2.D Algae

1. PENDAHULUAN

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISMED. ALGAE

Algae-not a monophyletic group; instead the term is used to describe a group Algae-not a monophyletic group; instead the term is used to describe a group of organisms that lack roots, stems, and leaves, but that have chlorophyll and of organisms that lack roots, stems, and leaves, but that have chlorophyll and other pigments for carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis other pigments for carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis

Phycologists (algologists)-scientists who study algae Phycologists (algologists)-scientists who study algae Phycology (algology)-the study of algaePhycology (algology)-the study of algae

Phylogenetic Diagram

Tentative Phylogeny of the Algaelike

Eucaryotes Based on 18S rRNA

Sequence Comparisons.

Using melcular systematics. Organisms

are grouped together based on the

molecular phylogeny of their nuclear SSU

rRNA genes and the type of mitochondrial

cristae present. Accordingly on five

different occasions and are polyphyletic

(higlighted by different colors)

2. DISTRIBUSI



Primarily aquatic Primarily aquatic Planktonic-suspended in the aqueous environment Planktonic-suspended in the aqueous environment

Phytoplankton-algae and other small aquatic plants Phytoplankton-algae and other small aquatic plants Zooplankton-animals and other nonphotosynthetic protistsZooplankton-animals and other nonphotosynthetic protists

Benthic-attached and living on the bottom of a body of water Benthic-attached and living on the bottom of a body of water Neustonic-living at the air-water interfaceNeustonic-living at the air-water interface

Moist rocks, wood, trees, and soil Moist rocks, wood, trees, and soil Some are endosymbionts in protozoa, mollusks, worms, corals, and plants Some are endosymbionts in protozoa, mollusks, worms, corals, and plants Some associate with fungi to form lichens Some associate with fungi to form lichens Some are parasiticSome are parasitic

3. STRUKTUR



Ultrastructure of the Algal CellUltrastructure of the Algal Cell

Surrounded by a thin, rigid cell wall (some also Surrounded by a thin, rigid cell wall (some also have an outer matrix) have an outer matrix)

Some are motile by flagella Some are motile by flagella The nucleus has a typical nuclear envelope with The nucleus has a typical nuclear envelope with

pores pores Chloroplasts have thylakoids (sacs) that are the Chloroplasts have thylakoids (sacs) that are the

site of photosynthetic light reactions; may also site of photosynthetic light reactions; may also have a dense proteinaceous pyrenoid that is have a dense proteinaceous pyrenoid that is associated with the synthesis and storage of associated with the synthesis and storage of starch starch

Mitochondria can have discoid cristae, lamellar Mitochondria can have discoid cristae, lamellar cristae, or tubular cristaecristae, or tubular cristae

thylakoidsthylakoids

3. STRUKTUR



Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form)Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form)

ThallusThallus vegetative body of algae; vegetative body of algae;

can be can be unicellular or unicellular or

multicellular multicellular

3. STRUKTUR



Structure of the Algal Thallus Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form)(Vegetative Form)

Figure 26.2 Diagrammatic Algal Bodies: (a) unicellular, motile, Cryptomonas; (b) unicellular, nonmotile, Palmellopsis; (c) colonial, Gonium; (d) filamentous, Spirotaenia; (e) bladelike kelp, Monostroma; (f) leafy tubular axis, branched tufts or plumes, Stigeoclonium; (g) unicellular, nonmotile, Chrysocapsa

4. NUTRISI



Most are autotrophic-require only light and inorganic compounds for energy; Most are autotrophic-require only light and inorganic compounds for energy; use COuse CO22 as carbon source as carbon source

Some are heterotrophic-use external organic materials as source of energy and Some are heterotrophic-use external organic materials as source of energy and carboncarbon

5. REPRODUKSI



Asexual-occurs only with unicellular algaeAsexual-occurs only with unicellular algae FRAGMENTATIONFRAGMENTATION-thallus breaks up and each fragment forms a new -thallus breaks up and each fragment forms a new

thallus thallus SporesSpores formed in ordinary vegetative cell or in sporangium formed in ordinary vegetative cell or in sporangium

Zoospores are flagellated motile spores Zoospores are flagellated motile spores Aplanospores are nonmotile sporesAplanospores are nonmotile spores

Binary fission-Binary fission-nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic divisionnuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division

Sexual-occurs in multicellular and unicellular algaeSexual-occurs in multicellular and unicellular algae OogoniaOogonia-relatively unmodified vegetative cells in which eggs are formed -relatively unmodified vegetative cells in which eggs are formed AntheridiaAntheridia-specialized structures in which sperm are formed -specialized structures in which sperm are formed ZygoteZygote-product of fusion of sperm and egg-product of fusion of sperm and egg

6. PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE



In the Whittaker systemIn the Whittaker system Divided into Divided into SEVEN DIVISIONSSEVEN DIVISIONS within two different within two different

kingdoms kingdoms Primary classification is based on cellular properties Primary classification is based on cellular properties Cell wall (if present) chemistry and morphology Cell wall (if present) chemistry and morphology Storage food and photosynthetic products Storage food and photosynthetic products Number of flagella and their insertion location Number of flagella and their insertion location Morphology of cells and/or thallus (body) Morphology of cells and/or thallus (body) Habitat Habitat Reproductive structures Reproductive structures Life history patternsLife history patterns




Molecular systems have reclassified the algae as polyphyletic; Molecular systems have reclassified the algae as polyphyletic;

they fall into five different lineagesthey fall into five different lineages

Plants Plants

Red algae Red algae

Stramenopiles (this lineage also includes some protozoa) Stramenopiles (this lineage also includes some protozoa)

Alveolates (this lineage also includes some protozoa) Alveolates (this lineage also includes some protozoa)

Amoeboflagellates (this lineage also includes some Amoeboflagellates (this lineage also includes some

protozoa)protozoa)



1)1) CHLOROPHYTACHLOROPHYTA (GREEN ALGAE) (GREEN ALGAE)

2)2) CHAROPHYTACHAROPHYTA (STONEWORTS/BRITTLEWORTS) (STONEWORTS/BRITTLEWORTS)

3)3) EUGLENOPHYTAEUGLENOPHYTA (EUGLENOIDS) (EUGLENOIDS)

4)4) CHRYSOPHYTA CHRYSOPHYTA (GOLDEN-BROWN, YELLOW-GREEN ALGAE, (GOLDEN-BROWN, YELLOW-GREEN ALGAE,

DIATOMS)DIATOMS)

5)5) PHAEOPHYTAPHAEOPHYTA (BROWN ALGAE) (BROWN ALGAE)

6)6) RHODOPHYTARHODOPHYTA (RED ALGAE) (RED ALGAE)

7)7) PYRRHOPHYTAPYRRHOPHYTA (DINOFLAGELLATES) (DINOFLAGELLATES)




1)1) CHLOROPHYTACHLOROPHYTA (green algae)-molecular classification places these with plants (green algae)-molecular classification places these with plants Are extremely varied Are extremely varied

Contain chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids; store carbohydrate as starch; cell walls are Contain chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids; store carbohydrate as starch; cell walls are made of cellulose made of cellulose

Live in fresh and salt water, soil, and associated with other organisms Live in fresh and salt water, soil, and associated with other organisms Can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, or tubular Can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, or tubular Exhibit both asexual and sexual reproductionExhibit both asexual and sexual reproduction

Genus ChlamydomonasGenus Chlamydomonas - Members of this genus are microscopic, rounded, with two flagella at - Members of this genus are microscopic, rounded, with two flagella at anterior end; have single haploid nucleus, a large chloroplast with conspicuous pyrenoid for anterior end; have single haploid nucleus, a large chloroplast with conspicuous pyrenoid for starch production and storage, a stigma (phototactic eyespot), and contractile vacuole (acts as starch production and storage, a stigma (phototactic eyespot), and contractile vacuole (acts as osmoregulator); exhibit asexual reproduction (zoospores) and sexual reproduction osmoregulator); exhibit asexual reproduction (zoospores) and sexual reproduction

Genus ChlorellaGenus Chlorella - members of this genus are nonmotile, unicellular algae; are widespread in - members of this genus are nonmotile, unicellular algae; are widespread in aquatic habitats and in soil; only reproduce asexually; lack flagella; have eyespots, contractile aquatic habitats and in soil; only reproduce asexually; lack flagella; have eyespots, contractile vacuoles, and a very small nucleus vacuoles, and a very small nucleus

Genus VolvoxGenus Volvox - members of the genus exist as hollow spheres made up of a single layer of - members of the genus exist as hollow spheres made up of a single layer of 500-60,000 flagellated cells; flagella beat in a coordinated fashion; some cells are specialized 500-60,000 flagellated cells; flagella beat in a coordinated fashion; some cells are specialized for reproduction for reproduction Prototheca moriformisPrototheca moriformis, which is common in soil, causes the disease protothecosis in humans and , which is common in soil, causes the disease protothecosis in humans and

other animalsother animals





Figure 26.3 Chlorophyta (Green Algae); Light Micrographs. (a) Chlorella, a unicellular nonmotile greenalga (160). (b) Volvox, a typical green algal colony (450). (c) Spirogyra, a filamentous green alga (100).Four filaments are shown. Note the ribbonlike, spiral chloroplasts within each filament. (d) Ulva, commonly called sea lettuce, has a leafy appearance. (e) Acetabularia, the mermaid’s wine goblet. (f ) Micrasterias, a large desmid (150).




