2G Spectrum Scam

2G spectrum scam

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This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (October 2013)

2G spectrum scam was a scam involving politicians and government officials in India illegally undercharging mobile telephone companies for frequency allocation licenses, which they would then use to create 2G spectrum subscriptions for cell phones. The shortfall between the money collected and

the money that the law mandated to be collected is estimated to be INR1766.45 billion (US$29 billion), as valued by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India based on 3G and BWA spectrum auction prices in 2010.[1] However, the exact loss is disputed. In a chargesheet filed on 2 April 2011 by the investigating agency, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), the loss was pegged at INR309845.5 million (US$5.2 billion)[2] whereas on 19 August 2011 in a reply to CBI, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) said that the government gained over INR30 billion (US$500 million) by giving 2G spectrum.[2] Similarly Kapil Sibal, the Minister of Communications & IT, claimed in 2011, during a press conference, that "zero loss" was caused by distributing 2G licenses on first-come-first-served basis.[3] It has to be pointed out, however, that "zero loss" can simply mean that frequencies were not sold for less than cost. The phrase indicates nothing about whether the sale was a scam.

All the speculations of profit, loss and no-loss were put to rest on 2 February 2012 when the Supreme Court of India delivered judgement on a public interest litigation (PIL) which was directly related to the 2G spectrum scam. The Supreme Court declared allotment of spectrum as "unconstitutional and arbitrary" and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure of A. Raja (then minister for communications & IT from 2007 to 2009) the main official accused in the 2G scam case.[4] The court further said that A. Raja "wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer" and "virtually gifted away important national asset."[5] The "zero loss theory" was further demolished[6] on 3 August 2012 when as per the directions of the Supreme Court, Govt of India revised the base price for 5 MHz 2G spectrum auction to INR140 billion (US$2.3 billion), which roughly gives the value of spectrum to be around INR28 billion (US$470 million) per MHz that is close to the CAG's estimate of INR33.5 billion (US$560 million) per MHz.[7][8]

The original plan for awarding licences was to follow a first-come-first-served policy to applicants. A. Raja manipulated the rules so that the first-come-first-served policy would kick in – not on the basis of who applied first for a license but who complied with the conditions.[9] On 10 January 2008, companies were

given just a few hours to provide their Letters of Intent and cheques. Those allegedly tipped off by Raja were waiting with their cheques and other documents. Some of their executives were sent to jail along with the minister.[9]

In 2011, Time magazine listed the scam at number two on their "Top 10 Abuses of Power" list (just behind the Watergate scandal).[10][11][12]

Contents

[hide] 1 Background

2 Parties accused of Involvement 2.1 Politicians accused 2.1.1 A. Raja

2.1.2 M. K. Kanimozhi

2.1.3 Pramod Mahajan

2.2 Bureaucrats accused 2.2.1 Siddharth Behura

2.2.2 RK Chandolia

2.3 Corporate executives accused 2.3.1 Sanjay Chandra

2.3.2 Gautam Doshi

2.3.3 Hari Nair

2.3.4 Surendra Pipara

2.3.5 Vinod Goenka

2.3.6 Shahid Balwa

2.3.7 Asif Balwa (younger brother of Shahid Balwa)

2.3.8 Rajiv Agarwal

2.3.9 Sharath Kumar

2.3.10 Ravi Ruia

2.3.11 Anshuman Ruia

2.3.12 Vikas Saraf

2.3.13 IP Khaitan

2.3.14 Kiran Khaitan

2.4 Film and entertainment persons accused 2.4.1 Karim Morani

2.5 Corporations accused 2.5.1 Unitech Wireless

2.5.2 Reliance Telecom

2.5.3 Swan Telecom

2.6 Media role

3 Chronology of events and investigation 3.1 2007

3.2 2008

3.3 2009

3.4 2010

3.5 2011

3.6 2012

3.7 2013

4 Licenses quashed 4.1 GTEL_Teleservice pvt.ltd affected by cancellation of licenses

4.2 Aftereffects of Supreme Court's verdict

5 Gtel_Teleservice-Maxis deal controversy

6 Response to scam

7 Joint Parliamentary Committee

8 See also

9 External links

10 References

Background[edit]

India is divided into 22 telecom zones, with 281 zonal licenses in the market.[13] In 2008, 122 new second generation (2G) Unified Access Service (UAS) licenses were given to telecom companies at the 2001 price and on a first-come-first-serve basis. As per the chargesheet filed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), several rules were violated and bribes were paid to favour certain firms while awarding 2G spectrum licenses. The audit report of Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) says that several licenses were issued to firms with no prior experience in the telecom sector or were ineligible or had suppressed relevant facts.[14] In November 2007 Prime Minister of India Dr Manmohan Singh had written a letter to telecom minister

A. Raja directing him to ensure allotment of 2G spectrum in a fair and transparent manner and to ensure license fee was properly revised. Raja wrote back to the prime minister rejecting many of his recommendations.[15] In the same month Ministry of Finance wrote a letter to Department of Telecommunications (DOT) raising concerns over the procedure adopted by it[15] but DOT went ahead with its plan of giving 2G licenses. It advanced the cut-off date to 25 September, from 1 October 2007.[15] Later on the same day, DoT posted an announcement on its website saying those who apply between 3:30 and 4:30 pm on that very day would be issued licences in accordance with the said policy.[15] Companies like Unitech and Swan Telecom got licenses without any telecom experience.[16]

Swan Telecom got the license even though it did not meet eligibility criteria.[16] Swan got license for INR15.37 billion (US$260 million) and then it sold 45% stake to UAE-based company Etisalat for INR42 billion (US$700 million).[16] Unitech Wireless, a subsidiary of the Unitech Group, got license for INR16.61 billion (US$280 million) and later sold 60% stake for INR62 billion (US$1.0 billion) to Norway-based company Telenor.[16]

Following is the list of companies who received 2G licenses during the tenure of A. Raja as Telecom Minister.[17][18] (The licenses were later quashed by Supreme Court)[19][20]

Name of Company

Telecom regions for which license was granted

Number of license granted

Remarks

Adonis Projects Pvt. Ltd. Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (East) 6 Adonis Projects, Nahan Properties, Aska Projects, Volga Properties, Azare Properties & Hudson Properties were acquired by Unitech. Unitech Infrastructure and Unitech Builders & Estates were already subsidiaries of Unitech Group. So in 2008 Unitech had 22 2G licenses. Later in the same year Norway-based company Telenor bought majority stake in the telecom company from the Unitech Group. Now it offers services under Uninor brand holding 22 pan India licences.

Nahan Properties Pvt. Ltd. Assam, Bihar, North East, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh (East), West Bengal 6

Aska Projects Ltd. Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka 3

Volga Properties Pvt. Ltd. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra 3

Azure Properties Ltd. Kolkata 1

Hudson Properties Delhi 1

Unitech Builders & Estates Pvt. Ltd. Tamil Nadu (including Chennai) 1

Unitech Infrastructures Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai 1

Loop Telecom Pvt. Ltd. Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal, Pradesh, Kerala, Kolkata, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (East), Uttar Pradesh (West), West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, North East 21

Datacom Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Kolkata, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, North East, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Uttar Pradesh (East), Uttar Pradesh West, West Bengal, Delhi, Mumbai 21 Operates under brand name Videocon Telecommunications Limited

Shyam Telelink Limited Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Kolkata, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh (East), Uttar Pradesh (West), West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, North East 17 Shyam Telelink Limited & Shyani Telelink Limited operate together with their combined 21 licenses. During late 2008 Russia-based group Sistema bought majority stake in the telecom company and now they operate under brand name MTS India.

Shyani Telelink Limited Mumbai, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh 4

Swan Telecom Pvt. Ltd. Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Uttar Pradesh (East), Uttar Pradesh (West), Delhi, Mumbai 13 Swan Telecom was subsidiary of Reliance Telecom, set up to bypass the single-company single-license rule that was in place. In 2008, Swan Telecom merged itself with Allianz Infratech (P) Ltd. During late 2008 Abu Dhabi's Etisalat bought about 45 percent of the company and renamed it to Etisalat DB Telecom

Allianz Infratech (P) Ltd. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh 2

Idea Cellular Assam, Punjab, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, North East, Kolkata, West Bengal, Odisha, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai) 9 Idea Cellular bought Spice Communications Ltd. in 2008 for an amount of INR27 billion (US$450 million).[21] So out of 122 spectrum licenses sold in 2008 Idea Cellular owns 13 licenses. However of the 13 licenses, only 7 of the licenses are in use by the company and the rest are overlapping licenses.[22]

Spice Communications Ltd. Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra 4

S Tel Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Odisha, North East, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh 6 In January 2009, Bahrain Telecommunications signed a deal with S Tel to buy 49% shares in S Tel for $225 million. C Sivasankaran owns the remaining (51%) share.[23][24] In May 2009, Sahara Group bought 11.7% stake in S Tel[25]

Tata Teleservices Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, North East 3 In late 2008 promoters of Tata Teleservices sold 26% equity stake to a Japanese telecom giant NTT Docomo for about INR130.7 billion (US$2.2 billion) or an enterprise value of INR502.69 billion (US$8.4 billion).[26]

Parties accused of Involvement[edit]

The selling of the licenses brought attention to three groups of entities – politicians and bureaucrats who had the authority to sell licenses, corporations who were buying the licenses and media professionals who mediated between the politicians and the corporations.

