28 Nov. 1 Dec. 1943 FDR, Churchill, Stalin Strategy …...28 Nov. –1 Dec. 1943 –Big Three Meet...
Transcript of 28 Nov. 1 Dec. 1943 FDR, Churchill, Stalin Strategy …...28 Nov. –1 Dec. 1943 –Big Three Meet...
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28 Nov. – 1 Dec. 1943 – Big Three Meet –FDR, Churchill, Stalin
Strategy meeting◦ Planned for opening of second front
◦ Began planning for end of war
Yalta Conference – Feb. 1945 – FDR, Churchill and Stalin (Big Three) – planned post-WWII world◦ Stalin’s idea – punish Germany – compromised
said yes to free elections in East Europe, United Nations
Potsdam Conference – July 1945 – Truman, Churchill/Atlee, Stalin◦ No free elections in East Europe
◦ Soviets made Communist Eastern Bloc “satellites”
◦ Germany divided into 4 occupation zones
Question Capitalism Communism
Who chooses what
to produce?People Government
Who chooses who
produces it?People Government
Who chooses who
gets the products?People Government
A state of political tension and military rivalry between the Soviet Union and United States that stopped short of full scale war
Trial - 24 of worst surviving Nazis
12 sentenced to death; rest – sentenced to prison
Trials/executions of war criminals
Emperor Hirohito spared – seen as a semi-divine
Gen. Douglas MacArthur- commanded Japan’s occupation, helped turn Japan democratic
Hirohito and MacArthur
Hirohito and Reagan
Containment –1946- Truman’s policy toward communism – its expansion must be prevented
Truman Doctrine - ‘47– US will support “free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure”
US needed strong, stable countries in Western Europe – political allies to buy US goods
16 countries -$13 billion in aid
Communism lost much appeal in region**
Stalin blockaded West Berlin from aid – June 1948
US & Brits airlifted supplies – Soviets quit – May ‘49 ◦ May ‘49 – British, French, US Zones – West Germany
◦ Oct. ‘49 – Soviet Zone became East Germany
Berlin divided between the two countries!!
Berlin Airlift
Berlin Airlift 2
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – US, Canada, & Western Europe– 4/1949
Warsaw Pact – Soviets & Eastern Bloc– May 1955 –response to West Germany joining NATO
1950 1953
1945-49 – US aided Chinese Nationalists (Truman doctrine) Communists – Communists won -10/49
Korea – ex-Japanese colony – split in 2 after WWII
1948 – North & South Korea formally established
6/25/50 – Communist North Korea invaded South,
6/27/50 - Truman ordered US troops to Korea
UN troops (90% American) and South Koreans pushed North Koreans almost to Chinese border
300,000 Communist Chinese aid North Korea
Gen. MacArthur pushed for using nukes on China
Truman said “NO” – MacArthur fired
Next two years fighting over strategic positions
Korea kept divided – nuclear war avoided
Soviet control of Eastern Europe, Communist China and Korea –created fear that Communism would hit US
3/1947 –Truman ordered gov. employee loyalty program
HUAC – House Un-American Activities Committee investigated communist activity – focused on potential communist propaganda in Hollywood
September 1947 - Pentagon, Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council – ALL aspects motivated by specter of Cold War conflict
Eisenhower elected- 1952 – “unmilitary general” and “unpolitical” politician
Korean armistice – summer 1953
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency –brand new)◦ gave $millions to anti-communists in Iran; overthrew
democratically-elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh (1953)
◦ Trained an army to overthrow Guatemala’s democratically elected President Jacobo Arbenz – Arbenz had given US-owned land to peasants (1954)
Both overthrew democratically-elected leaders
Both were done after the nationalization or redistribution of the properties or commodities of major American companies
Both were seen as potential locations for the spread of communism
1950-54 – McCarthy began making unfounded accusations of communism – none proven
McCarthyism - tactic of accusing someone of “disloyalty” without actual evidence
Army-McCarthy Hearings – 1954 – Senator’s downfall –censure – left office – died of alcoholism 1957
McCarran Act – Internal Security Act - 1950- made it illegal to plan the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in US; forced communist organizations to register with gov’t
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – 1950-53 – convicted w/ weak evidence – nuclear secrets to Soviets - executed
