2G1330 Mobile and Wireless Network...

K T H I n f o r m a t i o n a n d

C o m m u n i c a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y

2G1330 Mobile and Wireless NetworkArchitectures

Maguire Cover.fm Total pages: [email protected] 2006.01.13

© 1998-2006 G.Q.Maguire Jr. .All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without written permission of the author.

Last modified: 2006.01.13:10:07

Lecture notes of G. Q. Maguire Jr.

For use in conjunction with the text:Wireless and MobileNetwork Architectures, by Yi-Bing Lin and ImrichChlamtac, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN 0-471-39492-0.

2 of 30Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

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[email protected] 2006.01.13

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ..........................................Welcome to the course! ......................................Staff Associated with the Course.........................Instructor (Kursansvarig) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Administrative Assistant: recording of grades, registration, etc. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Goals, Scope and Method...................................Goals of the Course - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Scope and Method - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Prerequisites........................................................Contents ..............................................................Topics .................................................................Examination requirements ..................................Project .................................................................Assignment Registration and Report ..................Literature.............................................................Lecture Plan........................................................


.................................... 13..................................... 14................................... 15................................... 16................................... 17.................................... 18.................................. 19................................... 20.................................. 21................................... 22.................................... 23.................................. 24.................................... 25.................................... 26................................ 27.................................. 28................................. 29


Context of the course..........................................Chapters 1-4, and 22..........................................Internet Architecture............................................More complete Architecture ................................Internetworking....................................................Personal Communication Systems (PCS)...........High Tier and Low Tier Cellular, and Cordless ...Cellular Telephony .............................................. Low Tier Cellular and Cordless Telephony.........Mobile Data .........................................................Paging .................................................................Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR).........................Satellite ...............................................................Wideband systems ..............................................Local Metropolitan Area Networks (LMDS) .........Point-to-Point Optical links ..................................Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs).............


.................................... 30- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30

.................................... 31 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31

etwork architecture .... 32................................... 33.................................. 34.................................. 35.................................. 36................................. 37.................................... 38.................................... 39.................................. 40................................. 41................................... 42................................... 43


Short range radio.................................................Ultrawideband - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Trend: Increasing Data Rates..............................GSM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -GPRS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wireless LAN- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Basic Personal Communication System (PCS) nExample of a PCS Architecture...........................PCS network architecture supporting Mobility ....Mobility Management ..........................................Mobility Management Protocols ..........................Macro- vs. Micro-mobility ....................................Getting Service ...................................................Locating the user.................................................Handoff Management: Detection & Assignment .Handoff/Handover/Automatic Link Transfer ........Handoff Criteria...................................................Handoff Goals......................................................


.................................... 44

................................... 45

.................................... 47.................................. 48 at new AP? ................ 49.................................. 50.................................... 51ings........................... 52.................................... 53.................................... 54.................................... 55.................................... 56.................................... 57.................................. 58................................... 59.................................... 60................................... 61


When to make the decision?...............................Reality is more complex ......................................Who makes the handoff decision?......................Inter-BS Handoff (aka inter-cell handoff) ............What happens if there are insufficient resourcesInter-system Handoff (aka inter-MSC handoff) ...What happens if the mobile moves gain? ..........Fast Mobile IPv4 handoff via Simultaneous BindFast handover timeline........................................Roaming..............................................................User roaming .....................................................Roaming Management........................................Roaming example ...............................................Of course it couldn’t be this simple!.....................Call delivery ........................................................CT2 .....................................................................Back to: Who makes the handoff decision? ........


................................. 62.................................. 63................................. 64.................................... 66.................................... 67..................................... 68.................................. 69................................... 71.................................. 72.................................... 73..................................... 74................................... 75..................................... 76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81


Network controlled handoff (NCHO)....................Mobile assisted handoff (MAHO)........................Mobile controlled handoff (MCHO) .....................Handover Failures...............................................Channel Assignment...........................................Channel Assignment Process.............................Handoff Management: Radio Link Transfer ........Handoff frequency...............................................Soft handoff in multiple forms .............................Paging .................................................................Pager ..................................................................Paging Architecture .............................................Paging Service area............................................Introduction of paging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alphanumeric paging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mobile telephone systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mobile but not necessarily wireless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local mobility via wireless (or redirects) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

................................... 83

................................... 84

................................. 85.................................... 86o generations: analog + digital)

..................................... 88- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 92- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 92

.......................... 93................................... 94


Two-way paging and messaging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Paging Interworking ............................................Paging - link level................................................Motorola’s FLEX™ protocol ................................Sleeping for power savings.................................Mobile Telephone Systems Timeline (the first tw87References and Further Reading........................Course book - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Further details concerning physical and link layer wireless communication - - - - - -CDPD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -LEO - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Fixed Broadband wireless - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -User profiles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mobile IP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Fast handoff - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Micromobility: Cellular IP, HAWAII, Hierarchical Mobile IP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Comparison of IP Mobility protocols - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - TeleMIP- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Intersystem Handoff- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2. Network Signaling and CDPD..............Network Signaling (Chapters 5-8).......................


) ................................ 95................................... 97.................................. 98Encryption, and Voice Privacy

................................. 100.................................. 101............................... 102................................... 103................................. 104ng............................. 105VE) Algorithm .... 106

................................ 107................................. 108................................. 109................................ 110................................ 111


Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAPTransaction 2 (T2) - additional details.................Automatic Code Gapping (ACG) .........................TIA TSB-51: Authentication, Signaling Message 99MIN and ESN ......................................................Without-Sharing Scheme....................................Without-Sharing Call Origination .........................Sharing Scheme .................................................Sharing Call Origination......................................When should you use Without-Sharing vs. ShariCellular Authentication and Voice Encryption (CAPACS Network Signalling....................................PACS Architecture .............................................Access Manager (AM).........................................AIN/ISDN Switch.................................................AIN Service Control Point (SCP).........................