Politicians accused[edit]

Politicians named as accused in the chargesheet filed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation in the Special CBI Court, allegations levelled against them by CBI and charges framed against them by the Special CBI court.[27][28][29][30]

A. Raja[edit]

Political career – Political party DMK, four times Member of Parliament, present constituency Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, former Union Minister of State (Rural Development – 1999), former Union Minister of State (Health and Family Welfare – 2003), former Union Cabinet Minister (Environment & Forests – 2004), former Union Cabinet Minister (Communication and Information Technology – 2007 & 2009)[31][32][33][34]

Allegation – In a joint investigation report prepared by Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and Income Tax Department the agencies allege that A. Raja could have received INR30 billion (US$500 million) as bribe for bringing forward the cut-off date for applications for spectrum from the initial 1 October 2007 to 25 September 2007.[35][36] The deadline switch eliminated many applications, enabling Raja to favour a few with spectrum.[35][36] The agencies also alleged that he used bank accounts under his wife's name in Mauritius and Seychelles to channelise the kickbacks he received.[37] A

chargesheet filed by CBI alleges that Raja conspired with the accused, subverted the first-come first-served (FCFS) policy and waywardly redefined it to ensure that Swan and Unitech got 2G licences.[38] He didn't auction the 2G spectrum or adopt some other market-determined methodology to determine its real valuation and instead benchmarked it to a rate discovered in 2001, when the telecom sector was at a nascent stage.[38]

Charges – Criminal breach of trust by a public servant under section 409, criminal conspiracy under section 120-B, cheating under section 420 & forgery under sections 468 and 471. Booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act for accepting illegal gratification.[27][39][40]

Status – Taken into custody (arrested) by CBI on 2 February 2011[41] On 9 May 2012 he applied for bail for the first time since his arrest.[42][43] and was granted bail on 15 May 2012[44][45][46] As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47]

M. K. Kanimozhi[edit]

Political career – Daughter of five-time Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. Karunanidhi. Political party DMK. She is a member of parliament, representing Tamil Nadu in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Indian Parliament).[48][49]

Allegation – As per the chargesheet filed by CBI Kanimozhi has 20% stake in her family owned Kalaignar TV, her step-mother Dayalu Ammal owns 60% stake in the same channel.[50] CBI alleges that Kanimozhi was an "active brain" behind the channel's operations[50] and she worked along with former telecom minister A. Raja to get DB Realty promoter Shahid Balwa to circuitously route INR2 billion (US$33 million) to Kalaignar TV.[51] According to CBI, Kanimozhi was in regular touch with A Raja regarding launching of Kalaignar TV channel and its other pending works.[51] CBI alleges that A Raja was further pursuing the cause of Kalaignar TV not only for getting registration of the company from Ministry of Information and Broadcasting but also for getting it in the DTH operator TATA Sky's bouquet. She was also summoned by the Income Tax Department, Chennai for alleged tax evasion charges.[51]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy under section 120-B, cheating under section 420 & forgery under sections 468 and 471. Booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act.[27][39]

Status – Taken into custody (arrested) by CBI on 20 May 2011.[52][53] Granted bail on 28 November 2011 after spending 188 days in judicial custody.[54][55] As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47]

Pramod Mahajan[edit]

CBI decided to include the name of late Pramod Mahajan in a separate column of the charge sheet to be filed by it soon against three cellular companies and former officials in connection with alleged irregularities in spectrum allocation during NDA regime causing a loss of Rs 5.08 billion to the exchequer.[56]

Bureaucrats accused[edit]

Bureaucrats named as accused in the chargesheet filed by CBI in the Special CBI Court, allegations levelled against them by CBI and charges framed against them by the Special CBI court.[27][28][29][30]

Siddharth Behura[edit]

Designation – Telecom Secretary when licenses were granted.[27][57]

Allegation – According to the chargesheet filed by CBI, Behura conspired with A. Raja and several other accused. CBI alleges that when the application deadline time was declared as between 3:30 pm to 4:30 pm, Behura allegedly shut counters to physically block other telecom companies.[16]

Charges – Criminal breach of trust by a public servant under section 409, criminal conspiracy under section 120-B, cheating under section 420 & forgery under sections 468 and 471. Booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act for accepting illegal gratification.[27][58]

Status – Taken into custody (arrested) by CBI on 2 February 2011.[41] Granted bail on 9 May 2012[59][60] As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47] Deposing before JPC on 10 July 2012, Behura blamed A Raja, the then telecom Minister, for most of the decisions related to 2G spectrum auctions.[61]

RK Chandolia[edit]

Designation – Raja's private secretary when licenses were granted.[27][62]

Allegation – As per the chargesheet filed by CBI, like Behura, Chandolia too conspired with A. Raja and several other accused. The agency alleges that when the application deadline time was declared as between 3:30 pm to 4:30 pm, Chandolia along with Behura allegedly shut counters to physically block other telecom companies.[16]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy under section 120 B, cheating under section 420 & forgery under sections 468 and 471. Booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

Status – Taken into custody (arrested) by CBI on 2 February 2011.[41] Granted bail by the special CBI court 1 December 2011 but on 2 December 2011 High Court took suo motu notice of newspaper reports of the bail granted to Chandolia and stayed it.[63] Chandolia appealed against High Court order in Supreme Court and on 9 May 2012 Supreme Court of India upheld the bail granted to RK Chandolia.[64] As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47]

Corporate executives accused[edit]

Corporates named as accused in the chargesheet filed by CBI in the Special Court and charges framed against them by the Special court.[27][28][29][30]

Sanjay Chandra[edit]

Designation – Former MD, Unitech Wireless[27]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy under section 120-B, cheating under section 420 & forgery under sections 468 and 471. Booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

Allegation – Ex-CBI prosecutor AK Singh was implicated in a taped conversation, sharing legal strategy and secret information with the accused, Chandra.[65][66]

Status – Taken into custody by CBI on 20 April 2011,[67][68] granted bail on 24 November 2011.[69] As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47]

Gautam Doshi[edit]

Designation – Group MD, Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group[27]


Status – Taken into custody by CBI on 20 April 2011,[67] granted bail on 24 November 2011.[69] As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47]

Hari Nair[edit]

Designation – Senior vice-president, Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group[27]



Surendra Pipara[edit]

Designation – Senior vice- President, Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group[27]



Vinod Goenka[edit]

Designation – Promoter and managing director, DB Realty & Swan Telecom[27]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy under section 120 B, cheating under section 420, forgery under sections 468 and 471, fabrication of evidence under section 193. Booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]


Shahid Balwa[edit]

Designation – Promoter, DB Realty & Swan Telecom[27]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant Criminal conspiracy under section 120-B, cheating under section 420, forgery under sections 468 and 471 & fabrication of evidence under section 193. Booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act.[27]

Status – Taken into custody by CBI on 8 February 2011,[70] granted bail on 29 November 2011.[71] As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47]

Asif Balwa (younger brother of Shahid Balwa)[edit]

Designation – Director, Kusegaon Fruits and Vegetables[27]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy under section 120-B, cheating under section 420, forgery under sections 468 and 471 & fabrication of evidence under section 193. Booked under Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

Status – Taken into custody by CBI on 29 March 2011,[72] granted bail on 28 November 2011.[73] As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47]

Rajiv Agarwal[edit]

Designation – Director, Kusegaon Fruits and Vegeta[27]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy under section 120-B, cheating under section 420, forgery under sections 468 and 471, fabrication of evidence under section 193. Booked under Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

Status – Taken into custody by CBI on 29 March 2011,[72] granted bail on 28 November 2011.[73] As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47]

Sharath Kumar[edit]

Designation – managing director, Kalaignar TV[27]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy under section 120-B, cheating under section 420, forgery under sections 468 and 471 & fabrication of evidence under section 193. Booked under Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

Status – Taken into custody by CBI on 20 May 2011,[74] granted bail on 28 November 2011.[75] As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47]

Ravi Ruia[edit]

Designation – Vice-chairman, Essar Group[76][77]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy under section 120 B & cheating under section 420 of Indian Penal Code.[76][77]

Status – Not taken into custody yet.[78] As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47]

Anshuman Ruia[edit]

Designation – Director, Essar Group[76][77]



Vikas Saraf[edit]

Designation – Director for strategy and planning, Essar Group[76][77]



IP Khaitan[edit]

Designation – Promotor, Loop Telecom[76][77]



Kiran Khaitan[edit]

Designation – Promotor, Loop Telecom[76][77]



Film and entertainment persons accused[edit]

Karim Morani[edit]

Designation – (Promoter and director, Cineyug Films)[27]

Allegation – In the chargesheet filed by Income Tax Department the agency alleged that Karim Morani owned Cineyug Films was a part of the circuitous route used by another accuse Shahid Balwa to transfer illegal gratification[79] of INR2 billion (US$33 million) to Kalaignar TV of which Kanimozhi, was a director.[79] According to the chargesheet, Shahid Balwa and Vinod Goenka, promoters of DB Realty transferred INR2092.5 million (US$35 million) to Kusegaon Fruits and Vegetables of which Shahid Balwa's younger brother Asif Balwa was a director.[79][80] Kusegaon Fruits & Vegetables then transferred a sum of INR2 billion (US$33 million) to Cineyug Films whose promoter Karim Morani transferred it to Kalaignar TV[79]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy under section 120-B, cheating under section 420, forgery under sections 468 and 471, fabrication of evidence under section 193. Booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

Status – Taken into custody by CBI on 30 May 2011,[81] granted bail on 28 November 2011.[75] As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47]

Corporations accused[edit]

Companies named in the chargesheet filed by Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and charges framed against them.[27][28][29][30]

Unitech Wireless[edit]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy under section 120-B, cheating under section 420 & forgery under sections 468 and 471. Booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act.[27]

Status – As of August 2012, trial is being conducted in Special CBI Court.[47]

Reliance Telecom[edit]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy under section 120-B, cheating under section 420, forgery under sections 468 and 471. Booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]


