27 - Physical Properties
-
Upload
rafael-reyes -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of 27 - Physical Properties
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 1/23
Chapter 27: Physical Properties
Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, 5th Edition
by Stephen Hall
This Excel workbook includes Visual Basic for Application function subroutines.
Macros must be enabled for them to work.
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 2/23
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 3/23
Input
Component mole% MW Viscosity at 20C, cP
n-hexane 0.1 86.18 0.310
n-heptane 0.5 100.21 0.409
n-octane 0.4 114.23 0.540
1.0
Calculations
Component mol% x MW wt% ln(viscosity) wt% x ln(mu)
n-hexane 8.62 0.08 -1.171182982 (0.10)
n-heptane 50.11 0.48 -0.894040123 (0.43) n-octane 45.69 0.44 -0.616186139 (0.27)
104.42 1.00 (0.80)
Answer: 0.451 cP
Problem Statement:Calculate the viscosity of a mixture of n-hexane (10 mole%), n-heptane (50 mole%), and n-octane (40 mole%), at 20 degC
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 4/23
Inputs
Continuous PhaseViscosity 20 cP
Dispersed Phase
Viscosity 30 cP
Volume Fraction in the emulsion 0.3
Output
Viscosity of the emulsion 36.29 cP
Problem Statement:Estimate the viscosity of an emulsion
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 5/23
Procedure 1. Choose a fluid from the pull-down menu in cell C10
2. Enter row numbers to use for the calculation in cells A13:A153. Read answers in cells F13:F15
Fluid Ethyl Alcohol 12
log10(p) = A - (B/(C+t))
row Temp, Deg C VP, mm Hg Intermediate: 0.818814902
9 63.5 400 A 7.998329425
11 97.5 1520 B 1524.182273
12 126 3800 C 218.9511066
Data (from Perry's) Temp, C
Pressure, mm Hg Methyl Alcohol Propane Toluene Acetic Acid
1 1.0 -44 -128.9 -26.7 -17.2
2 5.0 -25.3 -115.4 -4.4 6.3
3 10.0 -16.2 -108.5 6.4 17.5
4 20.0 -6 -100.9 18.4 29.9
5 40.0 5 -92.4 31.8 43
6 60.0 12.1 -87 40.3 51.7
7 100.0 21.2 -79.6 51.9 63
8 200.0 34.8 -68.4 69.5 80
9 400.0 49.9 -55.6 89.5 99
10 760.0 64.7 -42.1 110.6 118.1
11 1,520.0 84 -25.6 136.5 143.5
12 3,800.0 112.5 1.4 178 180.3
13 7,600.0 138 26.9 215.8 214
14 15,200.0 167.8 58.1 262.5 252
15 22,800.0 186.5 78.7 292.8 276.5
16 30,400.0 203.5 94.8 319 297
17 38,000.0 214 312.5
18 45,600.0 224
Same calculation procedure, but choosing from different mixture concentrations instead of a list of pu
Acetic Acid Concentration 25% Fit: 100.0% 1
log10(p) = A - (B/(C+t))
row Temp, Deg C VP, mm Hg Intermediate: 0.768492861
1 20 16.3 A 8.377414641
10 65 178 B 1902.80986
17 100 743 C 245.5616982
Problem Statement:Calculate Antoine Coefficients
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 6/23
Acetic Acid in Solution
mm Hg
deg C 25 wt% 50 wt% 75 wt%
1 20 16.3 15.7 15.3
2 25 22.1 21.4 20.8
3 30 29.6 28.8 27.84 35 39.4 38.3 36.6
5 40 51.7 50.2 48.1
6 45 67 65 62
7 50 87.2 85 80.1
8 55 110 107 102
9 60 141 138 130
10 65 178 172 162
11 70 223 216 203
12 75 277 269 251
13 80 342 331 310
14 85 419 407 376
15 90 510 497 45816 95 618 602 550
17 100 743 725 666