................................. 112

y Calling Connection): 113.................................. 114................................ 115- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 115

................................. 116

................................. 117.................................. 118................................. 119.................................. 120................................. 121.................................. 122................................. 123.................................. 124.................................. 125.................................. 126


PACS Intersystem Handoff .................................3 alternative inter-RPCU handoff methods(Switch Loopback, Direct Connection, Three-waCDPD..................................................................Motivation for CDPD ...........................................Goals- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

CDPD network architecture.................................CDPD Entities .....................................................other entities .......................................................Limits...................................................................Handoffs .............................................................Connectionless Network Services (CLNS) .........Roaming Management........................................Multicast ..............................................................CDPD usage .......................................................CDPD phaseout ..................................................Ricochet ..............................................................


................................. 127.................................. 128 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 128 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 128

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 129 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 130- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 131

ing, OAM.... 132.................................. 133)............................ 134

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Ricochet System Architecture .............................Further reading....................................................TIA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -TSB-51 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Mobile*IP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -CDPD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Ricochet- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3. GSM, GPRS, SMS, International RoamLecture 3 .............................................................Global System for Mobile Communications (GSMGSM Requirements ............................................GSM Architecture ..............................................Foundation ..........................................................GSM contributions ..............................................Distinctive features of GSM .................................Mobile Station (MS).............................................Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)........................SIM card ..............................................................Phone with and without SIM ................................


................................ 145- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 146- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 147

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.................................. 151.................................. 152................................. 153................................. 154................................... 155................................ 156.................................. 157................................. 158................................. 159.................................. 161................................ 162................................. 164................................. 165


Mobile Equipment (ME) ......................................Power saving and interference reduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Classmark - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

User ID≠ Device ID ............................................Mobile Terminal (MT) ..........................................Base Station System (BSS).................................Base transceiver station (BTS) ...........................Base station controller (BSC) ..............................Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)..........Databases ...........................................................Equipment Identity Register (EIR).......................Operation Sub-System (OSS).............................Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) ........GSM Interfaces (just some of them!) .................GSM Layers........................................................GSM Air interface ................................................Abis interface........................................................Abis protocols.......................................................


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................................. 167................................. 169- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 169

.................................. 170................................. 171................................ 172.................................. 173................................. 174................................. 175................................. 176................................. 177............................... 178.................................. 179- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 179

................................. 180................................. 181.................................. 182


A Interface ...........................................................A interface protocols............................................GSM Audio..........................................................CODECs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

MSC interfaces and protocols.............................GSM Logical Channels .......................................Traffic channel (TCH) ..........................................Broadcast channels (BCH) .................................Common control channels (CCCH) ....................Dedicated control channels (DCCH)...................GSM Timing........................................................Incoming Call ......................................................Mobility Management (MM).................................Security ...............................................................Cipher mode management- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Authentication .....................................................Authentication and Encryption............................GSM data rates ...................................................


.................................. 183................................ 184................................. 185................................... 186.................................. 187................................ 188.................................. 190................................... 191................................. 192................................... 193D)............................. 194.................................. 195.................................. 196................................... 197.................................. 198.................................. 199.................................. 200


System engineering.............................................GSM Network Optimization ................................Optimal Cell Planning .........................................Features..............................................................GSM Phase 2+ ....................................................High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) ......General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)...............GPRS nodes.......................................................GSM/GPRS Architecture and Interfaces ...........GPRS Coding Schemes .....................................Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSUSSD continued .................................................Short Message Service (SMS)............................SMS message types ...........................................Short Message Service Architecture ..................SMSCs ................................................................Three kinds of SMSs ..........................................


.................................. 201.................................. 202............................... 203................................. 204.............................. 205.................................. 206................................ 207.................................. 208................................. 209).............................. 210

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 210

.................................. 211

................................ 212

.................................. 213 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 213- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 215 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 216 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 216- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 218 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 219


Entering Short Messages ....................................SMS shorthand ...................................................External Application Interface (EAI) ....................Voice Messaging System (VMS) ........................Voice Profile for Internet Mail (VPIM)..................Enhanced Message Service (EMS).....................Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) ...............SMS over GPRS .................................................International Roaming .........................................Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGEGSM/EDGE Radio Access network (GERAN)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

EGRPS................................................................Operation/Administration/Maintenance ...............Further reading....................................................GSM - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -GPRS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - USSD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -SMS and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -International Roaming - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Operation/Administration/Maintenance- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


tion Based Services

.................................. 221................................... 222 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 222

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4. Number portability, VoIP, Prepaid, Loca220Lecture 4 .............................................................Database lookups...............................................Local Number Portability (LNP) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Three kinds of Local Number Portability.............Mobile Number Portability (MNP) .......................Non-geographic number portability (NGNP).......Call forwarding at donor end...............................Drop back forwarding..........................................Query on release (QoR) solutions.......................Look up type solutions ........................................Two stage solutions ............................................All call/all network solutions.................................Who knows the mappings?.................................Nummerportabilitet i Sverige ...............................EU Document 398L0061.....................................


.............................. 235.................................. 236................................ 237................................. 238................................. 239................................. 240.................................. 241.................................. 242................................. 243................................. 244............................... 245................................. 246................................ 247.................................. 248................................ 249.............................. 250................................... 251


Nortel Networks’ Universal NP Master (UNMP) ..Lookup engines...................................................Voice over IP (VoIP) ............................................TIPHON...............................................................Ericsson’s GSM on the Net .................................iGSM ...................................................................Prepaid ................................................................GSM Prepaid ......................................................Difference between Mobile and Fixed Prepaid ...Four alternatives for Mobile Prepaid...................Wireless Intelligent Network (WIN) .....................Calling party pays vs. Called party pays .............WIN Call termination when called party pays .....Service Node.......................................................Hot Billing ............................................................“one-call exposure” in depth .................................Handset-Based ...................................................