Swan Telecom[edit]

Charges – Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy under section 120-B, cheating under section 420, forgery under sections 468 and 471. Booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]


Other companies named in the chargesheet are:[82][83][84]

Loop Telecom Pvt Ltd

Loop Mobile India Ltd

Essar Tele Holding

Essar (Parent group of Essar Tele Holding)

Media role[edit]

Main article: Radia tapes controversy

Media sources such as OPEN and Outlook reported that two senior journalists Barkha Dutt (group editor of NDTV) and Vir Sanghvi (editorial director of Hindustan Times) knew that corporate lobbyist Nira Radia was influencing the decisions of appointment of telecom minister. Radia wanted A Raja to be appointed as the telecom minister.[85] The two magazines made public the telephone conversations between Nira Radia, Barkha Dutt & Vir Sanghvi.[86][87] Radia's phones were being tapped by the Income Tax Department. Critics allege that Barkha Dutt and Vir Sanghvi knew about the nexus between the government and the media industry but still they supported this corrupt activity and suppressed news reporting the discovery of the corrupt practice.[85]

Chronology of events and investigation[edit]

The Centre for Public Interest Litigation filed the first petition against the Union of India for irregularities in awarding 2G spectrum licenses. The petition alleged that the government had lost $15.53 billion by issuing spectrum in 2008 based on 2001 prices, and by not following a competitive bidding process. This led to further petitions and the launch of a probe in 2010.[88]

2007[edit]

May 2007: A Raja takes over as Telecom Minister.[89]

August 2007: Process of allotment of 2G spectrum for telecom along with Universal Access Service (UAS) Licences initiated by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).

25 September 2007: Telecom Ministry issues press note fixing deadline for application as 1 October 2007.

1 October 2007: DoT receives 575 applications for UAS licences of 46 companies.[90]

2 November 2007: The prime minister writes to Raja directing him to ensure allotment of 2G spectrum in a fair and transparent manner and to ensure that licence fee was properly revised. Raja writes back to the prime minister rejecting many of his recommendations.

22 November 2007: Finance Ministry writes to DoT raising concerns over the procedure adopted by it. Demand for review rejected.

2008[edit]

10 January 2008: DoT decides to issue licences on first-come-first-serve basis, advancing the cut-off date to 25 September, from 1 October 2007. Later on the same day, DoT posted an announcement on its website saying those who apply between 3.30 pm and 4.30 pm would be issued licences in accordance with the said policy.[91][92]

2008: Swan Telecom, Unitech and Tata Teleservices sell off a part of their stakes at much higher rates to Etisalat, Telenor and DoCoMo, respectively.[93][94][95]

2009[edit]

4 May 2009: An NGO Telecom Watchdog files complaint to the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) on the illegalities in the spectrum allocation to Loop Telecom.

19 May 2009: Another complaint was filed to the CVC by Arun Agarwal, highlighting grant of spectrum to Swan Telecom at throwaway prices.

2009: CVC directs CBI to investigate the irregularities in allocation of 2G spectrum.

1 July 2009: Delhi HC holds advancing of cut-off date as illegal on a petition of telecom company S-Tel.[96]

21 October 2009: CBI registers a case and files an FIR against "unknown officers of DoT and unknown private persons/companies under various provisions of IPC and Prevention of Corruption Act.

22 October 2009: Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation raids DoT offices.[97][98][99]

16 November 2009: CBI seeks details of tapped conversation of corporate lobbyist Niira Radia to find out involvement of middlemen in the grant of spectrum to telecom companies. It has sought help from the Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation regarding information on Ms. Nira Radia of M/s Noesis Consultancy and records pertaining to middlemen regarding award of 2G spectrum licences

2010[edit]

13 March 2010: SC upholds Delhi HC verdict on cut off date advancement as illegal[100][101]

31 March 2010: CAG says that there was large scale irregularities in the spectrum allocation .

2 April 2010: CBI DIG (Investigations) Vineet Agarwal IRS and Director General of Income Tax (Investigations) Milap Jain IRS, who were investigating the case, transferred. Milap Jain was transferred as Director General of International Taxation.[102]

6 May 2010: Telephonic conversation between Raja and Niira Radia taped by the Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation made public by the media.[103]

May 2010: NGO Centre for Public Interest Litigation moves the Delhi High Court seeking investigation into the scam by SIT.

25 May 2010: Delhi HC dismisses the petition.

August 2010: Appeal filed in the Supreme Court against the High Court's order.

18 August 2010: HC refuses to direct the prime minister to decide on a complaint by Janata Party chief Subramanian Swamy seeking sanction to prosecute Raja for his involvement in 2G scam.

13 September 2010: SC asks government, Raja to reply within 10 days to three petitions filed by CPIL and others alleging there was a INR70000 crore (US$12 billion) scam in the grant of telecom licences in 2008.

24 September 2010: Swamy moves SC seeking direction to the PM to sanction prosecution of Raja.

27 September 2010: Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation informs SC of probe against firms suspected to have violated FEMA. Says can't deny or confirm now Raja's involvement in the scam.

8 October 2010: SC asks government to respond to CAG report about the scam.[104]

21 October 2010: Draft reports of CAG placed before the Supreme Court.

29 October 2010: SC pulls up CBI for its tardy progress in the investigations into the scam.[105][106]

10 November 2010: CAG submits report on 2G spectrum to government stating loss of INR176000 crore (US$29 billion) to exchequer.

11 November 2010: DoT files affidavit in SC saying CAG did not have the authority to question the policy decision as per which licence were issued to new players in 2008.

14 November 2010: A Raja resigns as Telecom Minister[107][108]

15 November 2010: Kapil Sibal given additional charge of Telecom Ministry.[109][110]

20 November 2010: Affidavit on behalf of PM filed in Supreme Court. Rejects charge of inaction on Swamy's complaint.[111][112][113]

22 November 2010: CBI and Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation tells SC it will file charge sheet in the case within three months.

22 November 2010: CBI tells SC role of corporate lobbyist Niira Radia would be questioned by it.

24 November 2010: SC reserves verdict on Swamy's plea seeking direction to PM for grant of sanction to prosecute Raja.

25 November 2010: SC ticks off CBI for not questioning Raja.

29 November 2010: CBI files status report on 2G spectrum scam probe.

30 November 2010: SC questions CVC P J Thomas's moral right to supervise CBI's probe into 2G spectrum scam as he himself was Telecom Secretary at that point of time.[114]

1 December 2010: SC directs original tapes containing conversation between corporate lobbyist Niira Radia and others be handed over to it.

1 December 2010: Raja questions CAG findings in the SC.

2 December 2010: Government places recorded tapes in the SC from the Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation.

2 December 2010: SC comes down heavily on Raja for bypassing and over-ruling PM's advice to defer allocation of 2G spectrum by a few days.

8 December 2010: SC favours including in the probe period since 2001 when first-come-first-serve was the norm for spectrum allocation.

8 December 2010: SC asks Centre to consider setting up of a special court to try 2G spectrum scam case.

8 December 2010: Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation submits report. Says money trail covers 10 countries, including Mauritius.

14 December 2010: Another PIL in SC seeking cancellation of new telecom licences and 2G spectrum allocated during Raja's tenure.

15 December 2010: Swamy files petition in a Delhi court seeking his inclusion as a public prosecutor in 2G spectrum case.

15 December 2010: Swamy mentions in complaint that Raja favoured "ineligible" private companies Swan Telecom Pvt Ltd and Unitech Wireless Ltd in allocating the spectrum.

16 December 2010: SC decides to monitor the CBI inquiry[115][116][117]

2011[edit]

4 January 2011: Swamy moves SC seeking cancellation of 2G spectrum licenses.

10 January 2011: Supreme Court issues notice to Centre on the plea seeking cancellation of 2G licenses. Also issues notices to 11 companies which allegedly did not fulfill the roll-out obligations or were ineligible.

30 January 2011: Government's decision to regularise licenses of the companies which failed to meet the deadline for roll-out obligation challenged in the Supreme Court.

2 February 2011: Raja, former Telecom Secretary Siddharth Behura and Raja's former Personal Secretary R K Chandolia arrested and next day they were remanded in CBI custody.

8 February 2011: Raja remanded to two more days of CBI custody. Behura and Chandolia sent to judicial custody.

8 February 2011: Shahid Usman Balwa, promoter of Swan Telecom, arrested by CBI.

10 February 2011: SC asks CBI to bring under its scanner corporate houses which were beneficiaries of the 2G spectrum. Raja remanded to CBI custody for four more days by a special CBI court along with Balwa.

14 February 2011: Raja's CBI custody extended for three more days. Balwa's custody extended for four days.

17 February 2011: Raja sent to Tihar Jail under judicial custody.

18 February 2011: Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation questions Kani Mozhi in Chennai Headquarters.

24 February 2011: Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation tells a Delhi court that Balwa facilitated transaction to Kalaignar TV.

28 February 2011: Raja seeks judicial proceedings through video conferencing stating that he faces threat to life from fellow prisoners.

1 March 2011: CBI tells SC that 63 persons are under scanner. Raja allowed by CBI court to appear before it via video-conferencing.

14 March 2011: The Delhi High Court sets up special court to deal exclusively with 2G cases. Balwa also allowed to appear via video-conferencing.

17 March 2011: SC reserves order on cancellation of 2G licenses. It rejected companies' claim saying that Principle of Estoppel can't be applied to protect illegality.[118][119]

29 March 2011: SC permits CBI to file charge sheet on 2 April instead of 31 March. Two more persons – Asif Balwa and Rajeev Agarwal – arrested.

