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SPANISH-AMERICAN SPANISH-AMERICAN CONTRASTIVE CONTRASTIVE

ANALYSISANALYSIS

SEE ALSO “SPANISH-AMERICAN HUMOR”SEE ALSO “SPANISH-AMERICAN HUMOR”AND “CISNEROS’ HUMOROUS NAMES”AND “CISNEROS’ HUMOROUS NAMES”

by Don L. F. Nilsenby Don L. F. Nilsenand Alleen Pace Nilsenand Alleen Pace Nilsen

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SPAIN, FRANCE, ITALYAND PORTUGAL (Parra Guinaldo 4)

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SPAIN AND PORTUGAL (Parra SPAIN AND PORTUGAL (Parra Guinaldo 5)Guinaldo 5)

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Don Quixote’s Mind:Don Quixote’s Mind:Rocinante, Dulcinea, Sancho Panza, Rocinante, Dulcinea, Sancho Panza,

Lance & WindmillsLance & Windmills

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CODE SWITCHINGCODE SWITCHING

L. Dabène said, “In the case of L. Dabène said, “In the case of the first generation, Code the first generation, Code Switching is often used as a Switching is often used as a remedial strategy to remedial strategy to incompetence.”incompetence.”

““In the case of the second In the case of the second generation, code switching can generation, code switching can fulfill different functions:”fulfill different functions:”

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““It enables the speaker to claim It enables the speaker to claim his/her identity.”his/her identity.”

““It expresses a kind of complicity It expresses a kind of complicity with the others or, on the other with the others or, on the other hand, it reveals a strategy of hand, it reveals a strategy of divergence from the divergence from the environment.”environment.”

(Dabène 160)(Dabène 160)

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““Code Switching enables the Code Switching enables the speaker to express speaker to express commentaries about the commentaries about the language (metalinguistic use), to language (metalinguistic use), to comment on what has just been comment on what has just been said (metadiscursive use), or to said (metadiscursive use), or to change the type of interaction, to change the type of interaction, to select other interlocutors or to select other interlocutors or to switch from a dialogue to a switch from a dialogue to a collective exchange collective exchange (metacommunicative use).”(metacommunicative use).”

(Dabène 160)(Dabène 160)

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SPANGLISHSPANGLISH

““Spanglish” is a new kind of slang Spanglish” is a new kind of slang finding its way not only into finding its way not only into conversations but also into short conversations but also into short stories, novels, popular music, stories, novels, popular music, comedy acts, and television sitcoms.comedy acts, and television sitcoms.

Sprinkled through English sentences Sprinkled through English sentences are such insertions as “Que no?,” are such insertions as “Que no?,” “Tambien,” and “Yo se.” “Tambien,” and “Yo se.”

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Sometimes English words are Sometimes English words are combined with Spanish words, so combined with Spanish words, so that “barber shop” and that “barber shop” and “peluqueria” becomes “peluqueria” becomes “barberia.”“barberia.”

Similarly, “chilling out” becomes Similarly, “chilling out” becomes “chileando,” and “to park” “chileando,” and “to park” becomes “parkear.”becomes “parkear.”

(Nilsen & Nilsen 283)(Nilsen & Nilsen 283)

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HISPANIC NAMESHISPANIC NAMES

In Spain and Latin America, if a girl were named Ana Maria López Garcia, she has two surnames. The first one is her father’s (López), and the second one is her mother’s (Garcia).

(Bengoa 3)

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If Ana Maria López Garcia married Gregoria Díaz Rodriguez, then she would write her name as Ana Maria López de Díaz.

In Mexico, Ana Maria López de Díaz

would go by her maiden name daily (Maria López Garcia), but on formal documentation she would identify herself with her married name (Ana Maria López de Díaz).

(Bengoa 3-4)

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If she were to have a child, Alicia, Alicia’s full name would be Alicia López Díaz, keeping both her father’s and her mother’s surnames (Bengoa 3).

