29.2-The Triumphs of a Crusade Lesson Objective: To understand the freedom rides, freedom summer,...
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Transcript of 29.2-The Triumphs of a Crusade Lesson Objective: To understand the freedom rides, freedom summer,...
29.2-The Triumphs of a Crusade
Lesson Objective: To understand the freedom rides, freedom summer, and March on Washington
THE FREEDOM RIDES• WHEN? Spring, 1961• WHAT?• Civil Rights “rides” from Washington, DC to New Orleans• Rides traveled through most highly segregated areas of South
• WHO? C.O.R.E. organizes rides• PURPOSE?• Highlight injustice of bus segregation• Attract public & media attention to problem• Force state and / or federal gov’t. to end segregation
• WHAT HAPPENS?• Rides attacked in Deep South (define)• Birmingham, AL is worst: “Bull” Connor
• RESPONSE?• JFK sends federal marshals to protect riders
James Meredith and Ole Miss• University of Mississippi: “Ole Miss”• Ole Miss was segregated, like most Southern
universities• Fall, 1962:• James Meredith given court permission to enroll at Ole
Miss• Gov. Ross Barnett refuses to allow it (see p. 865)
• Response:• JFK orders federal marshals to ensure Meredith’s
enrollment• Q: What event is this similar to?
• Result?• Violence, riots at Ole Miss• Federal marshals stay; ensure Meredith’s enrollment
James Meredith
James Meredith Wounded, 1966
Birmingham • 1963: MLK travels to Birmingham to hold civil
rights meetings & stage nonviolent protests• Police Commissioner: Eugene “Bull” Connor• Connor arrests MLK & other leaders• MLK released, protests continue• Connor responds w/force:• Water cannon• Attack dogs• Clubbings, beatings, etc.• Tear gas
• Event caught on film by mass media• Civil Rights given more nationwide media
attention
Other Events• 1963: JFK orders
Alabama Gov. George Wallace to integrate University of Alabama•Medgar Evers, NAACP
officer, murdered in Jackson, Miss. by Byron de la Beckwith• Beckwith charged,
released due to insufficient evidence• 1994: Beckwith re-
tried, convicted of murder
Gov. George Wallace of Alabama
“And I Say… Segregation Now, Segregation Tomorrow,
and Segregation Forever!”
Gov. George Wallace
The March on Washington •When? August, 1963•Who? • MLK leads effort• 250,000 Civil Rights supporters
•Where? The Washington “Mall”• Purpose?• Pressure Congress to sign a law guaranteeing equal
access to public accommodations• Hopefully gain more national support / media attention
• Highlight: MLK’s “I Have A Dream” Speech• Effect: LBJ signs Civil Rights Act of 1964
“I HAVE A DREAM” SPEECH Washington, D.C. - August, 1963
FREEDOM SUMMERWHEN? Summer, 1964WHO? Robert Moses and SNCCWHERE? Deep South, especially MississippiPURPOSE?
-Increase African-American voter registration in Deep South
-Push Congress towards new voting rights laws-Gain media attention
RESULTS?-Extreme violence from white extremists,
especially KKK-Murder, bombings, intimidation, etc. all used-Did not result in new voting rights laws
Freedom Summer Murder Victims
The Selma Campaign
•WHEN? January, 1965•WHERE? Selma, ALABAMA•WHO? MLK & SCLC• PURPOSE?• Voter registration in Deep South still needed attention• WHY? FREEDOM SUMMER had failed• MLK & SCLC decide to attempt same thing in AL
• Results?• Much of the same (Shooting, beatings, arrests)• SCLC organizes protest march from Selma to
Montgomery, AL• Police violence attracts more media attention
• Final Result? Voting Rights Act of 1965