................................. 253.................................. 254................................... 255................................. 256................................. 257................................ 258.................................. 259 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 259 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 260- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 261 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 261

......................... 264.................................. 265............................... 266................................. 267................................ 268................................. 269.................................. 270


Combined Handset-based + Hot Billing..............Roaming and Prepaid..........................................Revenue and new services.................................Location Based Services (LBS)...........................Means of determining location ............................Geographic Location/Privacy (geopriv) ...............Further reading....................................................Number portability - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -VoIP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Prepaid - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Location Based Services- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5. WAP, Heterogeneous PCS, 3G............Lecture 5 .............................................................Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) ..................WAP Model .........................................................WAP (first round) Summary ................................WAP 2.0 ..............................................................WAP 2.0 new & enhanced services ...................


................................... 271nology (SRSN) ...... 272

chnology................. 273 technology ........... 274................................. 275................................ 276................................ 277................................. 278................................. 279.................................. 280................................. 281.................................. 282................................ 283.................................. 284................................. 285.................................. 286 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 286

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 286


Heterogeneous PCS ...........................................Similar Radio technologies + Same Network techDifferent Radio technologies + Same Network teDifferent Radio technologies + Different NetworkTier Handoff ........................................................Registration for SRSN & DRSN ..........................Registration for DRDN.........................................Call delivery ........................................................User identity (identities) and MSs .......................Major forces driving heterogeneous PCS...........Internetworking scenarios....................................Paradigm shifts ...................................................Third Generation Mobile (3G)..............................3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)........3G(PP) Architecture ...........................................3.5G or super 3G.................................................High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


................................. 287

.................................. 288.................................. 293nt (MExE) ............. 295- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 295

ices: Classmark 4.... 296 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 296 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 297

.................................. 298

................................. 299.................................. 300............................... 301.................................. 302............................. 303................................ 304.................................. 305................................. 306.................................. 307


Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)3GPP2 reference model ......................................3GPP2 abbreviations ..........................................Mobile Station Application Execution EnvironmeMExE Classmark- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Common Language Infrastructure for MExE devService discovery and management - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -CLI MExE Devices - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3G Physical Layer...............................................Gateway Location Register (GLR)......................3G QoS ...............................................................UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)..........Wireless Operating System for Handsets ...........Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) ...........IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)..........................Future IMS services............................................IMS architecture ..................................................πG .......................................................................


.................................. 308.................................. 309................................. 310................................ 311.................................. 312 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 312- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 312 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 313

........................ 319.................................. 320............................... 321.................................. 322................................. 323................................. 324.................................. 325................................. 326................................. 327


4th generation?....................................................IEEE 802.21........................................................4G in Asia ............................................................eMobility Platform ...............................................Further reading....................................................WAP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Heterogeneous PCS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3G- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6. Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and Enterprise Networks ................................Lecture 6 .............................................................Wireless Local Loop (WLL) .................................Deployment issues..............................................WLL Technologies ..............................................Enterprise Networks ............................................Cordless PBXs....................................................Virtual enterprise networks..................................Remoting the office to where the user is .............


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................................. 330................................. 331................................... 332

....................... 333

............................... 334................................ 335.................................. 336................................. 337............................... 338.................................. 341................................. 342.................................. 343.................................. 344................................. 345


corDECT..............................................................Personal Handyphone (PHS) ..............................PAS in China .......................................................Unified Communications.....................................References..........................................................

7. Wireless LAN (WLAN)..........................Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs).............Two possible network configurations...................Terms ..................................................................IEEE 802.11 Basic Access Method.....................Distribution Coordinating Function (DCF) ...........IEEE 802.11 Frame Format................................IEEE 802.11 Frame Control ...............................Startup, then Join a network ...............................Discovery Phase..................................................Authentication .....................................................


............................ 346

................................. 347................................. 348.................................. 349................................. 350.................................. 351................................. 352................................ 353................................. 354 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 354

.................................. 355- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 355- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 355

.................................. 357

............................... 358

................................ 359................................... 360................................. 361


Wire Equivalent Privacy (WEP) ...........................Handoff ................................................................Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP).....................Fast Handoff .......................................................Point Coordination Function (PCF).....................Spacing ...............................................................Timing and Power Management..........................WLAN AP performance.......................................AAA.....................................................................IEEE Extensible Authentication Protocol - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Roaming..............................................................Clearinghouse - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Interconnect Provider - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Proxies ................................................................Lightweight Access Point Protocol (LWAPP) ......HiperLAN2...........................................................802.11a and 802.11h..........................................IEEE 802.11k.......................................................


.................................. 362

................................. 363

................................ 364................................. 365.................................. 368- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 368- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 368- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 370

......................... 372................................. 373................................. 374................................. 375.................................. 376.................................. 377................................... 378................................... 379............................. 380................................ 381


IEEE 802.11p......................................................Multihop ..............................................................QDMA (quad-division multiple access)...............Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs)......Further reading....................................................WISPs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - IEEE 802.11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - AAA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

8. Bluetooth: Piconets, Scatternets..........Bluetooth .............................................................Bluetooth™..........................................................Bluetooth protocol stack......................................Physical Layer ....................................................Transmit Power...................................................Masters vs. Slaves..............................................Frequency Hop Sequence ..................................Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)........................Network Topology ...............................................


................................... 382................................. 383................................... 384................................... 385................................... 386............................... 387.................................. 388................................ 389................................. 390................................. 391................................ 392................................. 393CAP) .................... 394................................ 395................................. 396................................. 397................................. 398


Scatternets..........................................................Voice + Data support ...........................................Baseband............................................................Baseband Packet formats...................................Baseband Packet formats...................................Synchronization Word Algorithm .........................Security ...............................................................Link Control Protocol (LCP)................................Link Control states...............................................Link Manager.......................................................Host Controller Interface (HCI)............................HCI Transport Layer............................................Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2L2CAP Signalling.................................................L2CAP Command ...............................................Configuring a Connection ...................................Disconnecting and Timeouts ...............................