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SPANGLISH TEST 1SPANGLISH TEST 1 bacunclinerbacuncliner

• vacuum cleanervacuum cleaner biperbiper

• beeper or pagerbeeper or pager boylaboyla

• boilerboiler chileandochileando

• chilling outchilling out chopingchoping

• shoppingshopping fafufafu

• fast foodfast food jangearjangear

• hanging outhanging out joldoperosjoldoperos

• muggers, holdup artistsmuggers, holdup artists

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SPANGLISH TEST 2SPANGLISH TEST 2 liqueoliqueo

• to leakto leak maicrogüeymaicrogüey

• microwave ovenmicrowave oven puloverpulover

• T-shirtT-shirt rooforoofo

• roofroof sangüichesangüiche

• sandwichsandwich tenséntensén

• ten-cent store like K-Mart or Woolworthsten-cent store like K-Mart or Woolworths• --Alvarez 487--Alvarez 487

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Phonological Differences 1Phonological Differences 1

English has 13 vowels; Spanish English has 13 vowels; Spanish has only 5 vowelshas only 5 vowels

Spanish is a syllable-timed Spanish is a syllable-timed language; English is a stress-language; English is a stress-timed languagetimed language

Spanish /d/ and /Spanish /d/ and /ð/ are alaphonic ð/ are alaphonic as in “duda” as in “duda” 

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Phonological Differences 2Phonological Differences 2

English has a retroflex /r/; Spanish English has a retroflex /r/; Spanish has a flapped /r/ and a trilled /r/ has a flapped /r/ and a trilled /r/ written as <r> and <rr>written as <r> and <rr>

English has no velar fricative <x> or English has no velar fricative <x> or <j><j>

Spanish doesn’t distinguish Spanish doesn’t distinguish between /between /č/ and /š/, or between /s/ č/ and /š/, or between /s/ and /z/and /z/

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Orthographic Differences 1Orthographic Differences 1

Spanish <ll> is pronounced /y/; Spanish <ll> is pronounced /y/; Spanish <l> is pronounced /l/Spanish <l> is pronounced /l/

Spanish <j> is a velar fricativeSpanish <j> is a velar fricative Spanish <b> and <v> are both the Spanish <b> and <v> are both the

same (bilabial fricatives)same (bilabial fricatives) Spanish has <Spanish has <ñ> for the /ny/ soundñ> for the /ny/ sound Spanish <h> is not pronouncedSpanish <h> is not pronounced Spanish has a <q> but no <k> or <c>Spanish has a <q> but no <k> or <c>

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Orthographic Differences 2Orthographic Differences 2

Spanish begins questions with Spanish begins questions with <<¿> and exclamations with <i>¿> and exclamations with <i>

Spanish uses a period for Spanish uses a period for thousands, and a comma for a thousands, and a comma for a decimal; English does the decimal; English does the reversereverse

Spanish uses «…» for quotation Spanish uses «…» for quotation marks, not “…”marks, not “…”

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Morphological Differences Morphological Differences

Spanish verbs are more highly Spanish verbs are more highly inflected than are English verbsinflected than are English verbs

Spanish adjectives agree with the Spanish adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in number and nouns they modify in number and gendergender

Spanish has grammatical gender; Spanish has grammatical gender; English has natural genderEnglish has natural gender

Spanish uses the definite article Spanish uses the definite article differently as in “el sedifferently as in “el señor Jones”ñor Jones”

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Name DifferencesName Differences

In Spain and Latin America, if a girl were named Ana Maria López Garcia, she has two surnames. The first one is her father’s (López), and the second one is her mother’s (Garcia).

(Bengoa 3)

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If Ana Maria López Garcia married Gregorio Díaz Rodriguez, then she would write her name as Ana Maria López de Díaz.

In Mexico, Ana Maria López de Díaz would go by her maiden name daily (Maria López Garcia), but on formal documentation she would identify herself with her married name (Ana Maria López de Díaz).

(Bengoa 3-4)

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If she were to have a child, Alicia, Alicia’s full name would be Alicia López Díaz, keeping both her father’s and her mother’s surnames.

(Bengoa 3).

