2D to 3D conversion of formula 1 footage
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Transcript of 2D to 3D conversion of formula 1 footage
2D to 3D conversion of Formula 1 footage
Serge Hendrickx
1
Presentation Overview
• Thesis objective
• Conversion process
• Conclusion and result 2
• 3D rotation
• Car detection and tracking
• Inpainting
• Overlay detection and conversion of background
Objective: 2D to 3D conversion of Formula 1 footage
2D recorded and broadcasted images 3D experience
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Objective: 2D to 3D conversion of Formula 1 footage
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What is special about Formula 1?
Undeformable objects with near perfect 3D models -> Investigate how these could be used in this conversion process -> Not just generating best-looking 3D
Introduction to Formula1 footage Example footage
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Presentation Overview
• Thesis objective
• Conversion process
• Conclusion and result 6
• 3D rotation
• Car detection and tracking
• Inpainting
• Overlay detection and conversion of background
3D effect
• Translation + rotation
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Retinal Disparity
3D effect
• Translation + rotation
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Retinal Disparity
1) Nearest-neighbor
2) 3D Projection
3D effect
• Translation + rotation
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Retinal Disparity
1) Nearest-neighbor
2) 3D Projection
Nearest neighbor rotation
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For each pixel: 1) Find corresponding RGB 2) Detect nearest match in
rotated view 3) Copy pixelvalue
XYZ represented by RGB during rendering
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Nearest neighbor rotation
3D effect
• Translation + rotation
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Retinal Disparity
1) Nearest-neighbor
2) 3D Projection
3D projection
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Traverse rendering pipeline
(X,Y) –coordinate in new view
(X,Y,Z) coordinate
(X,Y) –coordinate in known view
Using ModelView and Projection matrices of new view
Using ModelView and Projection matrices of known view
3D projection
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Traverse rendering pipeline
Source:
Generated:
3D rotation
• 3D projection : + Fast + Produces clear image - Holes
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• Neighborhood: - Very slow - Artifacts + Fills in holes
3D rotation
• 3D projection : + Fast + Produces clear image - Holes
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• Neighborhood: - Very slow - Artifacts + Fills in holes
-> Combine both methods
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Source:
3D rotation: final result
Rotated 10 degrees:
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• Translation + rotation
Retinal Disparity
3D effect
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• Translation + rotation
Retinal Disparity
3D effect
-> Exact position and pose of car needed
Presentation Overview
• Thesis objective
• Conversion process
• Conclusion and result 20
• 3D rotation
• Car detection and tracking
• Inpainting
• Overlay detection and conversion of background
Car detection and tracking
• Car detection
• Tracking throughout fragment
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Car detection and tracking
• Car detection
• Tracking throughout fragment
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Car detection
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Sliding window -> binary classifier: contains car yes or no?
Car detection
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Sliding window -> binary classifier: contains car yes or no?
Car detection
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Sliding window -> binary classifier: contains car yes or no?
Car detection
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Sliding window -> binary classifier: contains car yes or no?
Render car from all different angles
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Car detection
Car detection
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Sliding window -> binary classifier: contains car yes or no?
-> Does it match one of the renders?
Car detection
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How to compare? Pixel per pixel -> Not resistant to illumination changes and other differences Solution: Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HoG)
HoG based object detection
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Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HoG)
Gradient computation
Gradient binning
HoG based object detection
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Parts-based detection
Star-based representation:
Real example:
HoG based object detection
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Analysis of detection method on F1 footage
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Analysis of distibution of certainty-scores of 1 particular render on 1 frame
Example: best certainty-score is 10 -> only 4% of matches score > 9 -> ony 14% of matches score > 5
Analysis of detection method on F1 footage
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Score deduction in neighboring renders
Car detection and tracking
• Car detection
• Tracking throughout fragment
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Car tracking
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36,000 renders (360*100 angles) * 500 frames = 18,000,000 detections -> coarse selection of renders and frames for first pass.
Tier 1
Car tracking
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36,000 renders (360*100 angles) * 500 frames = 18,000,000 detections -> coarse selection of renders and frames for first pass.
Tier 1
Car tracking
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Tier 2 Starting from best detection: 1) Rerun detection on best frame 2) Detect surrounding frames
Surrounding frames: - Car is at nearly same position - Car viewed under nearly same angle
Car tracking
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Tier 3: smoothing Smooth angles Smooth boudingbox location and size
Horizontal angle
Vertical angle
Car tracking
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Tier 3: smoothing Smoothed angles can still be used Exact size and position needed
Horizontal angle
Vertical angle
Car tracking
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Tier 3: smoothing Keypoint tracking
Track points using feature-tracking algorithm Calculate new positions using rendering pipeline
Car tracking
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Tier 3: smoothing Keypoint tracking
Car tracking
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Tier 3: smoothing Car rotation and template matching
1) Best match
2) Rotate to desired angle 3) Find rotated car in cropped image
Car tracking
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Tier 3: smoothing Car rotation and template matching
Car tracking
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Tier 3: smoothing Car rotation and template matching
1) Detect car 2) Rotate car to desired angle 3) Average multiple rotated cars
Car tracking
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Tier 3: smoothing
Presentation Overview
• Thesis objective
• Conversion process
• Conclusion and result 47
• 3D rotation
• Car detection and tracking
• Inpainting
• Overlay detection and conversion of background
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• Translation + rotation
Retinal Disparity
3D effect
Inpainting
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Single frame methods:
Geometrical inpainting: Patch-based inpainting:
Inpainting
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Single frame methods:
Geometrical inpainting: Patch-based inpainting:
Inpainting
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Single frame methods:
Objective comparison Only outermost mixels important
Inpainting
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Video inpainting
Inpainting
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Video inpainting
Inpainting
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Video inpainting
Inpainting
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Video inpainting
Inpainting
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Video inpainting
Presentation Overview
• Thesis objective
• Conversion process
• Conclusion and result 57
• 3D rotation
• Car detection and tracking
• Inpainting
• Non-object based 3D conversion
Non-object based 3D conversion
• Overlay detection
• Conversion of background to 3D
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Non-object based 3D conversion
• Overlay detection
• Conversion of background to 3D
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Overlay detection
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Graphical overlay: - Not always present - If present, always at fixed location
Template: averaged over 100 frames
Non-object based 3D conversion
• Overlay detection
• Conversion of background to 3D
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Conversion of background to 3D
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Make3D algorithm - Texture gradients - Texture variations - Reduced contrast
Presentation Overview
• Thesis objective
• Conversion process
• Conclusion and result 63
• 3D rotation
• Car detection and tracking
• Inpainting
• Non-object based 3D conversion
Overview of 3D conversion process
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1) Inpaint car and overlay 2) Generate depthmap 3) Shift background 4) Inpaint background 5) Add overlay 6) Add car 7) Merge to 3D
Presentation Overview
• Thesis objective
• Conversion process
• Conclusion and result 65
• 3D rotation
• Car detection and tracking
• Inpainting
• Non-object based 3D conversion
Result and conclusion
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Is it a feasible method of 2D-3D conversion?
Yes, but 1) very time-consuming -> also the reason why most of this thesis featured 1 single fragment 2) differences between chosen render-viewpoint and car can become noticeable -> can be solved/prevented by using realistically rendered car instead of the actual car from the frame Car angle, size and location known at each frame -> could be used for other purposes, for example advanced graphical overlays
Result: video on 3D tv
Questions?
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