28 Nov. 1 Dec. 1943 FDR, Churchill, Stalin Strategy …...28 Nov. –1 Dec. 1943 –Big Three Meet...
Transcript of 28 Nov. 1 Dec. 1943 FDR, Churchill, Stalin Strategy …...28 Nov. –1 Dec. 1943 –Big Three Meet...
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APUSH
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28 Nov. – 1 Dec. 1943 – Big Three Meet –FDR, Churchill, Stalin
Strategy meeting◦ Planned for opening of second front
◦ Began planning for end of war
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Yalta Conference – Feb. 1945 – FDR, Churchill and Stalin (Big Three) – planned post-WWII world◦ Stalin’s idea – punish Germany – compromised
said yes to free elections in East Europe, United Nations
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Potsdam Conference – July 1945 – Truman, Churchill/Atlee, Stalin◦ No free elections in East Europe
◦ Soviets made Communist Eastern Bloc “satellites”
◦ Germany divided into 4 occupation zones
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Question Capitalism Communism
Who chooses what
to produce?People Government
Who chooses who
produces it?People Government
Who chooses who
gets the products?People Government
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A state of political tension and military rivalry between the Soviet Union and United States that stopped short of full scale war
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Trial - 24 of worst surviving Nazis
12 sentenced to death; rest – sentenced to prison
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Trials/executions of war criminals
Emperor Hirohito spared – seen as a semi-divine
Gen. Douglas MacArthur- commanded Japan’s occupation, helped turn Japan democratic
Hirohito and MacArthur
Hirohito and Reagan
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Containment –1946- Truman’s policy toward communism – its expansion must be prevented
Truman Doctrine - ‘47– US will support “free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure”
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US needed strong, stable countries in Western Europe – political allies to buy US goods
16 countries -$13 billion in aid
Communism lost much appeal in region**
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Stalin blockaded West Berlin from aid – June 1948
US & Brits airlifted supplies – Soviets quit – May ‘49 ◦ May ‘49 – British, French, US Zones – West Germany
◦ Oct. ‘49 – Soviet Zone became East Germany
Berlin divided between the two countries!!
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Berlin Airlift
Berlin Airlift 2
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NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – US, Canada, & Western Europe– 4/1949
Warsaw Pact – Soviets & Eastern Bloc– May 1955 –response to West Germany joining NATO
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1950 1953
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1945-49 – US aided Chinese Nationalists (Truman doctrine) Communists – Communists won -10/49
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Korea – ex-Japanese colony – split in 2 after WWII
1948 – North & South Korea formally established
6/25/50 – Communist North Korea invaded South,
6/27/50 - Truman ordered US troops to Korea
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UN troops (90% American) and South Koreans pushed North Koreans almost to Chinese border
300,000 Communist Chinese aid North Korea
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Gen. MacArthur pushed for using nukes on China
Truman said “NO” – MacArthur fired
Next two years fighting over strategic positions
Korea kept divided – nuclear war avoided
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Soviet control of Eastern Europe, Communist China and Korea –created fear that Communism would hit US
3/1947 –Truman ordered gov. employee loyalty program
HUAC – House Un-American Activities Committee investigated communist activity – focused on potential communist propaganda in Hollywood
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September 1947 - Pentagon, Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council – ALL aspects motivated by specter of Cold War conflict
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Eisenhower elected- 1952 – “unmilitary general” and “unpolitical” politician
Korean armistice – summer 1953
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CIA (Central Intelligence Agency –brand new)◦ gave $millions to anti-communists in Iran; overthrew
democratically-elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh (1953)
◦ Trained an army to overthrow Guatemala’s democratically elected President Jacobo Arbenz – Arbenz had given US-owned land to peasants (1954)
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Both overthrew democratically-elected leaders
Both were done after the nationalization or redistribution of the properties or commodities of major American companies
Both were seen as potential locations for the spread of communism
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1950-54 – McCarthy began making unfounded accusations of communism – none proven
McCarthyism - tactic of accusing someone of “disloyalty” without actual evidence
Army-McCarthy Hearings – 1954 – Senator’s downfall –censure – left office – died of alcoholism 1957
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McCarran Act – Internal Security Act - 1950- made it illegal to plan the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in US; forced communist organizations to register with gov’t