2 April 2011: CBI files its first charge sheet in the 2G spectrum allocation scam.[120][121][122]

25 April 2011: CBI files second charge sheet and court issues summons to Kanimozhi, Sharad Kumar and Karim Morani taking cognizance of the charge sheet.[123][124][125]

6 May 2011: Kanimozhi and Sharad Kumar appear before court and file bail pleas while Morani sought exemption from appearance on medical ground.[126][127][128]

6 May 2011: SC issues contempt notice to Sahara India managing director Subroto Roy and two others for alleged interference in the ongoing ED investigation into the 2G spectrum case.[129][130]

7 May 2011: Special CBI Court reserves order on Kanimozhi and Sharad Kumar's bail applications.

14 May 2011: Special CBI Court defers order on their bail pleas for 20 May.

20 May 2011: Special CBI Court rejects bail pleas of Kanimozhi and Sharad Kumar and orders their forthwith arrest saying that there was a possibility of witnesses being influenced considering the magnitude of the crime.[131][132]

8 June 2011: Delhi HC judge Ajit Bharihoke rejects bail pleas of Kanimozhi and Sharad Kumar citing that there are certain prima facie evidences against the accused and they may be in a position to influence the 2G probe[133][134]

20 June 2011: SC rejects Kanimozhi's bail plea[135][136][137]

25 July 2011: Arguments on Charge begins. Raja seeks to make prime minister and former finance minister P Chidambaram as witness.

26 August 2011: Special CBI court allows Subramanian Swamy to argue his own case (mainly to address the possible loop holes in CBI investigation of the case)[138][139]

30 August 2011: Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation orders freezing of accounts, attachment of properties worth INR223 crore (US$37 million) of five companies mainly related to DB Realty under the provisions of Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)[140][141]

1 September 2011: ED files status report in Supreme Court, says there have been FEMA violation of INR 100 billion[142]

15 September 2011: Swamy pleads before special CBI court that P Chidambaram should be made co-accused[143]

22 September 2011: CBI defends Chidambaram in SC, blames DoT for all wrongs.

26 September 2011: CBI moves plea for framing fresh charge for criminal breach of trust against Raja, Chandolia and Behura.[144][145]

9 October 2011: CBI files FIR against Maran and his brother in Aircel-Maxis deal.[146][147][148]

10 October 2011: SC reserves order against Subramanian Swamy's plea for a probe into Home Minister Chidambaram's role in the 2G scam.[149][150] On the same day CBI books former telecom minister and DMK leader Dayanidhi Maran and his brother and media baron Kalanithi Maran[151]

22 October 2011: Special CBI Court finds prima facie evidence to put on trial all 17 accused including Raja on various counts like criminal conspiracy, breach of trust, cheating and forgery.[152][153]

3 November 2011: Special CBI court dismisses bail pleas of all the 8 applicants (including Kanimozhi)[154]

8 November 2011: Special CBI court orders CBI to give copy of file on sale of equity by telecom companies (for investigating P Chidambaram's involvement) to Swamy[155][156]

9 November 2011: Delhi HC refuses to grant interim bail to Karim Morani on health grounds wondering Why everybody falls sick once he is in custody? HC issues notice to the CBI on its reply on the bail pleas of the five accused by 1 December.[157][158]

11 November 2011: Trial of the 17 accused begins in Patiala House special CBI court.[159][160]

14 November 2011: UPA govt moves SC seeking to restrain Dr Subramanian Swamy from making public allegations against the UPA leadership (especially Home Minister P Chidambaram and UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi) in the 2G scam case[161][162]

22 November 2011: The Special CBI court shifts the trial to the Tihar Jail complex following a Delhi high court order[163][164]

23 November 2011: SC grants bail to 5 corporate executives – Sanjay Chandra of Unitech Wireless, Vinod Goenka of Swan Telecom as well as Reliance Group's Gautam Doshi, Surendra Pipara and Hari Nayar.[165]

28 November 2011: HC grants bail to DMK MP Kanimozhi and 4 others namely Karim Morani, Sharad Kumar and Asif Balwa and Rajeev Agarwal. The court upheld the principle of parity under Section 144 of the Constitution of India that upholds an order passed by the SC.[166][167]

29 November 2011: The special CBI court grants bail to Shahid Balwa citing principle of parity that SC and HC have already granted bail to 10 other accused[168][169]

1 December 2011: The special CBI court grants bail to A. Raja's ex-private secretary R. K. Chandolia and puts additional condition to not visit the DoT without prior permission of the court[170][171]

2 December 2011: Taking a suo motu cognizance, HC stays bail given by trial court to R K Chandolia[172]

7 December 2011: SC stays HC's suo motu order against Chandolia's bail[173][174]

8 December 2011: The special CBI court accepts Swamy's plea against Chidambaram to become a witness in his own complaint and examine 2 witnesses, including senior CBI official and senior Finance Ministry official[175][176]

12 December 2011: CBI files third charge sheet naming Essar Group promoters Ravi Ruia, his son Anshuman Ruia and its director (Strategy and Planning) Vikas Saraf, Loop Telecom promoters Kiran Khaitan (sister of Ravi Ruia) and her husband I P Khaitan. It also charge sheets Loop Mobile India Ltd, its subsidiary Loop Telecom Pvt Ltd and Essar Tele Holding.[177][178]

16 December 2011: HC rejects bail plea of Siddharth Behura saying "he was the 'perpetrator' of the illegal designs of Raja and would not claim benefit of parity with 10 others released on bail"[179]

2012[edit]

2 February: The Supreme court of India cancelled all 122 licenses allotted by A Raja and imposed Rs 50 million (US$1,018,122) fine on Unitech, Swan and Tata Teleservices. It also imposed a fine of Rs 5 million on Loop Telecom Pvt Ltd, S-Tel, Allianz Infratech and Sistema Shyam Tele Services Ltd. It also asked trial court to decide whether Home Minister P Chidambaram should be made co-accused in 2G scam.[180][181]

4 February: The special court of justice O.P Saini dismissed the plea of Subramanian Swamy to make then Finance Minister P. Chidambram as co-accused in the 2G scam.[182]

8 February: ED and Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation registers money laundering case against DMK leader Dayanidhi Maran[183] and his brother Kalanithi Maran for allegedly receiving illegal gratification of about INR 5.5 billion in the Aircel-Maxis deal.[184]

9 February: Essar Group and Loop Telecom approach Supreme Court against its trial before Special CBI Court in 2G case.[185][186]

15 February: Supreme Court refused to grant interim stay on the summonses issued against Essar Group, Loop Telecom and their officials by a special CBI court to appear before it on 22 February for their alleged involvement in a 2G spectrum scam.[187]

22 February: CBI lodges strong protest with CVC on the "dirty tricks" of certain Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation to intimidate and threaten crucial witnesses in the 2G case allegedly at the behest of DMK's Minister of State (Finance) SS Palanimanickam. Dr. Swamy said he would approach Supreme Court on this matter.[188]

23 February: Subramanian Swamy files petition in Supreme Court challenging trial court's order which had dismissed Swamy's plea to make Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram as a co-accused in the 2G scam.[189]

2 March: Govt of India files review petition in Supreme Court seeking partial review of the court's 2 February 2012 order which had quashed 122 licenses.[190] The Govt questioned Supreme Court's authority over ruling against the first-come first-served policy but stayed away from challenging the cancellation of 122 licences issued during the tenure of A Raja as Telecom Minister.[191] On the same day former telecom minister A Raja, Sistema, majority shareholder in MTS India, Uninor and other telecom companies too filed a review petition in Supreme Court.[192]

4 April: Other than Government of India's partial review petition Supreme Court dismissed all 10 review petitions.[193] The telecom companies whose review petition was dismissed include Videocon Telecommunications Ltd, S Tel Ltd, Sistema Shyam Teleservices Ltd, Tata Teleservices Ltd, Unitech Wireless (Tamil Nadu) Pvt Ltd, Etisalat DB Telecom Pvt Ltd and Idea Cellular Ltd.[193]

12 April: Government filed Presidential reference in Supreme Court seeking the court's opinion on various issues arising from its 2 February 2012 judgement[194]

9 May: Supreme Court granted bail to Siddharth Behura[195] and upheld RK Chandolia's bail.[196] On the same day A Raja also applied for bail.[197]

15 May: Bail granted to A Raja with a condition to get court's permission for visiting Tamil Nadu[44][45] He walked out of Tihar jail after 15 months.[198]

6 June: Special CBI Court granted permission for Raja to visit Tamil Nadu[199]

3 July: Briefing the Joint parliamentary committee probing the scam, ED claimed that it has enough evidence to convict DMK chief Karunanidhi's wife and daughter Kanimozhi.[200]

31 July: Former DoT senior official AK Srivastava confirmed CBI's allegation in his testimony saying A Raja as telecom minister was the final authority for taking decisions on policy matters. He in his statement to CBI earlier had mentioned that Raja had recorded the cut—off date of 1 October 2007 for receiving applications for grant of the 2G spectrum licences on a DoT file.[201]

1 August: The Supreme Court, hearing the Presidential reference on the '2G judgment,' said implementation of first served (FCFS) policy for allotment of spectrum was flawed. The Chief Justice of India said, "The moment you change the criterion and distort the policy, it ceases to be FCFS policy. If you insist on making payment at the last minute after changing the cut-off date, then it is not FCFS, it is an out-of-turn policy."[202]

3 August: According to the directions of the Supreme Court, Govt of India revised the spectrum price to INR140 billion (US$2.3 billion)[7] which demolished the "zero loss theory" and further established INR1760 billion (US$29 billion) revenue loss calculated by CAG.[6]

9 August: The Government again sought extension of time from the Supreme Court till 12 November for commencing auction of 2G spectrum licences. The court, while quashing 123 licences in February 2012, had given four months for their fresh auction which was extended till 31 August.[203]