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 7/23
R2 fit Max Error
Over the data range 0.996 24.85%
Over the selected range 1.000 1.90%
Nitrogen Ammonia n-Butane n-Pentane n-Hexane n-Heptane n-Octane Ethyl Alcoho
-226.1 -109.1 -101.5 -76.6 -53.9 -34 -14 -31.3
-221.3 -97.5 -85.7 -62.5 -34.5 -12.7 8.3 -12
-219.1 -91.9 -77.8 -50.1 -25 -2.1 19.2 -2.3
-216.8 -85.8 -68.9 -40.2 -14.1 9.5 31.5 8
-214 -79.2 -59.1 -29.2 -2.3 22.3 45.1 19
-212.3 -74.3 -52.8 -22.2 5.4 30.6 53.8 26
-209.7 -68.4 -44.2 -12.6 15.8 41.8 65.7 34.9
-205.6 -57 -31.2 1.9 31.6 58.7 83.6 48.4
-200.9 -45.4 -16.3 18.5 49.6 78 104 63.5
-195.8 -33.6 -0.5 36.1 68.7 98.4 125.6 78.4
-189.2 -18.7 18.8 58 93 124.8 152.7 97.5
-179.1 4.7 50 92.4 131.7 165.7 196.2 126
-169.8 25.7 79.5 124.7 166.6 202.8 235.8 151.8
-157.6 50.1 116 164.3 209.4 247.5 281.4 183
-148.3 66.1 140.6 191.3 203
78.9 218
89.3 230
98.3 242
e compounds
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 8/23
Mean: 227.9
Predicted SSreg^2 SStot error
16.30 2.13308E-27 44774.56 0.00%
22.11 0.000113439 42349.26 0.05%
29.66 0.003927257 39298.04 0.21%39.38 0.000418891 35539.97 0.05%
51.76 0.004000086 31024.16 0.12%
67.40 0.163194872 25758.97 0.60%
86.99 0.044046237 19855.59 0.24%
111.32 1.739239079 13591.18 1.20%
141.31 0.093935469 7498.436 0.22%
178.00 8.07794E-28 2490.01 0.00%
222.59 0.170155263 28.22264 0.18%
276.41 0.348598421 2353.179 0.21%
340.97 1.060403485 12784.88 0.30%
417.95 1.107146335 36118.16 0.25%
509.21 0.631325489 79132.75 0.16%616.80 1.436063167 151244.5 0.19%
743.00 1.86116E-24 265328 0.00%
6.802567491 809169.9
0.999991593 1.20%
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 9/23
Range Total
Mean: 1620 9,250.9
l Predicted SSreg^2 SStot Error
0.8 0.06177444 2621966 85565043 24.85% 1
4.3 0.49108192 2610489 85499420 14.02% 1
9.2 0.66224024 2594721 85409068 8.14% 1
19.2 0.70352376 2562685 85224795 4.19% 1
39.2 0.69900355 2499043 84855877 2.09% 1
59.7 0.09322951 2434553 84478051 0.51% 1
98.6 1.82552225 2314509 83763497 1.35% 1
198.3 2.9590412 2021288 81949731 0.86% 1
400.0 1.7093E-24 1488400 78338234 0.00% 1
745.5 209.523086 764706.4 72341213 1.90% 1
1,520.0 3.3087E-24 10000 59766643 0.00% 1
3,800.0 1.8612E-24 4752400 29712190 0.00% 1
7,713.7 12930.3929 37133325 2362913 1.50% 1
16,083.1 779883.436 2.09E+08 46679247 5.81% 1
24,327.9 2334470.24 5.16E+08 2.27E+08 6.70% 1
32,367.4 3870675.86 9.45E+08 5.34E+08 6.47% 1
40,118.5 4487939.44 1.48E+09 9.53E+08 5.57% 1
49172.97784 12766170.7 2.26E+09 1.59E+09 7.84% 1
Error Sum 24252287.1 5.48E+09 4.27E+09
R2 0.99557235
209.523086 2.4E+08
0.99999913
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 10/23
Input
Dry bulb temperature 100 deg F 37.77778 deg C 559.67 deg R
Wet bulb temperature 80 deg F 26.66667 deg C 539.67 deg R
Pressure 760 mm Hg
Constants
Critical Pressure 166818 mm Hg
Critical Temperature 1165.67 deg R
Equation Parameters C0 4.39553 K0 0.000367
C1 -0.0034691 K1 1571
C2 3.0721E-06 K2 32
C3 -8.8331E-10
Step-by-Step Calculation in Excel, Following the Procedure
PD1 -1.9415512
PW1 -1.8721692