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – 1950-53 – convicted w/ weak evidence – nuclear secrets to Soviets - executed
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Soviets – atomic bomb – 1949
*Stalin died – 1953 – enter Nikita Khrushchev
Hydrogen “H” Bomb – 67x stronger than Hiroshima◦ US H-bomb – 1952
◦ Soviet H-Bomb – 1953 (Eisenhower now president)
Nuclear Arms race took off
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First Artificial satellite to orbit earth – October 1957 - Soviets
Sputnik II – Nov. 1957 – sent a dog into space
United States – Explorer I – January 1958
Created competition over space race
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Brinkmanship – policy of showing willingness to go to the edge of war and total destruction◦ fear of nuclear war semi-constant for next 30 years
◦ U-2 incident- US spy plane shot down over Soviet Airspace – May 1960 - highlighted paranoia of both nations; failed Soviet-US Summit 2 weeks later in Paris
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1954 – US supporting 80% of French Colonial War in Southeast Asia
Dienbienphu – Vietnamese defeat the French in Vietnam – Communists look poised to win;
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Geneva Conference – 1954 –US participated – Vietnam divided at 17th parallel
Intention of communists = Communist Vietnam
Intention of US = non-communist government in the South – a government that might eventually unite Vietnam
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Ngo Dinh Diem –some local legitimacy but spent a lot of time in United States – led S. Vietnam
Diem seen as legit by US but not legit enough for Vietnam; Ho Chi Minh spent 30 years fighting for Vietnamese independence led N. Vietnam
North and South Vietnam go on different paths
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1956 – Hungarian Uprising – grassroots, democratic movement
Soviet Union crushed it
US turned deaf ears to the uprising◦ Nuclear option – to potentially detrimental
◦ Massive retaliation – too costly, not suitable
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JFK – elected 1960 – youngest ever elected, first (and only) Catholic president
Ran on a campaign of “New Frontier”
Promised to continue fighting the cold war, beat the Soviets where it mattered, put a man on the moon by end of the 1960s
Flexible Response – JFK’s military plan –create an array of military options
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Alliance for Progress – Marshall Plan for Latin America – did little
Cuba – corrupt dictatorship 1950s –Fulgencio Batista; American party land –run by Mafia
Fidel Castro – 26th of July Movement –took over Cuba – 1 January 1959
Castro – soon began talks with USSR
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Cuban emigres trained in Nicaragua and then be sent to Bay of Pigs and foment rebellion against Castro – too bad Castro was popular
Arrival of US-trained Cuban émigrés angered Cubans – Cubans rallied around Castro –émigrés mostly captured and made prisoners – JFK did not send in air support for émigrés
Castro – formally declared Cuba to be communist in May 1961
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US efforts to unseat Castro made Castro more attractive to USSR
Khrushchev – Cuba = strategic advantage
Oct. 15 1962 – U2 Planes see missile sights
Oct. 28 1962 – JFK publicly promised to not invade Cuba – JFK promised to remove Jupiter missiles from Turkey (secret promise)
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Berlin within the Soviet zone but divided between the four powers still!!!!!
No Berlin in late 50s– relatively free movement in Berlin
Frei Universitat – American-made University –open to East Berliners
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East Germans were going into West Berlin and then going on to West Germany – Berlin was becoming a sinkhole
young men and women were leaving East Germany – people who stayed behind were the older and less skilled – BRAIN DRAIN!!!
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Khrushchev wanted a treaty on Berlin and to close city
off – If Berlin doesn’t get sealed off- cut off West Berlin
August 1961 – Khrushchev let East Germans build Berlin
Wall – Berlin Wall went around entire western sector
Purpose of Wall – avoid war - assert Soviet authority
“A Wall is better than a War”
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Diem - incompetent and corrupt from the get go
Buddhist monks burning selves in streets to protest Diem by end of the Eisenhower era
By end of Eisenhower Presidency – 7000 US military advisers in Vietnam
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By 1960s – National Liberation Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam aka Vietcong◦ formed in 1960 in North Vietnam
North Vietnamese infiltrate South Vietnam and start recruiting people in the South
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- Eisenhower & JFK provided support to South
- JFK and Diem – assassinated in same month (Nov. ‘63)
- Lyndon Johnson – president - LBJ
- Tonkin Gulf Resolution – Aug. 1964 - Resolution authorizes use of US force after US patrol ship is attacked
- June 1965 – 50,000 US soldiers in Vietnam; 200,000 by end of 1965; 400,000 by end of 1966
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LBJ landslide
Cold War issues huge – Barry Goldwater seen as loose cannon with nukes
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Domino Theory – if one country falls to communism – there goes the neighborhood!