Figure 26.4 Chlamydomonas: The Structure and Life Cycle of This Motile Green Alga. During asexual reproduction, all structures are haploid; during sexual reproduction, only the zygote is diploid.



2)2) CHAROPHYTACHAROPHYTA (stoneworts/brittleworts) (stoneworts/brittleworts) Abundant in fresh and brackish waters; worldwide distribution Abundant in fresh and brackish waters; worldwide distribution Some species precipitate calcium and magnesium carbonate from water to form a Some species precipitate calcium and magnesium carbonate from water to form a

limestone covering (helps preserve them as fossils)limestone covering (helps preserve them as fossils)




3)3) EUGLENOPHYTAEUGLENOPHYTA (euglenoids)-molecular classification places these with (euglenoids)-molecular classification places these with amoeboflagellates amoeboflagellates

Same chlorophylls (a and b) as Chlorophyta and Charophyta; found in fresh Same chlorophylls (a and b) as Chlorophyta and Charophyta; found in fresh and brackish waters and in moist soils and brackish waters and in moist soils

Genus Euglena-members of this genus: Genus Euglena-members of this genus: Have elongated cells bounded by a plasma membrane; inside the plasma Have elongated cells bounded by a plasma membrane; inside the plasma

membrane is a pellicle (articulated proteinaceous strips lying side-by-side), membrane is a pellicle (articulated proteinaceous strips lying side-by-side), which is elastic enough to enable turning and flexing of the cell, yet rigid enough which is elastic enough to enable turning and flexing of the cell, yet rigid enough to prevent excessive alterations in cell shape to prevent excessive alterations in cell shape

Have a stigma located near an anterior reservoir Have a stigma located near an anterior reservoir Have a large contractile vacuole, which collects water and empties it into the Have a large contractile vacuole, which collects water and empties it into the

reservoir for osmotic regulation reservoir for osmotic regulation Have paired flagella at anterior end that arise from reservoir base; only one Have paired flagella at anterior end that arise from reservoir base; only one

beats to move the cell beats to move the cell Reproduce by longitudinal mitotic cell divisionReproduce by longitudinal mitotic cell division





Figure 26.5 Euglena. A Diagram Illustrating the Principal Structures Found in This Euglenoid. Notice that a short second flagellum does not emerge from the anterior invagination. In some euglenoids both flagella are emergent.



4)4) CHRYSOPHYTACHRYSOPHYTA (golden-brown and yellow-green algae and diatoms)- (golden-brown and yellow-green algae and diatoms)-molecular classification places these with the stramenopiles molecular classification places these with the stramenopiles Divided into three classes: golden-brown algae, yellow-green algae, and diatoms Divided into three classes: golden-brown algae, yellow-green algae, and diatoms Major carbohydrate reserve is chrysolaminarin Major carbohydrate reserve is chrysolaminarin Some lack cell walls; some have intricately patterned scales on the plasma Some lack cell walls; some have intricately patterned scales on the plasma

membrane; membrane; diatomsdiatoms have a distinctive two-piece wall of silica called a have a distinctive two-piece wall of silica called a FRUSTULEFRUSTULE; ; have zero, one, or two flagella (of equal or unequal length) have zero, one, or two flagella (of equal or unequal length)

Most are unicellular or colonial; reproduction is usually asexual, but occasionally Most are unicellular or colonial; reproduction is usually asexual, but occasionally sexual sexual

Diatoms are photosynthetic, circular or oblong cells with overlapping silica shells Diatoms are photosynthetic, circular or oblong cells with overlapping silica shells (epitheca-larger half and hypotheca-smaller half) (epitheca-larger half and hypotheca-smaller half) Grow in aquatic habitats and moist soil Grow in aquatic habitats and moist soil Some are faculatative heterotrophs Some are faculatative heterotrophs Vegetative cells are diploid and reproduce asexually with each daughter getting one old Vegetative cells are diploid and reproduce asexually with each daughter getting one old

theca and constructing one new theca; this type of reproduction results in diatoms theca and constructing one new theca; this type of reproduction results in diatoms getting progressively smaller with each reproductive cycle; when diminished to 30% of getting progressively smaller with each reproductive cycle; when diminished to 30% of original size, sexual reproduction occursoriginal size, sexual reproduction occurs





