8

14

126

51024

8

138

27

8

10

1210

11

13

2012

11

10

323

4

4

3

3

4

6

3

4 4

4

6

8

71

6

9

4

2532

453 4

5

16

48

163

9

JOHN F. KENNEDY 303(56)

34,226,731(49.9)

Electoral Vote(%)

Popular Vote(%)

(Democrat)

Richard M. Nixon 219(41)

34,108,157(49.7)(Republican)

Harry F. Byrd (Independent)

15(3)

501,643(.7)

28-1 The Presidential Election, 1960

Civilian Total Education &Employees Spending Defense Space Health Manpower

Year (thous.) (millions) (millions) (millions) (millions) (millions)

1955 2,397 $68,509 $40,245 $74 $271 $5731960 2,399 $92,223 $45,908 $401 $756 $1,0601965 2,528 $118,430 $49,578 $5,091 $1,704 $2,2841970 2,982 $196,588 $80,295 $3,749 $12,907 $7,289

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States (1976), II, 1102, 1116.

Expanding the Federal Government, 1955–1970TABLE 28-1

BAHAMAS(Br.)

U N I T E D S T A T E S

CUBA

JAMAICA1962

HAITI

PUERTO RICO(U.S.)

VENEZUELA

GUYANA1966

BRAZIL

COLOMBIA

PANAMACOSTA

RICA

NICARAGUA

HONDURAS

ELSALVADOR

BELIZE

GUATEMALA

DOMINICANREPUBLICMEXICO

G U L FO F

M E X I C O

C A R I B B E A N S E A

P A C I F I C O C E A N

A T L A N T I C O C E A N

0 100 200 300 400 Miles

0 100 200 300 400 Kilometers

CIA-sponsoredBay of Pigs

invasion fails,1961

U.S.intervention,1961, 1962

U.S. intervention,1981–1987

U.S.intervention,

1994

U.S.intervention,

1983

U.S.intervention,

1989

U.S.intervention,

1954U.S.

intervention,1981

Batista dictatorshipoverthrown;Fidel Castro

assumes power,1959

U.S. Marinelanding,1965

Revolution,1964

U.S naval blockade during missile crisis, 1962

BARBADOS1966

TRINIDADAND

TOBAGO1962

GUADELOUPE (Fr.)

DOMINICA (Br.)

MARTINIQUE(Fr.)

ST. LUCIA (Br.)

ST. VINCENT(Br.)

VIRGINISLANDS

(U.S.)

BARBUDA (Br.)

ANTIGUA (Br.)

GRENADA(Br.)

ISLA DEMARGARITA

BONAIRE(Neth.)

CURAÇAO (Neth.)

ARUBA (Neth.)

VIRGINISLANDS

(Br.)

Havana

Port-au-Prince

SantoDomingo

CaracasSan José

Managua

TegucigalpaSan Salvador

Guatemala

Belize City

GuantanamoBay

Rodman NSAlbrook AFB

Panama City

Kingston RameyAFB

RooseveltRoads NS

Miami

Cape Canaveral

Key West

San Juan

Nassau

FLORIDA

Canal Zone riots,1964

Great Inagua Island

MayaguanaCrooked Island

Long IslandSan Salvador Island

Cat Island

Eleuthera

GreatAbacoGrand

Bahama

AndrosIsland

Acklins Island

WINDWARDISLANDS

LEEWARDISLANDS

Islandof Pines

United States and possessions

Countries with U.S. activity

European possessions

Other countries

U.S. military bases

Overt military actions

Year of independence1962

28-2 United States Intervention in the Caribbean

0

0 100 200 Kilometers

100 200 Miles

U.S. airbases

Major battles, 1965–1967

Ho Chi Minh Trail

C H I N A

N O R T H

V I E T N A M

SOUTH

VIETNAM

C A M B O D I A

BURMA

T H A I L A N D

L A O S

GULF OFTONKIN

SOUTH

CHINA

SEA

GULF

OF

THAILAND

TonleSap

Maddoxincident, 1964

FriendshipHighway

Operation Cedar Falls

Operation Manhatton

Michelin plantationOperation Birmingham

Operation Junction CityOperation Attleboro

Loc Ninh operation El Paso

Bu Gia Map

OperationFrancisMarion

OperationVan Buren

Operation MasherWhite Wing

OperationPrairie Fire

OperationHastins

OperationCoronado

OperationSmithville

Nha Trang

Bien Hoa

Can Tho

Phan Rang

CamRanh

Vientiane

Bangkok

Phnom Penh

Kontum

Hanoi

Hue

Saigon

Khe Sanh

Quang Tri

Da Nang

Phu Bai

Tuy Hoa

Pleiku

Dak To

Chu Lai

DemilitarizedZone

MekongDelta

HAINAN

Ca Mau Peninsula

Red R.

Mekong R.

Mekong

R.ChaoPraya

Mekong

R.

Thang Phong

28-3 America’s War in Vietnam, 1965–1968

N.VietnameseS.Vietnamese & Viet Cong

U.S. Battle Battle Battle DeathsYear U.S.Troops Deaths Deaths (estimated)

1961 3,164 11 (three-year 12,0001962 11,326 31 total � 21,0001963 16,263 78 13,985) 21,0001964 23,310 147 7,457 17,0001965 184,000 1,369 11,403 35,3821966 385,000 5,008 11,953 55,5241967 486,000 9,378 12,716 88,1041968 536,000 14,589 27,915 181,149

Sources: Michael Clodfelter, Vietnam in Military Statistics, 46, 57, 209 & 258; Fox Butterfield, ed., VietnamWar Almanac, 50, 54, 57, 64, 102, 132, 158, 192; Shelby Stanton, ed., Vietnam Order of Battle, 333.

The Escalating War in Vietnam, 1960–1968TABLE 28-2

ARIZONA

NEVADA

CALIFORNIA

OREGON

WASHINGTON

IDAHO

MONTANANORTH

DAKOTA MINNESOTA

SOUTHDAKOTA

NEBRASKA

WYOMING

COLORADO

NEWMEXICO

TEXAS

LOUISIANA

ARKANSASOKLAHOMA

KANSAS MISSOURI

IOWA

WISCONSIN MICHIGAN

ILLINOISINDIANA

OHIO

KENTUCKY

TENNESSEE

MISSISSIPPI

ALABAMA

GEORGIA

SOUTHCAROLINA

NORTHCAROLINA

VIRGINIA

WASHINGTON, D.C.

WESTVIRGINIA

DELAWARE

NEW JERSEY

MARYLAND

PENNSYLVANIA

NEWYORK

CONNECTICUTRHODE ISLAND

MASSACHUSETTS

MAINEVERMONTNEW HAMPSHIRE

FLORIDA

UTAH

0

0 100 200 300 Kilometers

100 200 300 Miles

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

G U L F O F M E X I C O

1965

Riot that resulted ininjuries or deaths:

1966

1967

1968

28-4 Race Riots, 1965–1968

81 12

1210

1025

6

127

26

7

14

129

11

13

2112

10

9

403

4

5

3

4

4

6

3

4 4

4

5

7

8

6

9

4

2629

433 4

4

14

48

1733

10

RICHARD M. NIXON 301(56)

31,785,480(43.4)

Electoral Vote(%)

Popular Vote(%)

(Republican)

Hubert H. Humphrey 191(36)

31,275,165(42.7)(Democrat)

George C. Wallace 46(8)

9,906,473(13.5)(American Independent)

Other candidates – 221,134(.3)

28-5 The Presidential Election, 1968.