Soviets – atomic bomb – 1949
*Stalin died – 1953 – enter Nikita Khrushchev
Hydrogen “H” Bomb – 67x stronger than Hiroshima◦ US H-bomb – 1952
◦ Soviet H-Bomb – 1953 (Eisenhower now president)
Nuclear Arms race took off
First Artificial satellite to orbit earth – October 1957 - Soviets
Sputnik II – Nov. 1957 – sent a dog into space
United States – Explorer I – January 1958
Created competition over space race
Brinkmanship – policy of showing willingness to go to the edge of war and total destruction◦ fear of nuclear war semi-constant for next 30 years
◦ U-2 incident- US spy plane shot down over Soviet Airspace – May 1960 - highlighted paranoia of both nations; failed Soviet-US Summit 2 weeks later in Paris
1954 – US supporting 80% of French Colonial War in Southeast Asia
Dienbienphu – Vietnamese defeat the French in Vietnam – Communists look poised to win;
Geneva Conference – 1954 –US participated – Vietnam divided at 17th parallel
Intention of communists = Communist Vietnam
Intention of US = non-communist government in the South – a government that might eventually unite Vietnam
Ngo Dinh Diem –some local legitimacy but spent a lot of time in United States – led S. Vietnam
Diem seen as legit by US but not legit enough for Vietnam; Ho Chi Minh spent 30 years fighting for Vietnamese independence led N. Vietnam
North and South Vietnam go on different paths
1956 – Hungarian Uprising – grassroots, democratic movement
Soviet Union crushed it
US turned deaf ears to the uprising◦ Nuclear option – to potentially detrimental
◦ Massive retaliation – too costly, not suitable
JFK – elected 1960 – youngest ever elected, first (and only) Catholic president
Ran on a campaign of “New Frontier”
Promised to continue fighting the cold war, beat the Soviets where it mattered, put a man on the moon by end of the 1960s
Flexible Response – JFK’s military plan –create an array of military options
Alliance for Progress – Marshall Plan for Latin America – did little
Cuba – corrupt dictatorship 1950s –Fulgencio Batista; American party land –run by Mafia
Fidel Castro – 26th of July Movement –took over Cuba – 1 January 1959
Castro – soon began talks with USSR
Cuban emigres trained in Nicaragua and then be sent to Bay of Pigs and foment rebellion against Castro – too bad Castro was popular
Arrival of US-trained Cuban émigrés angered Cubans – Cubans rallied around Castro –émigrés mostly captured and made prisoners – JFK did not send in air support for émigrés
Castro – formally declared Cuba to be communist in May 1961
US efforts to unseat Castro made Castro more attractive to USSR
Khrushchev – Cuba = strategic advantage
Oct. 15 1962 – U2 Planes see missile sights
Oct. 28 1962 – JFK publicly promised to not invade Cuba – JFK promised to remove Jupiter missiles from Turkey (secret promise)
Berlin within the Soviet zone but divided between the four powers still!!!!!
No Berlin in late 50s– relatively free movement in Berlin
Frei Universitat – American-made University –open to East Berliners
East Germans were going into West Berlin and then going on to West Germany – Berlin was becoming a sinkhole
young men and women were leaving East Germany – people who stayed behind were the older and less skilled – BRAIN DRAIN!!!
Khrushchev wanted a treaty on Berlin and to close city
off – If Berlin doesn’t get sealed off- cut off West Berlin
August 1961 – Khrushchev let East Germans build Berlin
Wall – Berlin Wall went around entire western sector
Purpose of Wall – avoid war - assert Soviet authority
“A Wall is better than a War”
Diem - incompetent and corrupt from the get go
Buddhist monks burning selves in streets to protest Diem by end of the Eisenhower era
By end of Eisenhower Presidency – 7000 US military advisers in Vietnam
By 1960s – National Liberation Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam aka Vietcong◦ formed in 1960 in North Vietnam
North Vietnamese infiltrate South Vietnam and start recruiting people in the South
- Eisenhower & JFK provided support to South
- JFK and Diem – assassinated in same month (Nov. ‘63)
- Lyndon Johnson – president - LBJ
- Tonkin Gulf Resolution – Aug. 1964 - Resolution authorizes use of US force after US patrol ship is attacked
- June 1965 – 50,000 US soldiers in Vietnam; 200,000 by end of 1965; 400,000 by end of 1966
LBJ landslide
Cold War issues huge – Barry Goldwater seen as loose cannon with nukes
Domino Theory – if one country falls to communism – there goes the neighborhood!
