ICAER - 2 0 1 3

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BOMBAY

BIODIESEL OBTAINED USING COTTONSEED OIL – PRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS

SAKET SANJAY KASHETTIWAR&

SUMEDH SUDHIR BEKNALKAR MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY

C H E M I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G D I V I S I O NS C H O O L O F M E C H A N I C A L A N D B U I L D I N G S C I E N C E S

The roadmap

Introduction Methods and Materials Results and Discussions Conclusions References

1

What Is Biodiesel?

• Alternate fuel, • Transesterified product of vegetable oil or animal fat

Why Biodiesel ?

• Price hike of petro products• Depletion of fossil fuels

Advantages

• Used as a blend with commercial diesel• No Sulfur and Lead• Can be used in diesel engine without major modification

INTRODUCTION

2

• Vegetable oils Cottonseed oil ,Peanut oil,Palm oil ,Coconut oil ,

Corn oil,Castor oil,Jatropha oil,Gingilli oil ,

Mustard oil, Sunflower oil, Rice bran oil • Transesterification of vegetable

oil

METHODS & MATERIALS

3

o Method 1:

o Method 2:

NaOH

Oil + Methanol Methyl Ester + Fatty Acids

60 C

80 C

Oil + NaOH -- Oil Mixture + Methanol Methyl Ester + Fatty Acid 60 C

4

• Characterisation Diesel index,

Cetane number, Aniline point, Density, Specific gravity,

Flash point, Fire point, Kinetic viscosity, Saponification value, Iodine value,

Calorific value.

• Short term engine run tests: Engine used was a single cylinder, water cooled 4-stroke kirloskar diesel engine maintained at 1500 rpm

5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6

Volume of CH3OH (ml)

Conc. of NaOH (Wt %)

Biodiesel (Vol%)

METHOD 1 METHOD 2

25 0.45 68 73

25 0.50 84 92

25 0.55 72 79

25 0.61 64 76

Effect of Concentration of NaOH On Yield of Cottonseed Oil

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65

Catalyst Concentration(Wt %)

Bio

dies

el Y

ield

(V

ol %

)

Method 1

Method 2

7

Comparison Of Yields Obtained For All Vegetable Oils By Method II

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7

Catalyst Concentration(Wt %)

Bio

dies

el Y

ield

(V

ol %

)

Neem

Once used

Corn

Cotton

Castor

Jatropha

Rice Bran

Mustard

Coconut

Gingilli

Sunflow er

8

Biodiesel Yield Of Different Feed Oils By Method II:

Feed Oil Volume Of CH3OH

(Ml)

Volume OfNaOH(%)

Biodiesel (Vol %)

Mustard Oil 25 50 74.2

Cottonseed Oil 25 50 92

Palm Oil 25 50 73

Neem Oil 25 50 76

Corn Oil 25 50 86

Sunflower Oil 25 50 72.4

Groundnut Oil 25 50 Soap Formation

Coconut Oil 25 50 80.5

Castor Oil 25 50 77.4

Gingili Oil 25 50 87.8

Jatropha 25 50 91

9

MUSTARD O

IL

COTTONSE

ED O

IL

PALM O

IL

NEEM O

IL

CORN OIL

SUNFLO

WER

OIL

GROUNDNUT OIL

COCONUT OIL

CASTOR O

IL

GINGILLI O

IL

JATR

OPHA0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Biodiesel Yield Of Different Feed Oils By Method II:

10

Characteristics of Biodiesel

Physical Property Astm Standards

Diesel Oil Biodiesel

Density(g/cc) 800 826.5 911 875

Specific Gravity 0.8 0.8265 0.911 0.875

Kinematic Viscosity 2.5-7.5 2.049 4.209 2.808

Diesel Index Min 45 47.731 49.78 49.75

Aniline Point ----- 38.83 84.11 59.5

Flash Point Min 38o 78 >300 162

Fire Point Min 42o 82 >300 170

Saponification Value Min 180 224 202 202

Iodine Value Max 135 102 104 104

Cetane Number Min 45 47.73 49.78 49.73

Calorific Value (MJ/Kg) Min 33 42.57 41.2 41.2

11

Comparison Of Specific Fuel Consumption Of Engine For 3 Fuels

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12Break Horse Pow er

Specifi

c F

uel C

onsum

ptio

n

Diesel

Cotton seed oil

Biodiesel

12

Comparison of Brake Thermal Efficiency of Engine for 3 Fuels

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Break Horse Pow er

Bre

ak T

herm

al E

ffici

ency

Diesel

Cotton seed oil

Biodiesel

13

Comparison of Mechanical Thermal Efficiency of Engine for 3 fuels

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 2 4 6 8 10 12Break Horse Pow er

Mec

hani

cal T

herm

al E

ffici

ency

Diesel

Cotton seed oil

Biodiesel

14

The second method of alkali base catalyzed transesterification process gave a yield of above 92%, with a catalyst concentration of 0.5% (weight %) of NaOH and 25 (volume %) of methanol at 65°C and

the fuel properties of bio-diesel produced from cotton oil sources match with diesel oil specifications as per the prescribed methods when compared with the latest American Standard Testing Methods.