................................. 399................................. 400................................ 401................................. 402................................ 403................................. 404.................................. 405................................. 406nce.......................... 407.................................. 408

........................ 409................................. 410nal Area Networks (WPAN)

.................................. 412 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 412


For A to talk to B.................................................Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) ......................RFCOMM Protocol ..............................................RFCOMM Frame Types......................................Telephony Control Signaling (TCS) Protocol ......Bluetooth Profiles ................................................Management .......................................................Low Power Modes...............................................Bluetooth performance when faced with interfereFurther reading....................................................

9. Ultrawideband (UWB) ..........................Ultrawideband......................................................IEEE 802.15: Working Group for Wireless Perso411Further reading....................................................UWB- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


........................ 414.................................. 415.................................. 416.................................. 417................................ 418................................. 419.................................. 420 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 420

.......................... 422................................. 423.................................. 424................................. 425................................. 426.................................. 427.................................. 428................................. 429................................. 430


10. Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) ..Broadband Wireless Access ...............................IEEE 802.16........................................................¿Data only? .........................................................IEEE 802.20 aka Mobile-Fi..................................All IP networks....................................................Further reading....................................................BWA- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

11. Sensor Networks ................................Significance .........................................................Spectrum of Concerns.........................................Patterns of Communication .................................Mediated Communication ...................................Transformations..................................................Routing ...............................................................Ad hoc routing .....................................................Patterns of Communication in time .....................


................................. 431Technology........... 433.................................. 435............................... 436CH) ....................... 437................................. 438................................. 439

................................. 440.................................. 441................................. 442................................... 443.................................. 444.................................. 445................................. 446................................ 447.................................. 448


Internetworking....................................................DARPA/IPTO: BAA #99-16: Sensor Information Self-organizing sensor networks......................Sensor nodes must be reconfigurable.................Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEA Protocols to disseminate information ........Coordination vs. Centralization...........................Sensor fusion en route(a form of in-net processing) ...............................Data Aggregation................................................Directed diffusion ................................................Tasks and Events ...............................................How did the sensor know it was an elephant?....Caching of data...................................................Design space for Diffusion ..................................Metrics for evaluating directed diffusion .............Congestion ..........................................................


.................................. 449

................................. 450................................... 451................................. 452................................ 453.................................. 454................................... 455.................................. 456................................. 457............................... 458................................. 461................................ 462................................... 463................................... 464................................. 466................................ 467.................................. 468


Tiered architectures ............................................Localization .........................................................Mapping where sensors are ............................... Synchronization ..................................................Building upon localization and synchronization ..Securing what you send......................................Sensors...............................................................Smart dust: 1 cubic mm system..........................Berkeley Motes....................................................University of California, Berkeley - Motes ...........Motes Routing .....................................................Millennial Net/......................................................vSpace................................................................Commercial sensor nodes..................................Sensor nodes - low power VLSI design ..............Rex Min’s Myths ..................................................SmartBadge ........................................................


.................................. 469................................. 470................................. 471nal Area Networks (WPAN)

................................. 473................................. 474.................................. 475................................... 476................................... 477

.......................... 484

.................................. 485

............................... 486.................................. 487............................... 488................................ 489


Power ..................................................................Dilemma ..............................................................Sensor Modeling Language (SensorML).............IEEE 802.15: Working Group for Wireless Perso472Ultrawideband......................................................Active networks...................................................Methods used in this area ...................................Conferences and workshops ..............................References and Further Reading........................

12. Misc. topics.........................................Space Data Corporation......................................MIT’s AI Lab: Project Oxygen..............................Intelligent/Smart Spaces .....................................If WLANs are widely available............................. Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) .....................


................................. 491................................. 492.................................. 494 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 494


Near Field Communications................................Future work..........................................................Further reading....................................................Near Field Communications - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

K T H I n f o r m a t i o n a n d

C o m m u n i c a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y

2G ireless Networkres

Maguire Total pages: [email protected]

© 1998-2006 G.Q.Maguire Jr. .All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without written permission of the author.

Last modified: 2006.01.13:10:20

roductions of G. Q. Maguire Jr.

ith Wireless and Mobile Network Lin and Imrich Chlamtac, JohnBN 0-471-39492-0

1330 Mobile and WArchitectu

MWA-Lecture1.fm 2006.01.13

1. IntLecture note

For use in conjunction wArchitectures, by Yi-BingWiley & Sons, 2001, IS

Introduction 2 of 92Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

se!

Systems - with a focus on theirheprotocols which are used.

e course web page:

ation of KTH to:

30/

Maguire Welcome to the [email protected] 2006.01.13

Welcome to the courThe course should befun.

We will dig deeper into Personal Communicationarchitectures, but we will also examine some of t

Information about the course is available from thhttp://www.imit.kth.se/courses/2G1330/

Note that the above URL will change - due to the reoganiz

http://www.cos.ict.kth.se/education/msc/ccs/courses/2G13

http://www.imit.kth.se/courses/2G1330/http://www.cos.ict.kth.se/education/msc/ccs/courses/2G1330/


Course

se>

Maguire Staff Associated with the [email protected] 2006.01.13

Staff Associated with the Instructor (Kursansvarig)

prof. Gerald Q. Maguire Jr. Administrative Assistant: recording of grades, registration, etc.

Irina Radulescu


thod

ation Systems are and

re.development in this area.

t systems to understandct from these details

g a written report andject.

Maguire Goals, Scope and [email protected] 2006.01.13

Goals, Scope and MeGoals of the Course

• To understand both what Personal Communictheir basic architectures.

• To be able to read and understand the literatu• To provide a basis for your own research and Scope and Method

• We are going to examine a number of differenboth the details of the system(s) and to abstrasome architectural features.