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Syntactic DifferencesSyntactic Differences

English adjectives come before English adjectives come before nouns; Spanish adjectives come nouns; Spanish adjectives come after nounsafter nouns

Spanish has “pro-drop” which Spanish has “pro-drop” which means that a subject pronoun means that a subject pronoun can be dropped; English does notcan be dropped; English does not

Spanish has double negatives Spanish has double negatives (“No tiene nada”); English does (“No tiene nada”); English does notnot

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Semantic Differences 1Semantic Differences 1

Some English-Spanish cognates don’t Some English-Spanish cognates don’t have the same meaninghave the same meaning

Consider the following Spanish Consider the following Spanish words: “actual,” “libraria,” words: “actual,” “libraria,” “grocer“grocería,” “molestar,” ía,” “molestar,” “embarazada” and “principio” “embarazada” and “principio”

In English, these words mean In English, these words mean “present,” “bookstore,” “vulgarity,” “present,” “bookstore,” “vulgarity,” “to bother,” “pregnant” and “to bother,” “pregnant” and “beginning,” respectively“beginning,” respectively

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Semantic Differences 2Semantic Differences 2

A single Spanish word can have A single Spanish word can have more than one English meaning:more than one English meaning:

Spanish “hacer” means either Spanish “hacer” means either “make” or “do”“make” or “do”

Spanish “su” means either “his,” Spanish “su” means either “his,” “her,” or “its”“her,” or “its”

Spanish “en” means either “on,” Spanish “en” means either “on,” “in,” “into,” or “at”“in,” “into,” or “at”

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Semantic Differences 3Semantic Differences 3

Or, a single English word can have Or, a single English word can have more than one Spanish meaning:more than one Spanish meaning:

English “time” in Spanish can be English “time” in Spanish can be “tiempo,” “vez,” or “hora”“tiempo,” “vez,” or “hora”

English “hot” in Spanish can be English “hot” in Spanish can be “picante,” or “caliente”“picante,” or “caliente”

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In conclusion, In conclusion, consider these riddles:consider these riddles:

Spanish “plata” means “silver,” Spanish “plata” means “silver,” Spanish “oro” means “gold,” and Spanish “oro” means “gold,” and Spanish “platano” means “banana”Spanish “platano” means “banana”

QuQué es come oro, pero plata no es?é es come oro, pero plata no es?

Platano es.Platano es.

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!Spanish “se parecen” means !Spanish “se parecen” means “similarity”“similarity”

Spanish “manzano” means “apple”Spanish “manzano” means “apple”Spanish “tren” means “train”Spanish “tren” means “train”Spanish “pera” means “pear”Spanish “pera” means “pear”Spanish “espera” means “to wait”Spanish “espera” means “to wait”

En quEn qué se parecen una manzano y é se parecen una manzano y un tren?un tren?

No es pera. = No espera.No es pera. = No espera.

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!!Spanish “estrellas” means !!Spanish “estrellas” means “stars” Spanish “hay” means “are “stars” Spanish “hay” means “are there” Spanish “cielos” means there” Spanish “cielos” means “heavens” Spanish “cinquenta” “heavens” Spanish “cinquenta” means “fifty” Spanish “sin means “fifty” Spanish “sin quenta” means “countlessquenta” means “countless

Cuantas estrellas hay en los cielos?Cuantas estrellas hay en los cielos?

Cinquenta. = Sin quentaCinquenta. = Sin quenta

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!!!Spanish “perezoso” means !!!Spanish “perezoso” means “lazy” Spanish “mundo” means “lazy” Spanish “mundo” means “world” Spanish “nada” means “world” Spanish “nada” means both “nothing” and “it swims”both “nothing” and “it swims”

Cual animal es el mas perezoso del Cual animal es el mas perezoso del mundo?mundo?

El pez.El pez. QuQué hace el pez?é hace el pez? Nada.Nada.

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References # 1:References # 1:

Agosín, Marjorie. “Always Living in Spanish” Agosín, Marjorie. “Always Living in Spanish” (Eschholz 116-118).(Eschholz 116-118).