The engine performance with the bio-diesel and the vegetable oil blends of various origins was similar to that of the neat diesel fuel with nearly the same brake thermal efficiency, showing higher specific fuel consumption and mechanical thermal efficiency for the high load.

Based on the above results, the cottonseed bio-diesel produced can be recommended for short term usage during acute shortages.

CONCLUSIONS

15

REFERENCES

• Freedman, B., Pryde, E.H., Mounts, T.L., 1984. Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable Oils. Journal of American Oil Chem. Society 61, 1638–1643.

• Carraretto C, Macor A, Mirandola A, Stoppato A, Tonon S. 2004. Biodiesel as alternative fuel: experimental analysis and energetic evaluations. Energy, 29:2195–211.

• O’Brien RD., 1998.Fats and oils: formulating and processing for applications.USA: Technomic Publishing Co. Inc.

• Clark S.T. Wagner, L.Schrock,M.D.&Piennar F.G.,1984. Methyl and Ethyl Soya Bean Esters and renewable Fuels for Diesel Engine. Journal of American Oil Chemists society., 61, 632-638.

• Carrol E.Goering & Bob Fry, 1991. Engine Durability Screening Test for Diesel oil/Soya oil/Micro Emulsion Fuel. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society., 68, 132-136.

• Peterson, C.L., Reece, D.L., Hammon, B., Thompson, J.C., Beck, S.M., 1995. Commercialization of idaho biodiesel from ethanol and waste vegetable oil, an ASAE meeting presentation, Chicago, IL, June 18–23. Paper No. 6738. 16

REFERENCES

• M.A. Fazal, A.S.M.A. Haseeb, H.H. Masjuki “Biodiesel feasibility study: An evaluation of material compatibility; performance; emission and engine durability” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 1314–1324.

• J.M. Encinar, J.F. González, A. Pardal “Transesterification of castor oil under ultrasonic irradiation conditions.Preliminary results” Fuel Processing Technology” 103 (2012) 9–15.

• H. An, W.M. Yang, S.K. Chou, K.J. Chua “Combustion and emissions characteristics of diesel engine fueled by biodiesel at partial load conditions” Applied Energy 99 (2012) 363–371.

• Sheehan, J., Cambreco, V., Duffield, J., Garboski, M., Shapouri, H., 1998a. An overview of biodiesel and petroleum diesel life cycles. A report by US Department of Agriculture and Energy, pp. 1–35.

• Sheehan, J., Dunahay, T., Benemann, J., Roessler, P., 1998b. A look back at the US Department of Energy’s aquatic species program—biodiesel from Algae. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Report: NREL/TP-580-24190, Golden, CO.

• Sensoz, S., Angin, D., Yorgun, S., 2000. Influence of particle size on the pyrolysis of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): fuel properties of bio-oil.Biomass and Bioenergy 19, 271–279.

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• J.M. Marchetti, V.U. Miguel and A.F. Errazu, 2007. Possible methods for bio-diesel production, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11, 1300–1311. 17

REFERENCES

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• Dowaki, K., Ohta, T., Kasahara, Y., Kameyama, M., Sakawaki, K.,Mori, S., 2007. An economic and energy analysis on bio-hydrogen fuel using a gasification process. Renewable Energy 32, 80–94.

• Gemma Vicente, Mercedes Martınez and Jose Aracil, 2007. Optimisation of integrated bio-diesel production. Part I. A studyof the bio-diesel purity and yield, Bioresource Technology 98, 1724–1733.

• Demirbas A. 2003. Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: a survey. Energy Convers Manag 44:2093–109.

• ASTM. American Standards for Testing of Materials. D 189-01, D 240-02, D 4052-96, D 445-03, D 482-74, D 5555-95, D 6751-02, D 93-02a, D 95-990, D 97-02. St. Joseph, MI: ASAE; 2003.

• Kanit krishnangura, 1994. Estimation of Heat of Combustion of Triglycerides and Fatty acid Methyl Ester, Journal of American Oil Chemists Society.,71,56-68.

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T H A N K Y O U

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