PD2 0.962275446
PW2 0.894729798
PD3 -0.15484929
PW3 -0.13883468
KD 3.261404955
KW 3.279255917
PD 49.07449487
PW 26.2065928
PM 5.748841248
OutputRH 41.69 41.69
Calculated usinfunction subrou
Problem Statement:Given the air pressure and wet and dry bulb temperatures, calculate therelative humidity
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 11/23
g the VBAtine
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 12/23
Inputs
Temperature deg K 400
Pressure bar, abs 3
Note: the answer "-1" is returned if the input data are outside the allowable range
Property
Density, single-phase kg/m3 937.5118668
Specific internal energy, single-phase kJ/kg 532.6637217
Specific enthalpy, single-phase kJ/kg 532.9837177
Specific entropy, single-phase kJ/kg 1.601173154
Specific isobaric heat capacity, single-phase kJ/(kg-K) 4.258601473
Specific isochoric heat capacity, single-phase kJ/(kg-K) 3.634739754
Dynamic viscosity, single-phase Pa-s 0.000218612
Thermal conductivity, single-phase W/(m-K) 0.683669863
Boiling point as a function of pressure K 406.6753579Vapor pressure bar, abs 2.457531863
Density in saturation state
Boiling water as function of temperature kg/m3 937.4840056
Boiling water as function of pressure kg/m3 931.8132267
Saturated steam as function of temperature kg/m3 1.369249628
Saturated steam as function of pressure kg/m3 1.650749356
Specific internal energy in saturation state
Boiling water as function of temperature kJ/kg 532.6844291
Boiling water as function of pressure kJ/kg 561.1334573
Saturated steam as function of temperature kJ/kg 2536.231313Saturated steam as function of pressure kJ/kg 2543.156021
Specific enthalpy in saturation state
Boiling water as function of temperature kJ/kg 532.9465703
Boiling water as function of pressure kJ/kg 561.4554103
Saturated steam as function of temperature kJ/kg 2715.711505
Saturated steam as function of pressure kJ/kg 2724.891667
Specific entropy in saturation state
Boiling water as function of temperature kJ/kg 1.601224944
Boiling water as function of pressure kJ/kg 1.671764673
Saturated steam as function of temperature kJ/kg 7.058121754
Saturated steam as function of pressure kJ/kg 6.991565929
Specific isobaric heat capacity in saturation state
Boiling water as function of temperature Kj/(kg-K) 4.258746828
Boiling water as function of pressure Kj/(kg-K) 4.271993567
Saturated steam as function of temperature Kj/(kg-K) 2.216019281
Saturated steam as function of pressure Kj/(kg-K) 2.261816054
Specific isochoric heat capacity in saturation state
Boiling water as function of temperature Kj/(kg-K) 3.634800437
Problem Statement:Demonstrate the use of IAWPS VBA functions to estimate the properties of water and steam
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 13/23
Boiling water as function of pressure Kj/(kg-K) 3.602913726
Saturated steam as function of temperature Kj/(kg-K) 1.641552789
Saturated steam as function of pressure Kj/(kg-K) 1.669985312
Dynamic viscosity in saturation state
Boiling water as function of temperature Pa-s 0.000218597