LBJ did not want to lose- feared blame for failure in Vietnam; compared self with JFK
LBJ – a master of domestic policy
LBJ – bought off his enemies at home – did not work in Vietnam
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◦ LBJ offered Ho Chi Minh $1 Billion to build a Tennessee Valley for all of Vietnam
◦ LBJ had reflected that it was the rural electrification of the TVA that gave him light as a kid
◦ LBJ felt that “Uncle Ho” would want electricity
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- 1967 – 500,000 American soldiers in Vietnam
- War stagnated
- Vietcong was willing to pay nearly any price for victory
- 1967 –anti-war protests and draft opposition took off
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- Surprise Attack -showed resolve of the Viet Cong
- War considered unwinnable
- Stalemate predicted (Walter Cronkite)
- Feb. 1968 – half of Americans disapproved of the war
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Spring 1968
Gene McCarthy – antiwar candidate
Robert F. Kennedy (JFK’s little brother) – pro-peace
3/31/68 – LBJ announces withdrawal from presidential contest; freezing of troop levels
6/5/68 – Bobby Kennedy assassinated
1968 –Humphrey (D) vs. Nixon (R)
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Hubert Humphrey – Democratic candidate
Richard M. Nixon – Republican candidate
George Wallace – American Independent (states rights/segregation)
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Everything that worked for LBJ at home failed in Vietnam
LBJ outworked everyone at home and wore people down – THIS FAILED IN VIETNAM
Every time LBJ tried to do more in Vietnam he got in deeper
Ho Chi Minh’s Communism looked more like what they needed than US capitalism
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- Nixon – pledge – end Vietnam War; restore “law, order” in a
country plagued by protest and social disorder
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Non-idealists – Kissinger (secretary of state) and Nixon – Vietnam not a good cause
Nixon’s policy – Vietnamize the war – make the North Vietnamese come to an agreement – Peace with Honor – Bomb the North Vietnamese and make them cry uncle
Vietnamization Policy – made North and South Vietnam come to the table and allow for US withdrawal
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More deaths as a result of Vietnamization
My Lai Massacre – frustrated soldiers killed more
May 1969 – American forces show up in My Lai –American soldiers kill 300-500 Vietnamese women, children an old men at My Lai village
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North Vietnam had been using Cambodia as supply chest for years
US troops, bombing campaign – Cambodia –April 1970
May 1970 – more protests as US increases bombing of Vietnam – 4 May 1970 – Kent State; Jackson State – 2 students shot - black students
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Success of Kissinger – getting US out of Vietnam
30,000 more American deaths under Kissinger and Nixon; problems in Cambodia
6/24/70 – Senate repeals Gulf of Tonkin Res.
Nixon withdrew from Cambodia – 6/29/1970
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Pentagon Papers – June 1971 – leaked –showed blunders of JFK and LBJ in Vietnam –provocation at Gulf of Tonkin
July 1971 – Nixon announced plan to visit China – troubling to North Vietnamese –potential rift with their ally
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Troop level reductions 1972
Treaty of Paris 1973 – (January) “peace with honor” Kissinger negotiates end to conflict –last US troops leave Vietnam – Spring 1973
April 1975 – Saigon (South Vietnamese capital) falls to North Vietnam
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China and Soviet Union both communist –China had denounced Soviet Communism as “less pure” – 1961 – relations never the same
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Shanghai Communique – 28 Feb. 1972 -China and US agreed to normalize relations –1 China policy – recognize Peoples’ Republic of China over Republic of China
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May 1972 – Nixon arrives in Moscow – Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev ◦ Soviets – scared of US’ friendlier relations with
China – wanted a piece of the good will
Détente – thawing of tensions
Agreement of USSR to buy US wheat
SALT I (strategic arms limitation treaty) talks (began in 1969) brought Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty – Aug. 1972
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Draft ends – January 1973 - expiredWar Powers Act - Nov. 1973 – required a president to report to congress after committing troops – would have to end within 60 days unless congress approved it – passed over Nixon’s veto – ensure sharing power in war- making decisions
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October 1973 – OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries) – embargo on oil exports to US - punishment for US support of Israel in Yom Kippur War
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Nixon resigned – Watergate Scandal – Aug 1974; pardoned by Gerald Ford – unelected
Helsinki Accords – 1975 – recognized borders of communist world, Soviets guaranteed exchanges of people and info; protection of basic human rights◦ critics – technology exchanges – US to USSR – 1
way; continued restrictions on emigration of Soviet Jews
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September 11, 1973 – Democratically-elected socialist leader of Chile, Salvador Allende, overthrown in CIA-backed coup◦ Military dictator – Augusto Pinochet – 1973-90
Support for Argentine Military Coup – 1976
Support for military overthrow in Bolivia – ‘71
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Carter –dark horse candidate – 1976 -defeated Ford
Focus on human rights, diplomacy◦ Panama Treaties – Sept. 1977 - agreed to return
Canal Zone by December 31, 1999
◦ Camp David Accord – Sept. 17 1978 – Israel withdrew from Sinai, Egypt respected Israel’s borders – pledged peace
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Failure of SALT II – June 1979 – a treaty to limit lethal weapons between USSR and US
Iranian Revolution – 4 Nov. 1979 – US embassy in Tehran captured by Islamic militants◦ Another oil crisis!
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Dec. 27 1979 – Soviets invaded Afghanistan –this would become Russia’s Vietnam◦ Carter embargo of US grain exports to USSR
◦ Boycott of 1980 Moscow Olympics
◦ Carter requested return of draft legislation - denied
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Throughout 1980 – Americans held hostage at US embassy in Tehran, Iran
Carter humiliated by inability to rescue hostages – attempt to rescue them by helicopters – helicopters crashed into each other◦ Hostages not released until inauguration of Ronald
Reagan – January 20, 1981