28.2 Modernization in Japan

Japan followed the model of Western powers by industrializing and

expanding its foreign influence

Japan Ends Its Isolation

• Japan had little contact with the industrialized world during its isolation.

• Japan did trade with the Dutch from Indonesia, and the Chinese.

• Japan had diplomatic ties with Korea.

1853 – Commodore Matthew 1853 – Commodore Matthew PerryPerry

“Opens Up” Japan to Western “Opens Up” Japan to Western Trade!Trade!

1853 – Commodore Matthew 1853 – Commodore Matthew PerryPerry

“Opens Up” Japan to Western “Opens Up” Japan to Western Trade!Trade!

What Did the U. S. Want??What Did the U. S. Want??What Did the U. S. Want??What Did the U. S. Want??

Coaling stations.

More trading partners.

A haven for ship-wrecked sailors.

The Treaty of Kanagawa - The Treaty of Kanagawa - 18541854

The Treaty of Kanagawa - The Treaty of Kanagawa - 18541854

• After Perry's arrival in 1853 & 1854, conclusion of Treaty of Kanagawa or the Unequal Treaties, called "Treaty of Amity and Commerce" by the US.

• Consequences: – no tariff autonomy to protect domestic

industries (cotton industry collapses) – Westerners have extraterritoriality – most favored nation clause: any privilege to

anyone must also be granted to US – one major difference to China: prohibition

on trade in opium

The Treaty of Kanagawa - The Treaty of Kanagawa - 18541854

The Treaty of Kanagawa - The Treaty of Kanagawa - 18541854

China’s “Unequal Treaties”China’s “Unequal Treaties”China’s “Unequal Treaties”China’s “Unequal Treaties”

After the Opium War of 1839-1842, Japan was convinced that it had to Open Up to the West.

FeudaFeudal l

SocietSocietyy

FeudaFeudal l

SocietSocietyy

The emperor The emperor reigned, but reigned, but

did not always did not always rule!rule!

The The Shi-shiShi-shi (“Men of High (“Men of High Purpose”)Purpose”)

The The Shi-shiShi-shi (“Men of High (“Men of High Purpose”)Purpose”) Highly idealistic Highly idealistic samuraisamurai who felt that the who felt that the

arrival of Westerners was an attack on arrival of Westerners was an attack on thethe traditional values of Japan. traditional values of Japan.

They believed that:They believed that:

Japan was sacred ground.Japan was sacred ground.

The emperor, now a figurehead inThe emperor, now a figurehead in Kyoto, was a God. Kyoto, was a God.

Were furious at the Shogun for signing Were furious at the Shogun for signing treatiestreaties with the West without the Emperor’s with the West without the Emperor’s consent.consent.

Their sloganTheir slogan Revere the Emperor, ExpelRevere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians! the Barbarians!

Series of Civil Wars1864, 1865-68

Tokugawa Shogun resists changes

Renegade samurai establish a new “modern” government– Old samurai forbidden

to wear top knot, carry samurai sword

– Many commit seppuku• Cannot adjust to the new

changes

The Meiji Revolt - 1868The Meiji Revolt - 1868The Meiji Revolt - 1868The Meiji Revolt - 1868 A powerful A powerful groupgroup of of samuraisamurai overthrow the overthrow the Shogun. Shogun.

Sakamoto Sakamoto RyomaRyoma,, the hero. the hero.

He helped He helped JapanJapan emerge from emerge from feudalism into feudalism into aa unified modern unified modern state. state.

The Shogunate Is The Shogunate Is Overthrown!Overthrown!

The Shogunate Is The Shogunate Is Overthrown!Overthrown! The last

Shogun.

Tokugawa Yoshinobu.

The Emperor Is “Restored” to The Emperor Is “Restored” to PowerPower

The Emperor Is “Restored” to The Emperor Is “Restored” to PowerPower

MEIJI “Enlightened Rule”

Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?

Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened

Meiji Era

• The Meiji emperor realized the best way to counter Western influence was to modernize.

• The Japanese chose the best of Western ways and adapted them to their own country.– Patterned Germany’s strong central government and

used its constitution as a model.– Used German army as a model for their army– Used British navy as a model for their navy– Used American system of universal education for their

schools.

Meiji Era

• Japanese followed the Western path of industrialization.

• By the early 20th century the economy was as modern as any in the world.

• Japan’s first railroad built in 1872

• Coal production grew

• State supported companies built thousands of factories.