• You will demonstrate your knowledge by writingiving an oral presentation describing your pro


ations (this requires

Maguire [email protected] 2006.01.13

Prerequisites• Internetwork (2G1305) or• Equivalent knowledge in Computer Communic

permission of the instructor)


ation systems and their networkto space probes, but the emphasistellites down to personal area

a project of ~50 hours effort.


ContentsThe focus of the course is on personal communicarchitecture. This spans the range from piconetswill be primarily focus on the range from LEO sanetworks.

The course consists of 10 hours of lectures and


doff, mobility, paging

rkstooth and Ultrawideband


Topics• Personal Communication Systems (PCS): han• Network Signaling• CDPD• GSM, GPRS, SMS, International Roaming,

Operation/Administration/Maintenance• Number portability, VoIP, Prepaid• WAP• Heterogeneous PCS• Wireless Local Loop (WLL), Enterprise Netwo• Personal Area Networks (PANs), such as Blue

(UWB)• Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)• Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)• Sensor Networks


ents

Maguire Examination [email protected] 2006.01.13

Examination requirem• Written and Oral project reports

Grades: U, 3, 4, 5


d to show that you haveourage you to find a topic which

y understand the material)

med by yourself).en and oral reports.ctor before starting.


ProjectGoals: to gainanalytical or practical experience anmastered some knowledge in this area and to encinterests you (since this will motivate you to reall

• Can be done in a group of 1 to 3 students (forEach student must contribute to the final writt

• Discuss your ideas about topics with the instru


d Reportse> with subject: "2G1330 topic"

5,000 words) for each student.ith each paper suitable for

(in the case where the report is ap can be explain in the overall

; 2) who did what; if you haved describe the methods and toolsur analysis.

. 2006 at 23:59 +

ript file to ere is no guarantee that)

vance of the deadlines!

Maguire Assignment Registration and [email protected] 2006.01.13

Assignment Registration an• Registration: 3-Feb. 2006, to


ss and Mobile Network, John Wiley & Sons, 2001,

es (since an introduction wasto do a project which involvesces:

les and Practices,

plugged, Prentice Hall,

s necessary - see notes and web.

rature in conjunction with youre your sourcesin your report.


LiteratureThe course will mainly be based on the book:WireleArchitectures, by Yi-Bing Lin and Imrich ChlamtacISBN 0-471-39492-0.

Although we will not focus onMobile IPin the lecturgiven in the internetworking course), if you want mobility, the following two books are useful sour

• Charles E. Perkins, Mobile IP: Design PrincipAddison-Wesley, 1998, ISDN 0-201-63469-4.

• James D. Solomon, Mobile IP: the Internet Un1998, ISBN 0-13-856246-6.

We will refer to other books, articles, and RFCs a

In addition, you will be searching & reading the liteprojects. Please make sure that youproperly referenc


y, paging (Chapters 1-4,22)

Ch. 12), Internationalaintenance (Ch. 14)

Prepaid (Ch. 17)), 3G(Ch. 21)

prise Networks (Ch. 24)

Maguire Lecture [email protected] 2006.01.13

Lecture Plan• 1: Introduction

• Course arrangement• Personal Communication Systems (PCS): handoff, mobilit

• 2: Network Signaling (Chapters 5-8); CDPD• 3: GSM (Ch. 9,10,11), GPRS (Ch. 18), SMS (

Roaming (Ch. 13), Operation/Administration/M• 4: Number portability (Ch. 15), VoIP (Ch. 16), • 5: WAP (Ch. 19), Heterogeneous PCS (Ch. 20• 6: Wireless Local Loop (WLL) (Ch. 23), Enter• 7: Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)• 8: Bluetooth: Piconets, Scatternets• 9: Ultrawideband (UWB)• 10: Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)• 11: Sensor Networks• 12: Misc. topics


seth increasing their number ofmunication systems. Some off millions of new customers

third generation (3G) cellulare are many thousand of euros per

heo Kanter callsπG systems1).

rationof cellular systems orand systems.

Maguire Context of the [email protected] 2006.01.13

Context of the courPersonal Communication Systems have been bousers and increasing the variety of personal comthese system (such as GSM) have hadgrowthrates oeach month!

Europe is in the process of introducing so-calledsystems. In many countries the license fees alonpotential customer.

There are discussions of future systems (which T

There is even discussion ofif there will be a 4thgeneif we will see the end ofgenerational architectures

1. Because 3


22

Assignment

nsfer

Maguire Chapters 1-4, and [email protected] 2006.01.13

Chapters 1-4, and Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Mobility Management

Chapter 3: Handoff Management: Detection and

Chapter 4: Handoff Management: Radio Link Tra

Chapter 22: Paging Systems


e

tworked together

h

R

R

Token Ring

MH

MHMH

Ad hoc

PAN

Maguire Internet [email protected] 2006.01.13

Internet Architectur

Figure 1: Multiple network technologies -interne

WANswitch

switch switc

switchR

R

R

R

FDDIMH

H

H

MSCHLR/VLR

BSCBTSMH

IWU

Cellular networks

WLAN

Ethernet LANs

AP

… …

…

…


cture

above figure, i.e.,rks.

Ring

MH

Ad hoc

AN

UPSTN

Maguire More complete [email protected] 2006.01.13

More complete Archite

• We will focus on the parts marked in red in theCellular, WLAN, and PAN (and Ad hoc) netwo

Figure 2: Internet and PSTN

WANswitch

switch switch

switchR

R

R

R

R

R

FDDI

Token H

H

MSCHLR/VLR

BSCBTS

IWU

Cellular networks

WLAN

P

Ethernet LANs

AP

… …

…

…

IW

MH

MH

MH

MH


of multiple networksechnologies by providing and makes them

tbook are interconnected to thes there must generally be ancreasingly these systems areed servicesare becoming ane lectures we will discuss the


InternetworkingInternetworking is

• based on the interconnection (concatenation)• accommodates multiple underlying hardware t

a way to interconnect heterogeneous networksinter-operate.