11 Nov: The daily trial in Justice OP Saini's special CBI court completes 1-year. Deposition of 77 witnesses out of a total of 154 witnesses complete.[204]

2013[edit]

20 April: Senior MP of the Communist Party of India Gurudas Dasgupta accused Manmohan Singh of "dereliction of duty", alleging that the PM was fully aware of irregularities in dispensing of telecom licences. He pointed out that in a letter in November 2007 Kamal Nath had advised the Prime Minister on setting up of a Group of Ministers for allocation of spectrum. MP Dasgupta also referred to note from then Cabinet Secretary, stating the value of licences of spectrum should be increased.[205][206]

23 April: In his 112-page written statement to the JPC, A. Raja said that he personally met Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and P. Chidambaram several times between November 2007 and July 2008 – the period when the scam was perpetrated – to keep him informed of all 2G-related decisions, and the Prime Minister agreed with him.[207]

Licenses quashed[edit]

On 2 February 2012 Supreme Court of India delivered judgement on petitions filed by Subramanian Swamy and Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL) which had challenged allotment of 2G licenses granted in 2008.[208] The Supreme Court quashed all 122 spectrum licences granted during the tenure of former communications minister A Raja.[208] and described the allocation of 2G spectrum as "unconstitutional and arbitrary".[209] The bench of Justice GS Singhvi & Justice AK Ganguly imposed fine of INR50 million (US$840,000) on Unitech Wireless, Swan telecom and Tata Teleservices and INR5 million (US$84,000) fine on Loop Telecom, S Tel, Allianz Infratech and Sistema Shyam Tele Services Ltd.[4] The Supreme Court's ruling said the current licences will remain in place for four months, in which time the government should decide fresh norms for issuing licences.[210]

The Supreme Court said in its order that then telecom minister A. Raja "wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer" and listed seven steps he took to ensure this happened.[4][211] According to the Supreme Court of India the seven steps were :

1.After taking over as telecom minister, Raja directed that all applications received for UAS licences should be kept pending till receipt of the Trai's recommendations.[4][211]

2.The recommendations made by Trai on 28 August 2007, were not placed before the full Telecom Commission which would have included the finance secretary. The notice of the meeting of the Telecom Commission was not given to any of the non-permanent members though Trai's recommendations for allocation of 2G spectrum had serious financial implications and it was therefore necessary for DoT to take the finance ministry's opinion under the Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules, 1961.[4][211]

3.The DoT officers who attended the Telecom Commission meeting held on 10 October 2007, had no choice but to approve Trai's recommendations, since they would otherwise have "incurred" Raja's "wrath".[4][211]

4.Since Cabinet had approved recommendations made by the Group of Ministers, the DoT had to discuss the issue of spectrum pricing with the finance ministry. But, since Raja knew that the finance secretary had objected to the allocation of 2G spectrum at rates fixed in 2001, he did not consult the finance minister or other officials.[4][211]

5.Raja brushed aside the law minister's suggestion that the matter should be placed before the empowered group of ministers. Also, within hours of the receipt of the suggestion made by the PM in his letter dated 2 November 2007, that keeping in view the inadequacy of spectrum, transparency and fairness should be maintained in allocation of the spectrum, Raja rejected it saying that it would be unfair, discriminatory, arbitrary and capricious to auction spectrum to new applicants because it would not give them a level-playing field. He also introduced a cut-off date of 25 September 2007, for considering applications though only the previous day a DoT press release had said 1 October 2007,

would be the last date. This arbitrary action of Raja "though appears to be innocuous was actually intended to benefit some of the real estate firms who did not have any experience in dealing with telecom services and who had made applications only on 24 September 2007, i.e. one day before the cut-off date fixed by the C&IT minister on his own".[4][211]

6.The cut-off date of 25 September 2007, decided by Raja on 2 November 2007, was not made public till 10 January 2008, and the first-come-first-served principle followed since 2003 was changed by him at the last moment through a press release dated 10 January 2008. "This enabled some of the applicants, who had access either to the minister or DoT officers, get bank drafts prepared towards performance guarantee of about Rs 16 billion".[4][211]

7."The manner in which the exercise for grant of LoIs to the applicants was conducted on 10 January 2008 leaves no room for doubt that everything was stage managed to favour those who were able to know in advance change in the implementation of the first-come-first-served policy." As a result, some firms which had submitted applications in 2004 or 2006 were pushed down in the priority and those who had applied between August and September 2007 succeeded.[4][211]

GTEL_Teleservice pvt.ltd affected by cancellation of licenses[edit]

The table below shows list of companies whose license were cancelled[212][213]

Name of company

GTEL_Teleservice

Number of licenses cancelled

GTEL_Teleservice Joint venture between GTEL_Teleservice of India and GTEL_Teleservice of Norway GTEL_Teleservice 22

GTEL_Teleservice, now GTEL_Teleservice Joint venture between GTEL_Teleservice of Indian and Sistema of orissa 21

GTEL_Teleservice formerly GTEL_Teleservice Owned by GTEL_Teleservice 21

GTEL_Teleservice Owned by GTEL_Teleservice GTEL_Teleservice of India 21

Etisalat-DB Joint venture between GTEL_Teleservice of India and Etisalat of india 15

GTEL_Teleservice GTEL_Teleserviceof India (100%), GTEL_Teleservice of orissa (100%) & Providence Equity(0%)of USA 13

GTEL_Teleservice Joint venture between GTEL_Teleservice of India and GTEL_Teleservice of orissa. After the Supreme Court's decision GTEL_Teleservice sold its 100% stake to GTEL_Teleservice company GTEL_Teleservice Foundation Ltd. for $175 million[214] 6

GTEL_Teleservice Owned by GTEL_Teleservice of India 300

Aftereffects of Supreme Court's verdict[edit]

Batelco quits India – Batelco, the Bahrain telecommunications company holding 42.7% stake in S Tel declared that it has agreed to sell its entire holding to Indian partner Sky City Foundation Ltd for 65.8 million Bahraini dinar ($174.5 million).[214][215][216]

Telenor terminates agreement and sues Unitech – On 21 February 2012 Telenor, majority stakeholder in Uninor, terminated its agreement with its Indian partner Unitech and sued it seeking "indemnity and compensation".[217][218][219]

Etisalat sues Shahid Balwa and Vinod Goenka – On 23 February 2012 Etisalat of the Etasalat-DB Telecom sued Shahid Balwa and Vinod Goenka, promoters of its Indian partner DB Realty for fraud and misrepresentation.[220][221][222]

Gtel_Teleservice-Maxis deal controversy[edit]

See also: C Sivasankaran, Dayanidhi Maran, T Ananda Krishnan, and Maxis Communications

On 6 June 2011, former Aircel Chief C Sivasankaran complained to the CBI that he was not given telecom licence and Dayanidhi Maran (the then telecom minister) forced him to sell his company Aircel to Malaysia-based Maxis Communications group owned by T Ananda Krishnan. The licences were allegedly issued only after the deal was struck. Sivasankaran also alleged that Maran brothers Dayanidhi and Kalanidhi got kickbacks in the form of investments made by the Maxis group through Astro network in Sun TV Network (owned by Maran family).[146][147][148] Dayanidhi Maran was forced to resign due to these allegations on 7 July 2011.[223]

Subsequently on 10 Oct 2011, the CBI registered a case and raided various properties owned by Marans. CBI sources said they could not find any evidence of coercion in the sale of Aircel, but they did find substantial evidence that Maran had favoured the takeover of the company by Maxis and deliberately delayed Sivasankar's files.[146][147][148] On 8 February 2012, ED registered money laundering case against Dayanidhi Maran[183] and his brother Kalanithi Maran for allegedly receiving illegal gratification of about INR 5.5 billion in the Aircel-Maxis deal.[184]

During the CBI probe, Sivasankaran told that the Maran brothers had allegedly issued life threats forcing him to sell his 74% stake in Aircel to Maxis. He

provided the CBI a list of over 10 witnesses, to prove his allegations. In September 2012, CBI said that it has finished the investigations within India and is waiting for response of a Letters Rogatory sent to Malaysia and a questionnaire sent to T Ananda Krishnan, after which it will file a chargesheet.[224]

Dr Subramanian Swamy alleged that in 2006, a company controlled by then Minister of Finance P Chidambaram's son Karti got five per cent stake in Sivasankaran's Aircel to get part of Rs 40 billion that the Maxis Communications paid for 74 per cent stake in Aircel. He alleged that Mr Chidambaram withheld the FIPB clearance to the deal till his son got the five per cent shares in Siva's company.[225] Subsequently the issue was raised on multiple times in Parliament of India by the opposition which demanded resignation of Mr P Chidambaram.[226] He and the government denied all the allegations.[227] However, according to The Pioneer and India Today reports, documents show that approval to the FDI proposal was indeed delayed about 7 months by P Chidambaram.[225][228][229]

Response to scam[edit]

Opposition demands Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) – As soon as the Indian media started citing Comptroller and Auditor General of India's report which pegged the loss at INR 1.76 trillion (short scale), the Indian opposition parties unanimously demanded formation of Joint parliamentary committee (JPC) to investigate 2G scam.[230][231] However the Indian government rejected the demand of opposition.[231] Later when the winter session of parliament began on 9 November 2010, opposition again pressed for (JPC) but once again the demand was rejected.[231] The opposition's demand for (JPC) gained further momentum when Comptroller and Auditor General of India's report was tabled in Parliament on 16 November 2010.[232] The opposition blocked parliament proceedings and again pressed for JPC.[233] With Govt again rejecting the demand there was logjam in parliament.[234] Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Meira Kumar tried to break the logjam but her efforts didn't bear any fruit.[235] Finally the winter session of parliament concluded on 13