Japanese Textile FactoryJapanese Textile Factory

MeijiMeijiReforRefor

msms

MeijiMeijiReforRefor

msms

AbolitionAbolitionof the of the

feudal systemfeudal system

AbolitionAbolitionof the of the

feudal systemfeudal system

LandLandRedistributionRedistribution

LandLandRedistributionRedistribution

Human Rights Human Rights & Religious& Religious

FreedomFreedom

Human Rights Human Rights & Religious& Religious

FreedomFreedom

Build aBuild aModern NavyModern Navy

(British)(British)

Build aBuild aModern NavyModern Navy

(British)(British)

WesternizeWesternizethe Schoolthe School

SystemSystem(Fr. & Ger.)(Fr. & Ger.)

WesternizeWesternizethe Schoolthe School

SystemSystem(Fr. & Ger.)(Fr. & Ger.)

Modernize Modernize the Armythe Army(Prussian)(Prussian)

Modernize Modernize the Armythe Army(Prussian)(Prussian)

EmperorEmperorWorshipWorship

IntensifiedIntensified

EmperorEmperorWorshipWorship

IntensifiedIntensified

WrittenWrittenConstitutionConstitution(Germans)(Germans)

WrittenWrittenConstitutionConstitution(Germans)(Germans)

ModernModernBankingBankingSystemSystem

ModernModernBankingBankingSystemSystem

Imperial Japan

• By 1890 Japan as several dozen warships and 500,000 well trained soldiers.

• Once Japan had this strength it eliminated extraterritorial rights for foreigners.

• This was done with the promise that foreigners would by treated fairly by Japan’s modern legal code.

Japan Attacks China:First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)

• 1876-Japan forces Korea to open three ports to Japanese trade.

• 1885-Japan and China sign a hands-off agreement to prevent military invasion of Korea.

• 1894-China breaks the agreement by helping the Korean king put down a rebellion.

• The First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) lasts only a few months, but Japan gains a foothold in Manchuria.

Japanese troops during the First Sino-Japanese War

Japanese soldiers of the First Sino-Japanese War (1895)

Satirical drawing in Punch Magazine (29 September 1894), showing the victory of "small" Japan over "large" China

Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives in October 1894

The Russo-Japanese War:The Russo-Japanese War:1904-19051904-1905

Russia and Japan both had designs on Manchuria and Korea

Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-Siberian Railway across Manchuria

Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on land

Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major Western power.

The reconstructed Mikasa docked as a permanent museum in 2010 (above), and as it looked in 1905 (right).

Admiral Togo on the bridge of the Mikasa, before the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. This battle annihilated the Russian Pacific fleet.

• A Japanese propaganda of the war: woodcut print showing Tsar Nicholas II waking from a nightmare of the battered and wounded Russian forces returning from battle. Artist Kobayashi Kiyochika, 1904 or 1905

Punch cartoon, 1905; A cartoon in the British press of the times illustrating Russia's loss of prestige after the nation's defeat. The hour-glass representing Russia's prestige running out

President Teddy Roosevelt President Teddy Roosevelt Mediates the PeaceMediates the Peace

President Teddy Roosevelt President Teddy Roosevelt Mediates the PeaceMediates the Peace

The The Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth, NH ended , NH ended the Russo-Japanese War.the Russo-Japanese War.

Negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905). From left to right: the Russians at far side of table are Korostovetz, Nabokov, Witte, Rosen, Plancon; and the Japanese at near side of table are Adachi, Ochiai, Komura, Takahira, Sato. The large conference table is today preserved at the Museum Meiji Mura in Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

Japan-Russia Treaty of Peace, 5 September 1905.

Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 for his efforts in bringing about peace between Russia and Japan.

Japanese Occupation of Korea

• After defeating Russia, Japan attacked Korea with a vengeance.

• 1905—Korea made a protectorate of Japan.

• 1907--Korean king gave up control of the country, and the Korean Army disbanded within two years.

• 1910—Japan officially imposed annexation on Korea.

Emperor Gongjon (above left) abdicates his throne and is put under house arrest by the Japanese. His son Sunjong (above right), rules Korea as a Japanese puppet from 1907-1910 before full Japanese annexation.

Korea Under Japanese Rule

• Japanese were harsh rulers.• Korean newspapers were shut down.• Study of Korean culture and language was

replaced with Japanese subjects.• Land was taken from Korean farmers.• Brought Japanese businesses to Korea but

forbid Korean businesses.• Korean nationalist movement resulted from this

harsh rule.

China and Japan Confront the West: A Comparison