is more than 7000 years old and is

harmonious fusion of the Egyptian,

Mediterranean, Greek and Arabic Cultures.


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PYRAMIDS: The highlight of the Egyptian Culture isthe pyramids. There are several pyramids in Egyptthat have created a lot interest in the minds of notjust historians and archaeologists but also tourists.The Pyramids are the single largest selling point oftourism industry in Egypt.

PAINTING:The paintings have also been associatedwith the Culture of Egypt. The paintings have alwaysbeen an integral part of the monuments of Egypt,which were ornamented with symbolic drawings.Modern artists in Egypt keep the culture of paintingalive with their skills.


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ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART

Ancient Egyptian art refers to the style of

painting,

sculpture,

crafts and architecture developed by the civilization in the lower

Nile Valley from 5000 BC to 300 BC.

Ancient Egyptian art as expressed in painting and

sculpture was both highly stylized and symbolic. Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and

monuments and thus there is an emphasis on life afterdeathand the preservation of knowledge of the past


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SYMBOLISM

Symbolism also played an important role inestablishing a sense of order.

Symbolism, ranging from the pharaoh's regalia(symbolizing his power to maintain order) to theindividual symbols of Egyptian gods and goddesses,is omnipresent in Egyptian art.

Animals: Animals were usually also highly symbolicfigures in Egyptian art.

Colors:Colors were more expressive rather thannatural: red skin implied vigorous tanned youth,whereas yellow skin was used for women or middle-aged men who worked indoors


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blue or gold indicated divinity because of its

unnatural appearance and association with

precious materials

the use of black for royal figures expressed thefertility of the Nile from which Egypt was

born.


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MATERIALUSED

There were different types of materials used inEGYPT namely,

COPPER: Until the New Kingdom most of the copper

used in Egypt was seemingly mined in the easterndesert or Sinai.

GOLD: Egypt was richer in gold than any othercountry of the region, especially after the conquest

of Nubia.


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ELECTRUM:Electrum is a gold-silver alloy which

occurred naturally. It had a silver contents somewhathigher than twenty percent. It was mostly imported

from countries south of Egypt: Punt, Emus, the south

countries.

SILVER:Egypt had little silver which was not part ofgold deposits. Silver was imported from western

Asia.


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BRONZ

E:T

he introduction of bronze was ahuge improvement in tool and weaponmanufacture. Unlike iron which was a difficultmaterial to work with, bronze technologies

were similar to the techniques improvedduring the copper age: It could be cast,hammered cold, improved its toughness.


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IRON:Iron is a very common element and in

Egypt iron ores occur in the mountainous

areas of the eastern desert and Sinai.

LEAD:Lead was of minor importance. Too soft

for making tools or weapons


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RELIGION

Egyptians were polytheistic (theybelieved In many Gods).

Pharaoh was believed to be the

representative on earth of thegod, or may be a kind of Godhimself.

Everything of Egypt belonged to

the pharaoh.


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ART Most of what we know about Egyptian art comes from

the paintings. Paintings showed all sorts of things that people did in

their regular lives.


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SCULPTURE

Egyptian sculptor used stone as it was the most plentiful and

permanent,

available in a wide variety of colors and

hardness.

Sculpture was often painted in vivid hues as well.

Egyptian sculpture has two qualities that are

distinctive; it can be characterized as cubic and

frontal.


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SEATED MAN

2465-2323 B.C. Old Kingdom, Dynasty 5; Polychromed limestone;

height40

cm (15

3/4

in.)

The Seated Man is arepresentation of someone wholived in the Pyramid Age, during

the Old Kingdom.


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SEATED SCRIBE

1350 B.C.

New Kingdom, Dynasty 18

Basalt

height 6.4 cm (2 1/2 in.)

The small Seated Scribe was oncepart of a votive offering to Thoth,the patron god of writing. It is aparticularly graceful example ofthe artistic production.


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SEBEK EM HAT, A

LEADER

OF PRIESTS

ca. 1780 B.C.

Middle Kingdom, late Dynasty 12-early Dynasty 13

Limestone 48.3 cm (19 in.)

The subject of the standing

statue of Sebek em hat can beidentified as a leader of a groupof priests in a temple.


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POTTERY

Ancient Egyptians used carved small pieces of vasesand several other objects.

They also discovered the art of covering pottery with

enamel. Different types of pottery items were deposited in

burial chambers of the dead.


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FURNITURE

Common pieces of furniturewere small 3 and 4 leg stools

The ever present stool wasmade from wood, and had aleather or woven seat.

Wealthy people had theirstools and all furniture ingeneral was richly decoratedwith gold or silver leaf.


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GLASS

Glass-making technology initiallybegan in Egypt with themanufacture of small beads in thepre-dynastic era.

The technology was a result of theprocess of firing clay pots. Thesand and slag (fused material)utilized in making clay pots meltedtogether to make glass.

It was determined that when metaloxides were added to the glassnugget (pieces), various color hue(shades) resulted.


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CLOTHING

Both men and women in Egyptwore tunics which were sewnto fit them.

These tunics were like a longt-shirt which reached to theknees (for men) or to theankles (for women).

They were usually made oflinen and were nearly always

white. Men working outside usually

wore short skirts instead oftunics.


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When dressed up fancyboth men and womenwore blue and green eyeshadow and black kohl(eyeliner).

Both men and womenwore gold jewelry ifthey could afford to.


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HIEROGLYPHS

H

ieroglyphs are"sacred-drawings.

They are basicallydrawings of familiarobjects, simplified to

make them easier todraw.


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PAPYRUS

material on which to write,

prepared from thin strips of the

pith of this plant laid together,

soaked, pressed, and dried, used

by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks,and Roman

The first use of papyruspaper is believed to havebeen 4000 BC.

The raw material of papyruspaper comes from the plant

Cyperus papyrus.


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CANOPIC JARS

1070-712 B.C.

Egyptian, Dynasty 21-22

Limestone

height 48.3 cm (17 1/2-19 in.) Their internal organs were separately treated and,

during much of Egyptian history, placed in jars of clayor stone. These so-called Canopic Jars were closed

with stoppers fashioned in the shape of four heads--

human, baboon(monkey), falcon, and jackal --representing the four protective spirits called theFour Sons of Horus.


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FALCON OF HORUS

664-525 B.C.

Late Period, Dynasty 26

Bronze

height 39.4 cm (15 1/2 in.)

The Falcon of Horus wearing the double crown ofUpper and Lower Egypt is an image of royal kingship.The king was associated with the sky god as the"Living Horus," and he was thought to represent the

rule of the gods on earth. Statues such as this weresometimes used as containers for the preservedremains of the animal or bird they represented.


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HOLY ANIMALS

Sacred Cat of Bast

Falcon of Horus


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SACRED CAT OF BAST

664-525 B.C.

Late Period, Dynasty 26 Bronze

height 26.4 cm (103/8 in.)

The Sacred Cat of Bast is

associated with the goddess Bastor Bastet, and she was sometimesrepresented as a human figurewith the head of a cat. The

natural grace, and perhaps themotherly qualities of the cat,suggested to the Egyptians someaspect of the goddess.


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BOWL WITH HUMANFEET

Predynastic Period

37503550 B.C. Ceramic H. 3 7/8 in. (9.8 cm) Dia. 6 in. (15.3 cm)


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VESSEL

Predynastic Period,

Naqada II 34503300 B.C.

Painted pottery

H. 11 3/4 in. (29.8 cm)


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COMB

Predynastic Period 3200 B.C.

Ivory

H. 2 1/4 in. (5.7 cm)

2lecture Egyptian Civilization

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