LBJ did not want to lose- feared blame for failure in Vietnam; compared self with JFK
LBJ – a master of domestic policy
LBJ – bought off his enemies at home – did not work in Vietnam
◦ LBJ offered Ho Chi Minh $1 Billion to build a Tennessee Valley for all of Vietnam
◦ LBJ had reflected that it was the rural electrification of the TVA that gave him light as a kid
◦ LBJ felt that “Uncle Ho” would want electricity
- 1967 – 500,000 American soldiers in Vietnam
- War stagnated
- Vietcong was willing to pay nearly any price for victory
- 1967 –anti-war protests and draft opposition took off
- Surprise Attack -showed resolve of the Viet Cong
- War considered unwinnable
- Stalemate predicted (Walter Cronkite)
- Feb. 1968 – half of Americans disapproved of the war
Spring 1968
Gene McCarthy – antiwar candidate
Robert F. Kennedy (JFK’s little brother) – pro-peace
3/31/68 – LBJ announces withdrawal from presidential contest; freezing of troop levels
6/5/68 – Bobby Kennedy assassinated
1968 –Humphrey (D) vs. Nixon (R)
Hubert Humphrey – Democratic candidate
Richard M. Nixon – Republican candidate
George Wallace – American Independent (states rights/segregation)
Everything that worked for LBJ at home failed in Vietnam
LBJ outworked everyone at home and wore people down – THIS FAILED IN VIETNAM
Every time LBJ tried to do more in Vietnam he got in deeper
Ho Chi Minh’s Communism looked more like what they needed than US capitalism
- Nixon – pledge – end Vietnam War; restore “law, order” in a
country plagued by protest and social disorder
Non-idealists – Kissinger (secretary of state) and Nixon – Vietnam not a good cause
Nixon’s policy – Vietnamize the war – make the North Vietnamese come to an agreement – Peace with Honor – Bomb the North Vietnamese and make them cry uncle
Vietnamization Policy – made North and South Vietnam come to the table and allow for US withdrawal
More deaths as a result of Vietnamization
My Lai Massacre – frustrated soldiers killed more
May 1969 – American forces show up in My Lai –American soldiers kill 300-500 Vietnamese women, children an old men at My Lai village
North Vietnam had been using Cambodia as supply chest for years
US troops, bombing campaign – Cambodia –April 1970
May 1970 – more protests as US increases bombing of Vietnam – 4 May 1970 – Kent State; Jackson State – 2 students shot - black students
Success of Kissinger – getting US out of Vietnam
30,000 more American deaths under Kissinger and Nixon; problems in Cambodia
6/24/70 – Senate repeals Gulf of Tonkin Res.
Nixon withdrew from Cambodia – 6/29/1970
Pentagon Papers – June 1971 – leaked –showed blunders of JFK and LBJ in Vietnam –provocation at Gulf of Tonkin
July 1971 – Nixon announced plan to visit China – troubling to North Vietnamese –potential rift with their ally
Troop level reductions 1972
Treaty of Paris 1973 – (January) “peace with honor” Kissinger negotiates end to conflict –last US troops leave Vietnam – Spring 1973
April 1975 – Saigon (South Vietnamese capital) falls to North Vietnam
China and Soviet Union both communist –China had denounced Soviet Communism as “less pure” – 1961 – relations never the same
Shanghai Communique – 28 Feb. 1972 -China and US agreed to normalize relations –1 China policy – recognize Peoples’ Republic of China over Republic of China
May 1972 – Nixon arrives in Moscow – Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev ◦ Soviets – scared of US’ friendlier relations with
China – wanted a piece of the good will
Détente – thawing of tensions
Agreement of USSR to buy US wheat
SALT I (strategic arms limitation treaty) talks (began in 1969) brought Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty – Aug. 1972
Draft ends – January 1973 - expiredWar Powers Act - Nov. 1973 – required a president to report to congress after committing troops – would have to end within 60 days unless congress approved it – passed over Nixon’s veto – ensure sharing power in war- making decisions
October 1973 – OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries) – embargo on oil exports to US - punishment for US support of Israel in Yom Kippur War
Nixon resigned – Watergate Scandal – Aug 1974; pardoned by Gerald Ford – unelected
Helsinki Accords – 1975 – recognized borders of communist world, Soviets guaranteed exchanges of people and info; protection of basic human rights◦ critics – technology exchanges – US to USSR – 1
way; continued restrictions on emigration of Soviet Jews
September 11, 1973 – Democratically-elected socialist leader of Chile, Salvador Allende, overthrown in CIA-backed coup◦ Military dictator – Augusto Pinochet – 1973-90
Support for Argentine Military Coup – 1976
Support for military overthrow in Bolivia – ‘71
Carter –dark horse candidate – 1976 -defeated Ford
Focus on human rights, diplomacy◦ Panama Treaties – Sept. 1977 - agreed to return
Canal Zone by December 31, 1999
◦ Camp David Accord – Sept. 17 1978 – Israel withdrew from Sinai, Egypt respected Israel’s borders – pledged peace
Failure of SALT II – June 1979 – a treaty to limit lethal weapons between USSR and US
Iranian Revolution – 4 Nov. 1979 – US embassy in Tehran captured by Islamic militants◦ Another oil crisis!
Dec. 27 1979 – Soviets invaded Afghanistan –this would become Russia’s Vietnam◦ Carter embargo of US grain exports to USSR
◦ Boycott of 1980 Moscow Olympics
◦ Carter requested return of draft legislation - denied
Throughout 1980 – Americans held hostage at US embassy in Tehran, Iran
Carter humiliated by inability to rescue hostages – attempt to rescue them by helicopters – helicopters crashed into each other◦ Hostages not released until inauguration of Ronald
Reagan – January 20, 1981