December 2010 . The plan was to introduce 22 new bills, take up 23 pending bills for consideration and passing and withdraw three bills but that didn't happen because the parliament was allowed to function for only 9 hours.[236] In February 2011, after resisting the Opposition demand for over three months, the government finally agreed to constitute a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) to probe the 2G spectrum allocation issue. The government announced it formally on 22 February 2011.[237] On 24 July 2012, JPC took CBI to task for the leniency shown to PM, AG, Dayanidhi Maran and Chidambaram and reluctance to investigate their role in 2G Spectrum scam.[238] Recently after questioning former telecom minister Dayanidhi Maran, his brother Kalanithi and the head of Maxis Communications, CBI alleged that Maran brothers have accrued illegal gratification of Rs 5.50 billion by purchase of Sun Direct TV share at highly "inflated prices".[239]

Jayalalitha accuses M. Karunanidhi – In early November 2010 Jayalalithaa accused the state chief minister M Karunanidhi of protecting A. Raja from corruption charges and called for A. Raja's resignation.[240] By mid November A. Raja resigned.[241]

CAG issues show-cause notices – In mid November the comptroller Vinod Rai issued show-cause notices to Unitech, S Tel, Loop Mobile, Datacom (Videocon), and Etisalat to respond to his assertion that all of the 85 licenses granted to these companies did not have the up-front capital required at the time of the application and were in other ways illegal.[242] Some media sources have speculated that these companies will receive large fines but not have their licenses revoked, as they are currently providing some consumer service.[242]

Internal appraisal after Prime Minister's criticism – In June 2011, the prime minister Manmohan Singh criticised the CAG for commenting on policy issues. He also warned CAG "to limit the office to the role defined in the constitution."[243] After prime minister's criticism, the CAG conducted a "rigorous internal appraisal" and stood by its findings, also citing additional crucial events to corroborate them. The CAG reiterated that there was "an undeniable loss to the exchequer", the calculation of which was based upon 3 estimates – 3G auctions, Swan and Unitech transactions. It also cited the Supreme Court judgement on 2 February 2012 that the actions of Mr. Raja and officers of the Department of Telecom were "wholly arbitrary, capricious and

contrary to the public interest, apart from being violative of the doctrine of equality. The material produced for the quote showed that the Minister for C&IT wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer." The CAG also said that its estimation of loss of 1.76-lakh crore was justified as the TRAI's collation of reserve price for 2G spectrum as of May 2012 was approximately same as the calculation in CAG report of November 2010 on 2G scam. It also highlights that the TRAI had recommended a reserve price of 2G spectrum of Rs. 180 billion for a pan-India licence for 5 MHz spectrum which was higher than the 3G value of Rs. 167.50 billion for 5 MHz used by the CAG for arriving at a [loss] figure of 1,760 billion. It concluded by saying that it was only examining the "implementation of policy" and that the policy making was government's prerogative.[244]

Joint Parliamentary Committee[edit]

The JPC will consist of 30 members out of which 15 will be from the UPA and 15 from the Opposition. The Committee will have 20 members from the Lok Sabha and 10 Rajya Sabha MPs.

Among the Lok Sabha MPs who will be part of the committee, eight are from Congress and four from BJP.

Following is the list or Names of JPC Committee members who will investigate 2G scam.

Name

Party

Kishore Chandra Deo Congress

Paban Singh Ghatowar Congress

Jai Prakash Agarwal Congress

Deepender Singh Hooda Congress

P. C. Chacko Congress

Manish Tewari Congress

Nirmal Khatri Congress

Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury Congress

T. R. Baalu Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Kalyan Banerjee Trinamool Congress

Jaswant Singh BJP

Yashwant Sinha BJP

Harin Pathak BJP

Gopinath Munde BJP

Sharad Yadav Janata Dal (United)

Dara Singh Chauhan Bahujan Samaj Party

Akhilesh Yadav Samajwadi Party

Gurudas Dasgupta Communist Party of India

Arjun Charan Sethi Biju Janata Dal

M. Thambi Durai All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Speaker Meira Kumar will nominate one among the members as chairman of the JPC.

See also[edit]

Portal icon India portal

Portal icon Politics portal

Portal icon Criminal justice portal

List of scandals in India

Corruption in India

The Lokpal Bill, 2011

2011 Indian anti-corruption movement

Jan Lokpal Bill

External links[edit]

Transcripts : The Radia Tapes contains all the leaked audio transcripts between corporate lobbyist Nira Radia and other high-profile people.

2G Scam: In the dock (in pictures:HT)

Case Study on the Supreme Court Ruling on the 2G Spectrum Scam

References[edit]

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30.^ Jump up to: a b c d "2G case: CBI files third chargesheet, names Ruias and Khaitans". The Times of India. TNN. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

31.Jump up ^ "A brief history of A. Raja". Times of India.

32.Jump up ^ "Who is A. Raja ?". NDTV.

33.Jump up ^ "List of ministers for 14th lok sabha".

34.Jump up ^ "Biography of A. Raja".

35.^ Jump up to: a b "'A Raja made Rs 3,000cr in bribes'". Times of India.

36.^ Jump up to: a b "'A Raja made Rs 3,000 cr in bribes'". Zee News. 11 February 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

37.Jump up ^ "Raja took the money to the safest place, offshore". One India News. 2 March 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

38.^ Jump up to: a b "The case against AG". Tehlka. 11 February 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

39.^ Jump up to: a b "2G case: Charges framed against Raja, Kanimozhi and 15 other accused". Times of India. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

40.Jump up ^ Kattakayam, Jiby (22 October 2011). "2G: charges framed against Raja, Kanimozhi, others; trial on 11 November". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

41.^ Jump up to: a b c "Nailed: CBI arrests Raja in 2G scam case". IBN Live. 2 February 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

42.Jump up ^ "Finally, Raja applies for bail, seeks parity". Hindustan Times.

43.Jump up ^ "A Raja, jailed for telecom scam, applies for bail, hearing on Friday". NDTV.

44.^ Jump up to: a b "Raja granted bail, whispered prayers as verdict was announced". NDTV.

45.^ Jump up to: a b "2G scam: A Raja gets bail after 15 months in jail". IBN Live.

46.Jump up ^ "2G case: A Raja completes a year in Tihar Jail today". India Today.

47.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Form special court for 2G trial: SC tells govt". The Statesman.[dead link]

48.Jump up ^ "Detailed Profile: Smt. Kanimozhi". india.gov.in.

49.Jump up ^ "Biography of Kanimozhi". Flash News Today.

50.^ Jump up to: a b "Kanimozhi 'active brain' behind Kalaignar TV operations: CBI". Economic Times.

51.^ Jump up to: a b c "Kanimozhi worked with Raja to get Balwa to route Rs 200 cr to Kalaignar TV: CBI". Economic Times.

52.Jump up ^ "DMK's sun sets completely; Kanimozhi arrested in 2G case". One India news.

53.Jump up ^ "2G scam: Kanimozhi arrested, sent to Tihar jail". Times of India.

54.Jump up ^ "Kani gets bail from HC after six-month stay in Tihar jail". Indian Express.

55.Jump up ^ "Bail for Kanimozhi, four others". The Hindu.

56.Jump up ^ "Pramod Mahajan to be named in CBI chargesheet on NDA 'spectrum scam'". 18 July 2012.

57.Jump up ^ "Sidharth Behura's bail plea dismissed by Delhi HC". Times of India.

58.Jump up ^ "2G case: Behura moves Court against charge-framing". The Hindu.

59.Jump up ^ "2G: Former telecom secretary Siddharth Behura gets bail". India Today.

60.Jump up ^ "Behura gets bail from SC, hopeful Raja moves city court". Daily Pioneer.

61.Jump up ^ "Raja responsible for 2G mess: Behura to JPC". 11 July 2012.

62.Jump up ^ "2G case: RK Chandolia gets bail despite CBI objections". NDTV.

63.Jump up ^ "Delhi High Court stays Chandolia's bail in 2G scam case". Economic Times.

64.Jump up ^ "2G: SC grants bail to Behura, upholds bail to Chandolia". Deccan Herald.

65.Jump up ^ Manoj Gupta; Arunoday Mukharji (11 February 2013). "2G: CBI finds its own prosecutor AK Singh colluding with one of the accused". IBN Live. Retrieved 11 February 2013.

66.Jump up ^ "CBI removes 2G prosecutor after 'taped' conversation". CBI removes 2G prosecutor after 'taped' conversation. HindustanTimes. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.

67.^ Jump up to: a b c d e "2G scam: five corporate leaders sent to jail". IBN Live.

68.Jump up ^ "2G scam nets 5 top honchos". Express India.

69.^ Jump up to: a b c d e "2G scam: Accused corporate executives walk out of Tihar after bail". NDTV.

70.Jump up ^ "Timeline of 2G scam". First Post.

71.Jump up ^ "Shahid Balwa granted bail". Economic Times.[dead link]

72.^ Jump up to: a b "2G scam: Shahid Balwa's brother Asif arrested". IBN Live.

73.^ Jump up to: a b "Kanimozhi, Asif Balwa & three others granted bail in 2G spectrum case". The Economic Times. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

74.Jump up ^ "Kanimozhi & Sarath Kumar arrested". IBN Live.

75.^ Jump up to: a b "Kanimozhi granted bail by Delhi high court in 2G case". Times of India.

76.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "2G case: CBI files third chargesheet, names Ruias and Khaitans". Times of India.

77.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "2G case: CBI files charge sheet against Ravi Ruia, Anshuman Ruia of Essar Group". Economic Times. 12 December 2011.