Most of the systems discussed in the course texPublic Switched Telephony System (PSTN) - thuadaptation to fixed rate (64 kbps) voice coding. Inalso interconnected to the Internet, hencepacket basincreasingly important part of such systems. In theffects of these interconnections.


tems (PCS)h voice, data, and multimedia at

rageor it has to includeThus far, attempts at system havefailed (forl reasons).

: area coverage(especiallying and on campus), andusage”). However, this marketrther diverging.

ted to the Public Switchedstandards(and at therateofstems are increasingly connectedds & change at internet speeds.

Maguire Personal Communication Systems (PCS)[email protected] 2006.01.13

Personal Communication SysThe goals of PCS are to provide a mobile user witany place, at any time, and in any format.

Thus the system has toeither provideuniversal coveinterworking with other communication systems. providing universal coverage by aglobally standardvarious technical, historic, economic, and politica

The market has often been fragmented based onwidefor business users),enterprise (focused on in-buildhomes(often equated with “personal or free-timeseparation is increasinglyconverging rather than fu

Traditionally, various PCS systems were connecTelephony System (PSTN) and driven bytelephonychange of telephony standards). Today, these syto the internet and driven by the internet standar


and Cordless these three classes:

lar Cordless

00m) small (10-20m)

/h) low (≤50km/h)

low

low (5-10mW)

high (32kbps)

low (≤10ms)

low (often flat rate)

DECT, PHS, PACS

Maguire High Tier and Low Tier Cellular, and [email protected] 2006.01.13

High Tier and Low Tier Cellular, Generally the PCS market has been divided into

System High Tier Cellular Low Tier Cellu

Cell size large (0.25-38km) medium (10-1

User speed high (≤ 260 km/h) medium (≤100km

Handset complexity high low

Handset powerconsumption

high (100-800mW) low (5-20mW)

Speech coding rate low (8-13kbps) high (32kbps)

Delay or latency high (≤600ms) low (≤10 ms)

Costs high medium

Examples GSM, D-AMPS, PDC,cdmaOne, …

CT2,


y

)

Maguire Cellular [email protected] 2006.01.13

Cellular TelephonDifferent means of defining channels:

• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)• D-AMPS, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM

• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)• IS-95 (developed by Qualcomm), cdma2000, W-CDMA, …


s Telephony

el the base station⇒user separated with time divisionof downlink user data followed by

alls (incoming calls are hard as

s (generally: 12 voice slots forncy channel and 12 frequency signal strength measurementsel to another time slot in another

nel allocation - it has been used

CS)ion duplex (FDD); it utilizedt switched and packet switched

Maguire Low Tier Cellular and Cordless [email protected] 2006.01.13

Low Tier Cellular and Cordles• Cordless Telephony, second generation (CT2)

• 40 FDMA channels, within each 100kHz frequency chann(downlink ) and user⇒base station (uplink ) channels areduplexing (TDD) (in every 2ms long frame there is 64bits 64 bits of uplink user data).

• Does not support handoffs, primarily supports out-going cthere is no defined mobility database).

• Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephony (DECT)• formerly: Digital European Cordless Telephony• utilizes a picocellular design using TDMA with 24 time slot

downlink and 12 voice slot for uplink, i.e., TDD) per frequechannels, automatic dynamic channel allocation based on

• a call can move from one time slot in one frequency channchannel - supporting seamless handoffs.

• Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)• another TDMA TDD system also supporting dynamic chan

in Japan to for a public low tier cellular system.

• Personal Access Communications System (PA• a TDMA system supporting both TDD and frequency divis

mobile-controlled handoff (MCHO). It supports both circuiaccess protocols.


ased on the swedish

Messaging PLUS, and Wireless

Sweden’s land and 99.5%hz cellular system, because the

rmerly operated by Telia, nows (such as the one at Arlanda

DIS) {developed forverage} (now Motient)d to provide data as an

Mobile IP}

p?FileID=396

Maguire Mobile [email protected] 2006.01.13

Mobile Data• RAM Mobile Data (now Cingular Interactive, b

Mobitex system)• Backbone behind Xpress Mail with BlackBerry , Interactive

Internet PLUS, …• Coverage maps: http://www.mobitex.org/

• Mobitex had greater national coverage1 90% ofof the population, than even the analog 450Mswedish military used it.

• Both public Mobitex systems (such as that foby Multicom Security AB) and private systemAirport).

• Advanced Radio Data Information System (ARIBM’s customer engineers ⇒ offered indoor co

• Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) {developeoverlay on analog cellular systems; based on

Generally low rate systems 2.4 - 8 kbps

1. seehttp://www.mobitex.telia.com/taeckning.htm or http://www.multicomsecurity.se/Script/ShowPic.as

http://www.mobitex.org/http://www.multicomsecurity.se/Script/ShowPic.asp?FileID=396 http://www.mobitex.telia.com/taeckning.htm


that theysleepmost of the time.

i.e., the paging system can both

two way paging languished in


PagingWithin local paging areas or via satellite.

The key to paging device’s high performance is

North America utilizes two way paging systems (send and receive traffic).

Due to the lack of allocation for a return channelEurope.


(SMR)

g a handset built for them bychannels which Nextel boughtrequencies were

Maguire Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR)[email protected] 2006.01.13

Specialized Mobile RadioTaxis dispatching, fleet dispatching, …

The basis for Nextel (http://www.nextel.com/ ) - usinMotorola to operate over the wide variety of SMR(this is a case where the radio design cameafter the f“assembled”).

http://www.nextel.com


lem is that most of theceans} with few possible for ~10 minutes or so -

MSS) {successor tornment secure voice

nsponder) forM id-earthorbitlly cover too large an area ande of these satellites from theeir wide coverage area (forbroadcast or spot coverage).