Ahern, Maureen V., and Don L. F. Nilsen. “A Ahern, Maureen V., and Don L. F. Nilsen. “A Comparison of Animal Dead Metaphors in Comparison of Animal Dead Metaphors in English and Spanish Speech.” English and Spanish Speech.” The Bilingual The Bilingual Review/La Revista BilingueReview/La Revista Bilingue 3.2 (1976): 163- 3.2 (1976): 163-175.175.

Alvarez, Lizette Alvarez. “It’s the Talk of Nueva Alvarez, Lizette Alvarez. “It’s the Talk of Nueva York: The Hybrid called Spanglish” (Clark, York: The Hybrid called Spanglish” (Clark, 483-488).483-488).

Ardila, Alfredo. “Spanglish: An Anglicized Ardila, Alfredo. “Spanglish: An Anglicized Spanish Dialect.” Spanish Dialect.” Hispanic Journal of Hispanic Journal of Behavioral SciencesBehavioral Sciences 27.1 (2005): 60-81. 27.1 (2005): 60-81.

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References # 2:References # 2:

Bausa, Vanessa. “Internet Spanglish” (Eschholz 517-Bausa, Vanessa. “Internet Spanglish” (Eschholz 517-519).519).

Bengoa, Sharon. “Phenomena Born from Languages in Bengoa, Sharon. “Phenomena Born from Languages in Contact: Spanglish and Chicano English.” Tempe, AZ: Contact: Spanglish and Chicano English.” Tempe, AZ: ASU LIN 515 Paper, April 25, 2006.ASU LIN 515 Paper, April 25, 2006.

Clark, Virginia, Paul Eschholz, and Alfred Rosa. Clark, Virginia, Paul Eschholz, and Alfred Rosa. Language: Readings in Language and Culture, 6th Language: Readings in Language and Culture, 6th EditionEdition. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.

Dabène, L. “Le Parler Bilingue Issus de l’Immigration en Dabène, L. “Le Parler Bilingue Issus de l’Immigration en France.” in Jacobson, 159-168.France.” in Jacobson, 159-168.

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References # 3:References # 3:

Eschholz, Paul, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark, eds. Eschholz, Paul, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark, eds. Language Awareness: Readings for College Writers, Language Awareness: Readings for College Writers, Ninth EditionNinth Edition. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, . Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005.2005.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language, 8th Edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007.

Jacobson, R., ed. Jacobson, R., ed. Codeswitching as a World Codeswitching as a World PhenomenonPhenomenon. New York, NY: Peter Lang, 1990.. New York, NY: Peter Lang, 1990.

Morales, Ed. Morales, Ed. Living in Spanglish: The Search for Latino Living in Spanglish: The Search for Latino IdentityIdentity. New York, NY: St Martins Press, 2002.. New York, NY: St Martins Press, 2002.

Nilsen, Don L. F. “False Cognates in English and Nilsen, Don L. F. “False Cognates in English and Spanish.” in Spanish.” in Studies in Descriptive and Historical Studies in Descriptive and Historical LinguisticsLinguistics. Ed. Paul J. Hopper. Amsterdam, . Ed. Paul J. Hopper. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins, 1977, 174-185.Netherlands: John Benjamins, 1977, 174-185.

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References # 4:References # 4:

Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Encyclopedia of 20th Century American Encyclopedia of 20th Century American HumorHumor. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000.. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000.

Parra Guinaldo, Victor. Parra Guinaldo, Victor. The Development of the The Development of the Latin Initial F- in Old SpanishLatin Initial F- in Old Spanish. PowerPoint . PowerPoint Presentation. Tempe, AZ: A.S.U., April, 2006.Presentation. Tempe, AZ: A.S.U., April, 2006.

Rodriguez, González F. Rodriguez, González F. Spanish Loanwords in Spanish Loanwords in the English Language: A Tendency towards the English Language: A Tendency towards Hegemony ReversalHegemony Reversal. New York, NY: Mouton . New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996.de Gruyter, 1996.

Stavans, Ilan. Stavans, Ilan. Spanglish: The Making of a New Spanglish: The Making of a New American LanguageAmerican Language. New York, NY: First . New York, NY: First Rayo/HarperCollins, 2003.Rayo/HarperCollins, 2003.