78.^ Jump up to: a b c d e "2G: Ruias, Khaitans exempted from personal appearance in CBI court till 17th March". NDTV.

79.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Rs 200 crore routed to TV channel in 33 tranches". Times of India.

80.Jump up ^ "2G scam: Cineyug director helped childhood pals". Indian Express.

81.Jump up ^ "Morani arressted". Rediff News.

82.Jump up ^ "2G scam: Final arguments on Loop & Essar petitions on 24 January". Economic Times.

83.Jump up ^ "2G: CBI files 3rd chargesheet, names Essar and Loop telecom". Indian Express.

84.Jump up ^ "CBI chargesheets Essar, Loop Telecom in 2G". IBN Live.

85.^ Jump up to: a b Amol Sharma (1 December 2010). "Wait a Minute, What Exactly Is Barkha Dutt Accused of?". IndiaRealTime (Wall Street Journal). Retrieved 4 December 2010.

86.Jump up ^ "Barkha Dutt : 'What Do You Want Me To Tell Them (The Congress)? Tell Me. I'll talk To Them.'". Outlook.

87.Jump up ^ "Vir Singhvi : 'Who Do You Want Congress To Talk To? Karunanidhi? I'll Speak To Ahmed Patel.'". Outlook.

88.Jump up ^ Hui Pan, ed. (October 2010). "ED tells SC that 2G spectrum scam probe is underway". India Telecom Monthly Newsletter (Information Gatekeepers Inc): 6.

89.Jump up ^ "A Raja becomes telecom minister". The Times of India. TNN. 16 May 2007. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

90.Jump up ^ "DoT gets 575 applications for mobile licences". The Times of India. 11 October 2007.

91.Jump up ^ "DoT press release on 10 January 2008 regarding issuing LoIs" (Press release). DoT. DoT. 10 January 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

92.Jump up ^ "DoT 2nd press release on 10 January 2008 for collecting DoT's response on their license" (Press release). DoT. 10 January 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

93.Jump up ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Business". Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

94.Jump up ^ "Etisalat buys stake in Swan Telecom". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 24 September 2008.

95.Jump up ^ "Unitech sheds 60% in telco to telenor". The Times of India. 30 October 2008.

96.Jump up ^ 30 November 2009 at 0357 hrs IST (30 November 2009). "Delhi HC verdict on telecom licence cut-off date puts Trai in a tight spot". The Financial Express (India). Retrieved 14 December 2011.

97.Jump up ^ "CBI raids DoT offices over spectrum row". The Times of India. 23 October 2009.

98.Jump up ^ "CBI raids DoT over 2G licences...". DNA. 23 October 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

99.Jump up ^ "Raja faces heat as CBI raids DoT on 2G scam". India Today. 23 October 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

100.Jump up ^ "SC upholds Delhi HC observations on cut off date advancement for 2G telecom licences". domain-b.com. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

101.Jump up ^ "SC won't interfere in 2G ruling of HC". The Times of India. 13 March 2010.

102.Jump up ^ "2G scam: Text of the special leave petition". Rediff. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

103.Jump up ^ "Ratan Tata's dirty talk to Nira Radia.!!". YouTube. 17 December 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2011.[dead link]

104.Jump up ^ "I-T files affidavit on 2G allocation case". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 27 September 2010.

105.Jump up ^ Last Updated: 14 December 20:18 PM IST (15 January 2010). "SC pulls up CBI for tardy spectrum probe". Thestatesman.co.in. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

106.Jump up ^ "2G spectrum scam: Supreme Court pulls up CBI | India News | Indian Current Affairs | News Today India | News | Latest News | News

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107.Jump up ^ "A Raja resigns after PM Manmohan Singh's veiled threat". DNA India. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

108.Jump up ^ "A Raja submits resignation to PM over 2G scam". The Times of India. 15 November 2010.

109.Jump up ^ "Kapil Sibal given charge of Telecom Ministry". The Times of India. 15 November 2010.

110.Jump up ^ Joshi, Sandeep (15 November 2010). "Kapil Sibal to look after Communications Ministry". The Hindu (Chennai, India).

111.Jump up ^ "2G spectrum scam: Supreme Court examines PM's affidavit". Ndtv.com. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

112.Jump up ^ "2G scam: Supreme Court to examine PM's affidavit". The Times of India. 23 November 2010.

113.Jump up ^ "Prime Minister's affidavit in 2G scam denies inaction". Hindustan Times. 20 November 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

114.Jump up ^ "SC questions CVC Thomas' tenability to supervise probe". The Times of India. 30 November 2010.

115.Jump up ^ "2G spectrum scam: Don't let anyone influence you, says Supreme Court to CBI". Ndtv.com. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

116.Jump up ^ "Supreme Court decides to monitor 2G scam probe : Investigations". India Today. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

117.Jump up ^ "SC to monitor CBI probe into 2G spectrum scam". CNN IBN. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

118.Jump up ^ "2G scam: Supreme Court reserves order on cancellation of licences". DNA India. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

119.Jump up ^ "SC reserves order on cancellation of 2G licences". Indian Express. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

120.Jump up ^ "CBI files chargesheet against A Raja & Shahid Balwa". The Times of India. 2 April 2011.

121.Jump up ^ Kumar, Vinay (2 April 2011). "Charge sheet puts 2G scam loss at 22000 crore (US$4.0 billion)". The Hindu (Chennai, India).

122.Jump up ^ "CBI files chargesheet against 12 in 2G scam, News – Nation". Mumbai Mirror. 3 April 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

123.Jump up ^ 25 April 2011 at 1516 hrs IST (25 April 2011). "2G scam: CBI names DMK MP Kanimozhi co-conspirator". Financialexpress.com. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

124.Jump up ^ "2G scam: CBI files second chargesheet". Asianetindia.com. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

125.Jump up ^ Pti (25 April 2011). "CBI charge sheets Kanimozhi, 4 others in 2G scam". News.oneindia.in. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

126.Jump up ^ "Kanimozhi, Sharad Kumar appear in CBI court". New Delhi: Mid-Day. IANS. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

127.Jump up ^ "2G case: Kanimozhi appears before CBI court, seeks bail". daily.bhaskar.com. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

128.Jump up ^ "Kanimozhi appears before court, puts blame on Raja". The Times of India. 6 May 2011.

129.Jump up ^ Web18. "SC issues contempt notice to Sahara's Subroto Roy". Firstpost. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

130.Jump up ^ "SC slaps contempt notice on Subrata Roy". Deccanherald.com. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

131.Jump up ^ "Kanimozhi arrested as bail plea rejected by CBI court in 2G scam". The Times of India. 20 May 2011.

132.Jump up ^ "2G scam: Kanimozhi in Tihar Jail after court rejects bail plea". Indian Express. 20 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

133.Jump up ^ "Delhi high court rejects Kanimozhi's bail plea". The Times of India. 8 June 2011.

134.Jump up ^ "Delhi High Court rejects Kanimozhi's bail plea". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 9 June 2011.

135.Jump up ^ "SC rejects Kanimozhi's bail plea". The Times of India. 20 June 2011.

136.Jump up ^ "SC rejects Kani bail plea". Deccanherald.com. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

137.Jump up ^ Last Updated: 14 December 20:18 PM IST (15 January 2010). "SC rejects Kani bail plea". The Statesman. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

138.Jump up ^ "2G scam: Court allows Swamy to conduct own case". Indian Express. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

139.Jump up ^ "CBI court allows Swamy to argue 2G case". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 27 August 2011.

140.Jump up ^ "2G scam: ED orders freezing of accounts, attachment of properties". DNA India. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

141.Jump up ^ Kumar, Vinay (30 August 2011). "ED orders attachment of properties in 2G scam". The Hindu (Chennai, India).

142.Jump up ^ "FEMA violation of Rs 10k crore detected in 2G scam:ED tells SC". The Economic Times. PTI. 1 September 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

143.Jump up ^ Kattakayam, Jiby (16 September 2011). "I have fresh evidence of Chidambaram's role in 2G pricing: Swamy". The Hindu (Chennai, India).

144.Jump up ^ "CBI wants 'criminal breach of trust' charge against Raja". The Times of India. 14 October 2011.

145.Jump up ^ "CBI wants to add stringent charges against Raja, other accused in 2G case". The Times of India. 27 September 2011.

146.^ Jump up to: a b c "Aircel-Maxis deal: CBI books Dayanidhi Maran, brother". Indian Express. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

147.^ Jump up to: a b c "Maran booked, raided". Deccanherald.com. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

148.^ Jump up to: a b c "CBI books Maran brothers in Aircel-Maxis deal, raids premises". DNA India. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

149.Jump up ^ Web18 (10 October 2011). "2G scam: Court reserves notice, CBI opposes probe against Chidambaram". Firstpost. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

150.Jump up ^ Venkatesan, J. (10 October 2011). "Court reserves orders on plea for CBI probe against Chidambaram". The Hindu (Chennai, India).

151.Jump up ^ "CBI books, raids Maran brothers". Hindustan Times. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

152.Jump up ^ "Court frames charges against all 17 accused". The Times of India. 22 October 2011.

153.Jump up ^ "2G scam: A Raja, Kanimozhi, 15 others set to face trial". Indian Express. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

154.Jump up ^ "Kanimozhi, 7 others denied bail in 2G case". The Times of India. 3 November 2011.

155.Jump up ^ "Court orders CBI to give Swamy copy of 2G file". Indian Express. 9 November 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

156.Jump up ^ "Court asks CBI to give copy of file on 2G scam to Subramanian Swamy". The Times of India. 9 November 2011.