SatelliteEspeciallyLow EarthOrbit Satellite (LEO)• numerous attempt to field systems - one prob

time the satellites are over regions {primarily ocustomers. Also each satellite is only in rangeso there are frequent handoffs.

• 500 - 2000 km orbit• US DoD Enhanced Mobile Satellite Service (E

Iridium, features secure phones and US govegateway}

The footprint (i.e., coverage area of a satellite tra(MEO) andGeostationary (GEO) satellite - generadoes so with very long delays (due to the distancearth). However, they are widely used for both thexample, for paging) and forone way services(often


sCDMA)nd indoors up to 2 Mbps

A)

ation services-DO up to 2 Mbits/sec.; 1XEV-DV

ed data + improved QoS

s

p://www.3gpp.org/s technologies

2) http://www.3gpp2.org/

d mobile systemservice transparency, global roam-

Maguire Wideband [email protected] 2006.01.13

Wideband system• Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-

• With data rates in rural areas 1.44kbps, in cities 384kps, a• http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/overview.htm• Also known as (AKA) UMTS terrestrial radio access (UTR

• cdma2000• AKA IS-2000 an evolution of cdmaOne/IS-95 to 3rd gener• CDMA2000 1X, an average of 144 kbps packet data; 1XEV

even higher peak rates - simultaneous voice and high spe

• TD-SCDMA - one of the chinese 3G standard• http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/nenglish/index.html

See also:

• 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) htt• based on evolved GSM core networks and the radio acces

• Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP• ITU’s "IMT-2000" initiative:

– high speed, broadband, and Internet Protocol (IP)-base– “featuring network-to-network interconnection, feature/s

ing and seamless services independent of location.”• includes cdma2000 enhancements

http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/overview.htmhttp://www.3gpp.org/http://www.3gpp2.org/http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/nenglish/index.html


rks (LMDS)de band) links

th of bandwidth availablearea kilometers

nsed spectrum)

y Winstar (now part of IDT) to 43.5 GHz

nts!

andl

A) systems (i.e., “Broadband

Maguire Local Metropolitan Area Networks (LMDS)[email protected] 2006.01.13

Local Metropolitan Area NetwoPoint-to-point or Point-to-multipoint (generally wi

• some operators have more than 700MHz wor(in aggregate) in a given market (geographic)

• line-of-sight coverage over distances up to 3-5• data rates from 10s of Mbps to 1Gbps or more

• Ericsson’s MINI-LINK BAS up to 37 Mbit/s per sectorhttp://www.ericsson.com/transmission/wba/

• Frequency bands between 24 to 31 GHz (lice• UK: 28 GHz band and 10 GHz band• Rest of Europe: 26 GHz band• US: 24 GHz used by Teligent and 39 GHz band licensed b

– at least one experimental license in the US in 41.5 GHz• Biggest problem is price of such high frequency compone

For further info see:http://www.lmdswireless.com/ http://www.networkcomputing.com/netdesign/1223wireless13.htm

See also fixed Broadband Wireless Access (BWWireless Access (BWA)” on page 414)

http://www.lmdswireless.com/http://www.ericsson.com/transmission/wba/http://www.networkcomputing.com/netdesign/1223wireless13.html


inks

ve very high speeds, or 1.25Gbps; but someoint-to-point links

Maguire Point-to-Point Optical [email protected] 2006.01.13

Point-to-Point Optical lFree-Space Optics (FSO)

• using laser light sources it is possible to achie(typically OC-3 (155Mbps), OC-12 (622Mbps)systems operate at 2Gbps and 10GBps) for p

• uses Terahertz (THz) spectrum range• short ranges - typically below 2km

See also:http://www.freespaceoptics.org/

http://www.freespaceoptics.org/


s (WLANs))

OFDM)

tion,Scientific, andMedicalII) bands, or the HiperLAN

Mbps.

f the standards are available ate):

Maguire Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)[email protected] 2006.01.13

Wireless Local Area Network• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FH-SS• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (• IR links

Most of the radios have either used theInstrumenta(ISM) bands,NationalInformationInfrastructure (Nband.

Data rates have ranged from 100s of kbps to 54

See IEEE 802.11 (in its many variants) - some o(those published more than 6 months ago are frehttp://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/

See “Wireless LAN (WLAN)” on page 333.

http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/


nsors, RF ID tags, …)

erally be relatively low data rate).

of centimeters (when operating

2bpsw meters dropping to

Maguire Short range [email protected] 2006.01.13

Short range radiolow speed wireless links (door locks, wireless se

Personal Area Networks (PANs) - these have gensystems, such as Bluetooth (1Mbps in aggregate

See “Bluetooth: Piconets, Scatternets” on page 372

Near Field Communication (NFC) - typical rangein the 13.56 MHz frequency range)

seehttp://www.nfc-forum.org/

Ultrawideband

• US FCC gave regulatory approval 14 Feb. 200• Intel demo’d transmitter and receiver at 100M• Intel expects to be able to get 500Mbps at a fe

10Mbps at 10m.