Figure 26.6 Chrysophyta (Yellow-Green and Golden-Brown Algae; Diatoms). (a) Scanning electron micrograph of Mallomonas, a chrysophyte, showing its silica scales. The scales are embedded in the pectin wall but synthesized within the Golgi apparatus and transported to the cell surface in vesicles (9,000). (b) Ochromonas, a unicellular chrysophyte. Diagram showing typical cell structure. (c) Scanning electron arranged by a light microscopist (900)



5)5) PHAEOPHYTAPHAEOPHYTA (brown algae)-molecular classification places these (brown algae)-molecular classification places these

with stramenopiles with stramenopiles

Multicellular seaweeds; some species have the largest linear Multicellular seaweeds; some species have the largest linear

dimensions known in the eucaryotic world dimensions known in the eucaryotic world

Simplest species have branched filaments; more complex Simplest species have branched filaments; more complex

species (kelps) are differentiated into flattened blades, stalks, species (kelps) are differentiated into flattened blades, stalks,

and holdfast organs that anchor them to rocks and holdfast organs that anchor them to rocks

Contain chlorophylls a and c; carotenoids include Contain chlorophylls a and c; carotenoids include

fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, and fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, and -carotene-carotene





Figure 26.7 Phaeophyta (Brown Algae). Diagram of the parts of the brown alga, Nereocystis. Due to the holdfast organ, the heaviest tidal action and surf seldom dislodge brown algae from their substratum. The stipe is a stalk that varies in length; the bladder is a gas-filled float.



6)6) RHODOPHYTARHODOPHYTA (red algae)-molecular classification gives (red algae)-molecular classification gives

these a separate lineage these a separate lineage Some are unicellular, but most are multicellular, Some are unicellular, but most are multicellular,

filamentous seaweeds; comprise most of the seaweeds filamentous seaweeds; comprise most of the seaweeds Carbohydrate reserve is Carbohydrate reserve is FLORIDEAN STARCHFLORIDEAN STARCH Contain phycoerythrin (red pigment) and phycocyanin Contain phycoerythrin (red pigment) and phycocyanin

(blue pigment), and can therefore live in deeper waters (blue pigment), and can therefore live in deeper waters Their cell walls include a rigid inner part composed of Their cell walls include a rigid inner part composed of

microfibrils and a mucilaginous matrix consisting of microfibrils and a mucilaginous matrix consisting of sulfated polymers of galactose (agar); many also deposit sulfated polymers of galactose (agar); many also deposit calcium carbonate in their cell walls and contribute to calcium carbonate in their cell walls and contribute to coral reef formationcoral reef formation





Figure 26.8 Rhodophyta (Red Algae). These algae (e.g., Corallina gracilis) are much smaller and more delicate than the brown algae. Most red algae have a filamentous, branched morphology as seen here



7)7) PYRRHOPHYTAPYRRHOPHYTA (DINOFLAGELLATES) - molecular classification places these (DINOFLAGELLATES) - molecular classification places these with the alveolateswith the alveolatesUnicellular, photosynthetic protists Unicellular, photosynthetic protists Most are marine organisms but a few are freshwater dwellers; some are Most are marine organisms but a few are freshwater dwellers; some are

responsible for phosphorescence in ocean waters and for toxic red tides responsible for phosphorescence in ocean waters and for toxic red tides Their flagella and protective coats are distinctive Their flagella and protective coats are distinctive

Are clad in stiff, patterned, cellulose plates (thecae) Are clad in stiff, patterned, cellulose plates (thecae) Most have two perpendicular flagella that function in a manner that Most have two perpendicular flagella that function in a manner that

causes organism to spincauses organism to spinContain chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls Contain chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls Some can ingest other cells; some are heterotrophic; some are Some can ingest other cells; some are heterotrophic; some are

endosymbiotic, living within host cells where they lose their cellulose endosymbiotic, living within host cells where they lose their cellulose plates and flagella (zooxanthellae)plates and flagella (zooxanthellae)





Figure 26.9 Dinoflagellates. (a) Ceratium. (b) Scanning electron micrograph of Gymnodinium (4,000). Notice the plates of cellulose and the two flagella: one in the transverse groove and the other projecting outward.

2.D Algae

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