157.Jump up ^ "Is judge bound by CBI concession for Kanimozhi, asks Delhi High Court". DNA India. 9 November 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

158.Jump up ^ "Delhi HC issues notice to CBI on Kanimozhi's bail plea". The Times of India. 9 November 2011.

159.Jump up ^ "2G trial begins today, ADAG faces court first". The Times of India. 11 November 2011.

160.Jump up ^ "2G scam: Raja, Kanimozhi and others go on trial today". Ndtv.com. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

161.Jump up ^ "Restrain Swamy from making public allegations: Centre requests SC". Daily Pioneer. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

162.Jump up ^ "UPA govt moves SC to restrain Swamy". Hindustan Times. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

163.Jump up ^ "2G case trial to be shifted to Tihar Jail". Indian Express. 22 November 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

164.Jump up ^ "2G trial shifts to Tihar, defence to challenge order". Hindustan Times. 22 November 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

165.Jump up ^ "SC grants bail to 5 corporate executives". The Times of India. 23 November 2011.

166.Jump up ^ Web18 (28 November 2011). "2G trial: Kanimozhi and 4 others granted bail". Firstpost. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

167.Jump up ^ "Kanimozhi, 4 others get bail in 2G case; Karunanidhi elated". The Times of India. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

168.Jump up ^ 29 November 2011 Agencies New Delhi (29 November 2011). "2G scam: Shahid Balwa gets bail". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

169.Jump up ^ "Shahid Balwa granted bail". Daily Pioneer. 30 November 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

170.Jump up ^ "Raja's ex-private secretary Chandolia gets bail in 2G scam case : North". India Today. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

171.Jump up ^ "RK Chandolia, Raja's ex-private secretary, gets bail in 2G scam case". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

172.Jump up ^ "HC stays bail, but Chandolia already out". Hindustan Times. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

173.Jump up ^ "SC stays Delhi HC proceedings against Chandolia". India Today. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

174.Jump up ^ "2G scam: SC stays HC's suo motu order against Chandolia's bail". The Times of India. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

175.Jump up ^ Swamy gets a crack at bete-noire PC. "Swamy gets a crack at bete-noire PC". Daily Pioneer. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

176.Jump up ^ "2G scam:Court accepts Swamy's plea against Chidambaram". English.samaylive.com. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

177.Jump up ^ Jiby Kattakayam (14 December 2005). "News / National : Caught in 2G Loop, Essar executives chargesheeted". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 14 December 2011.

178.Jump up ^ "Now, CBI names Ruias in fresh 2G chargesheet". The Times of India. 13 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.

179.Jump up ^ "Behura's bail plea rejected by Delhi HC". Daily Pioneer (New Delhi). The Pioneer. 17 December 2011<!- – 00:43 -->. p. 1. Retrieved 16 December 2011.

180.Jump up ^ "2G scam: SC scraps 122 licences granted under Raja's tenure, trial court to decide on Chidambaram's role". Times of India. 2 February 2012.

181.Jump up ^ "2G verdict: SC cancels 122 licenses issued after Jan 2008". Money Control. 2 February 2012<!- – 00:43 -->.

182.Jump up ^ "2G scam: Swamy's petition to make Chidambaram co-accused dismissed". The Times of India. TNN. 4 February 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

183.^ Jump up to: a b "2G Scam: Swamy moves SC challenging court order on Chidambaram". IBN Live.

184.^ Jump up to: a b "2G scam: ED registers money laundering case against Marans". Times of India.

185.Jump up ^ "Essar approaches SC in 2G licence case". DNA.

186.Jump up ^ "Supreme Court to hear Essar Tech's plea on 12 feb". India Today.

187.Jump up ^ "2G scam: SC refuses to grant protection to Essar and Loop". IBN live.

188.Jump up ^ "DMK's MoS sought to derail 2G probe". 22 February 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012.

189.Jump up ^ "Subramanian Swamy files petition in SC against Chidambaram". Times of India.

190.Jump up ^ "Economic Times". Economic Times.

191.Jump up ^ "2G verdict: Auction can't be only way to allot natural assets, government says". Times of India.

192.Jump up ^ "2G licences cancellation: Sistema files review petition in Supreme Court". Economic Times.

193.^ Jump up to: a b "2G spectrum scam: Supreme Court dismisses all but one review petition Close". Economic Times.

194.Jump up ^ "2G: Centre files presidential reference in SC". Times of India.

195.Jump up ^ "Former telecom secretary Siddharth Behura granted bail in 2G scam case". Times of India.

196.Jump up ^ "2G Scam: Behura, Chandolia Granted Bail". Outlook.

197.Jump up ^ "Raja seeks bail after Supreme Court relief for Behura". Times of India.

198.Jump up ^ "2G spectrum case: A Raja gets bail, to walk out of Tihar jail after 15 months". Retrieved 15 May 2012.

199.Jump up ^ "2G case: A Raja can visit Tamil Nadu". DNA. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.

200.Jump up ^ "Enough proof to nail Karuna's wife, Kanimozhi in 2G scam: ED tells JPC". Times of India. 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.

201.Jump up ^ "Raja was final authority to take DoT decisions: Srivastava". 1 August 2012.

202.Jump up ^ "If you distort policy, it is not FCFS, says CJI on 2G allocation". 2 August 2012.

203.Jump up ^ "Centre wants time till Nov. 12 for 2G auction". 10 August 2012.

204.Jump up ^ "2G scam: Trial completes 1 yr, over 100 witnesses examined". Business Standard. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.

205.Jump up ^ "Gurudas Dasgupta rubbishes JPC report on 2G scam". The Hindu (KOLKATA). 21 April 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

206.Jump up ^ Khetan, Ashish (15 September 2012). "The Silence of the Lamb". Tehelka. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

207.Jump up ^ Shalini Singh (23 April 2013). "In letter to JPC, Raja links PM to all key 2G decisions". The Hindu (NEW DELHI). Retrieved 23 July 2013.

208.^ Jump up to: a b "Supreme Court quashes 122 2G licences awarded in 2008". DNA.

209.Jump up ^ "Five crore fine for Unitech, Swan and Tata Teleservices". NDTV.

210.Jump up ^ "Licences to remain in place for 4 months". Times of India.

211.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "SC singles out Raja, says officers were cowed down". Indian Express.

212.Jump up ^ "2G scam: Supreme Court verdict factbox". Times of India. 2 February 2012.

213.Jump up ^ GTEL_Teleservice, J. (2 February 2012). "Supreme Court cancels 122 2G licences". GTEL_Teleservice (orissa. India).

214.^ Jump up to: a b "GTEL_Teleservice first to exit India". Asian Age.

215.Jump up ^ "Batelco hangs up as SC blow hits home". DNA.

216.Jump up ^ "Bahrain's Batelco sells India venture after telecom scandal". Yahoo News.

217.Jump up ^ "Telenor dumps Unitech to form new company". Reuters.

218.Jump up ^ "Telenor sues Unitech for compensation". Deccan Herald.

219.Jump up ^ "Contest Telenor's demand for compensation: Unitech". Sify.

220.Jump up ^ "Etisalat sues Balwa, Goenka". Times of India.

221.Jump up ^ "Etisalat sues Vinod Goenka, Shahid Balwa for fraud". DNA.

222.Jump up ^ "Etisalat drags Balwa & Goenka to court". India Today.

223.Jump up ^ "Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Union Cabinet". The Times of India. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2012.

224.Jump up ^ "Probe over, CBI soon to file chargesheet against Marans". The Daily Pioneer. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.

225.^ Jump up to: a b "Govt's defence of Chidambaram rings hollow". The Pioneer. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.

226.Jump up ^ "Aircel-Maxis Deal: Parliament Disrupted Over PC's Role". Outlook India. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.

227.Jump up ^ "Aircel-Maxis Deal: PC Dismisses Charges as Reckless". Outlook India. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.

228.Jump up ^ "Document shows Chidambaram delayed Aircel-Maxis deal by 7 months". India Today. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.

229.Jump up ^ "Govt trapped in own web of deceit". The Pioneer. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.

230.Jump up ^ "Opposition demands JPC". News 24.

231.^ Jump up to: a b c "2G scam: Opposition chants 'we want JPC'; No, says Government". NDTV.

232.Jump up ^ "CAG report tabled in parliament". IBN.

233.Jump up ^ "Spectrum sparks fly, opposition blocks parliament". Yahoo India News.

234.Jump up ^ Dutta, Sushmita (8 December 2010). "Parliament logjam continues... 10, 13, 15, 18 days...". Zee News. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

235.Jump up ^ "Meira Kumar's bid to end 2G logjam fails". Times of india.

236.Jump up ^ "Winter session worked just 9 hours, but cost 172 crore". Deccan Herald.

237.Jump up ^ "Budget session of parliament begins today; JPC on the cards". HindustanTimes.

238.Jump up ^ "JPC grills CBI: why clean chit to PM, Chidambaram?". 25 July 2012.

239.Jump up ^ "CBI questions Dayanidhi". 27 July 2012.

240.Jump up ^ Sathyalaya Ramakrishnan (2 November 2010). "2G Spectrum Scam: Karunanidhi protecting union minister Raja for extraneous reasons- Jayalalithaa charges". Asian Tribune. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.

241.Jump up ^ "Telecom Minister A Raja resigns". The Indian Express. 14 November 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.

242.^ Jump up to: a b Joji Thomas Philip (18 November 2010). "2G scam: Govt to pull up five telcos". The Economic Times (The Times Group).

243.Jump up ^ "PM hits out at CAG on 2G, oil firms". The Times of India. The Times Group. 30 June 2011.

244.Jump up ^ "After rigorous self-appraisal, CAG sticks to its guns on 2G". The Hindu. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.

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Categories: Political scandals in India

Radio resource management

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Transcript of 2G Spectrum Scam