See “Ultrawideband (UWB)” on page 409.

http://www.nfc-forum.org/


Rates

a higher aggregate rate

ts in a packet oriented

N) ~1Mbpsoadband Wireless (10 ..er frequencies with more

eless Access (MBWA) --

Maguire Trend: Increasing Data [email protected] 2006.01.13

Trend: Increasing Data GSM

• 14.4kbps per channelHigh Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)

• combining multiple GSM channels to achieve for a single user

GPRS

• hundreds of kbps - by using the GSM time slomanner

Wireless LAN

• 802.11 Wireless LAN - 11Mbps .. 54 Mbps• 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPA• 802.16 Metropolitan Area Networks - Fixed Br

66 GHz) 10s to 100s of Mbps/channel and lowlimited bandwidth)

• 802.20 (aka Mobile-Fi) Mobile Broadband WirIP based

chitecture Introduction 32 of 92Mobile and Wireless Network Architectures

on Systemcture

itecture

g Center

PSTN

Mobile Station

ansport Network

Maguire Basic Personal Communication System (PCS) network [email protected] 2006.01.13

Basic Personal Communicati(PCS) network archite

Figure 3: Basic PCS network arch

Mobile Switchin

Mobility

Base Station Controller

MS

Base Station

CellBase Station

Cell

Database

Radio Network

Wireline Tr


tecture

ation Controller, Register (HLR )/Visitorase, and the PSTN provides

tworks

TN

BS

Mobile Station

Cell

Cordless

Maguire Example of a PCS [email protected] 2006.01.13

Example of a PCS Archi

B(T)S = Base (Transceiver) Station,BSC = Base StMSC = Mobile Switching Center, Home LocationLocation Register (VLR ) provides a Mobility Databthe wireline (backhaul) transport network.

Figure 4: Cellular and Cordless ne

R

MSCHLR/VLR

BSCBS

Mobile Station

IWU

… …

PS

Cell

Cellular network


rting Mobility

itecture

PSTNHLR

Database

witching Center VLR


MS

Database

2

Maguire PCS network architecture supporting [email protected] 2006.01.13

PCS network architecture suppo

Figure 5: Basic PCS network arch

Mobile Switching Center VLR


MS

Cell

DatabaseRadio Network 1

Mobile S

Cell

Radio Network


nte to know where the mobilecide if you will give it service.

inated traffic), then someonene can be:

ser is)ent from where the useretwork)

ect to thestatic decision ofmmunication despite changeth in conjunction with

ure, and as a component of other

ity Management [1]

Maguire Mobility [email protected] 2006.01.13

Mobility ManagemeIf mobile only originates traffic, then youdon’t havis to send traffic to it- but rather you only have to de

If a mobile is toreceive traffic (without having origmust know where to send this traffic. This someo

• a server in the network (where the user is)• a server attached to the network (where the u• a server attached to another network (differ

is right now - sometimes this is their “home” n

We will examine mobility management with respwhere to send traffic, thedynamicsof maintaining coin access points (Handoff), and the use ofpaging (bomobility management, as an alternative architectarchitectures).See also: §1.4 The Essential Challenge of Mobil


tocols

1)SM) Mobile Application

Maguire Mobility Management [email protected] 2006.01.13

Mobility Management ProInclude:

• Mobile IP• EIA/TIA Interim Standard 41 (IS-41 or ANSI-4• Global System for Mobile Communications (G

Part (MAP)


ility

aincan not(and need not) seeain, while with

oves, even within a domain.

single administrative entity)

Maguire Macro- vs. [email protected] 2006.01.13

Macro- vs. Micro-mob

In micro-mobility entitiesoutsideof the current domany changes when the mobile moveswithin the dommacro-mobility others can see when a mobile m

Macro-mobility == Inter-domain mobility(a domain is {as usual} a

Micro-mobility == Intra-domain mobility


mobile get service?

d accounting (AAA) for mobileerri and Daniel Malmkvist, for a public WLAN access

ss Control

Maguire Getting [email protected] 2006.01.13

Getting ServiceOnce a mobile’s identity is know, thepolicy question is: Shouldthis

The policy question and its answer may involve:• roaming agreements (generally reciprocal agreements),

• current traffic loads,

• anticipated traffic loads,

• mobile user’s priority/class/… ,

• … .

The question of authentication, authorization, anusers are topics of a thesis: Juan Caballero BayExperimental Study of a Network Access Servernetwork, M.S. Thesis, KTH/IMIT, Jan. 2002.

See also IEEE 802.1x Port Based Network Accehttp://www.ieee802.org/1/pages/802.1x.html

http://www.ieee802.org/1/pages/802.1x.html


t saw them and then

mation), …

(e.g., every one minute tell the

ich causes them to check in or to

re they are (i.e., we don’tt them through their

Maguire Locating the [email protected] 2006.01.13

Locating the user• we can track the user continuously, or• we can start looking for the user where we las

expand our search , or• we can guess where the user might be

• based on their patterns of movement (past behavior)• their personal schedule (if they give us access to this infor

• the user tells us where they are• based on a schedule the user can tell us where they are

system where you are now) or• the user can listen for something (for example a page) wh

report their location

• the user can tell their agent/intermediary wheactually know where they are), thus we contacagent whom we know how to contact.

http://www.ieee802.org/1/pages/802.1x.html


tection &

a)

Maguire Handoff Management: Detection & [email protected] 2006.01.13

Handoff Management: DeAssignment

• Who initiates handoff?• How do you detect that you should handoff?• Handover (Europe) ≡ handoff (North Americ


ink Transfere is “handed over” from oneich the mobile is using changes.

APa

e Station is particularly important.

r

handoff (i.e., there isno effect on content of datae)(includes both smooth and fast handoffs)

anabhan.

/eliminated from the data stream

ess of changing from one AP to another is

ffering associated with the (former) access points.

at the old AP and connection to the new AP

microcell to macro cell)

icrocell to micro cell)

Maguire Handoff/Handover/Automatic Link [email protected] 2006.01.13

Handoff/Handover/Automatic LHandoff is the process that occurs when a mobilaccess point to another, i.e., the access point whThis is generally one of several types:

soft handoff the mobile can communicate with both theold and thenew

a. Generally I will refer to such devices as access points (APs), except when their being a Bas

hard handoff the mobile can only communicate with one APor the othe

seamless handoff If neither the user nor running applications notice thestreams coming arriving to or departing from the mobilb

b. For seamless and glitchless handoffs see for example, work by R. Cáceres and V.N. Padm

glitchless handoff in this case the delays due to the handoff are hidden

smooth handoff buffering of traffic to the mobile when it is in the procbuffered and then

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