Boiling water as function of pressure Pa-s 0.000206839
Saturated steam as function of temperature Pa-s 1.31925E-05
Saturated steam as function of pressure Pa-s 1.3423E-05
Thermal conductivity in saturation state
Boiling water as function of temperature W/(m-K) 0.68363677
Boiling water as function of pressure W/(m-K) 0.68365586
Saturated steam as function of temperature W/(m-K) 0.028347182
Saturated steam as function of pressure W/(m-K) 0.029240389
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 15/23
Input
Select gas CO2Temperature 60 deg C -- applicable range -45 C to 150 C
Liquid Density 840 kg/m3 at 15.5 degC
Pressure 1 atm, absolute
Vapor pressure of liquid 0 atm, absolute -- required if greater than 10%
Output
Gas solubility in liquid 1,495 ppm by weight
DataGas Ostwald Coeffcient at 0C Molecular Weight
He 0.01 4.003
Ne 0.021 20.179
H2 0.039 2.0158
N2 0.075 28.0134
Air 0.095 28.850334
CO 0.1 28.0104
O2 0.15 31.9988
Ar 0.23 39.948
CO2 1 44.0098
Kr 1.3 83.8
Xe 2 131.3
NH3 2.8 17.0304
Notes
Reference: "Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers"
Calculation is performed in a Visual Basic for Applications function call named "GasSol"
Problem Statement:Estimate the solubility of a gas in petroleum liquid
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 16/23
f total pressure
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 17/23
Input
Chemical BenzeneSurface Tension 29.0 dynes/cm
Surface Tension temperature 20.0 C
Critical temperature 288.5 C
Desired Temperature 100.0 C
Output
Surface tension at 100.0 C 19.0 The measured surface tension for benzene at 100 C is 1
Problem Statement:Determine the surface tension of benzene at 100 deg C. Its surface tension is 29 dynes/cm at 20 dC and its critical temperature is 288.5 deg C
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 18/23
.2 dynes/cm
g
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 19/23
Input Water Water
Pressure kPa 200 800Temperature C 300 510
Output
Compressibility Factor Z 0.9956 0.9930
Gas MW -25 0 10 25 50
Acetylene 26.038 39.89 42.02 42.78 43.93 45.65 Air 28.964 29.05 29.07 29.08 29.10 29.14
Ammonia 17.031 35.63 35.64 35.64 35.65 35.65
Argon 39.948 20.88 20.87 20.86 20.86 20.85
Benzene 78.114 66.44 74.06 77.03 81.68 89.22
Butane, iso- 58.124 83.48 90.08 92.69 96.82 103.62
Butane, n- 58.124 85.28 91.27 93.69 97.45 105.33
Butene, 1- 56.108 73.36 79.58 81.96 85.66 91.51
Butene, cis-2- 56.108 67.60 73.27 75.46 78.93 84.51
Butene, trans-2- 56.108 77.33 82.59 84.63 87.82 92.98
Carbon dioxide 44.010 34.70 35.96 36.41 37.12 38.21
Carbon monoxide 28.010 29.09 29.12 29.11 29.15 29.15
Ethane 30.070 47.13 49.88 50.90 52.67 55.72
Ethylene 28.054 38.25 40.91 41.94 45.56 46.12
Heptane, n- 100.205 142.94 154.54 159.01 165.99 177.14
Hexane, n- 86.178 123.40 133.30 137.14 143.11 152.71
Hydrogen 2.016 28.29 28.61 28.69 26.50 28.96
Hydrogen sulfide 34.076 33.31 33.67 33.82 34.03 34.38
Methane 16.043 34.30 34.93 35.20 35.72 36.74
Nitrogen 28.013 29.08 29.11 29.09 29.11 29.12
Oxygen 31.999 29.13 29.24 29.27 29.36 29.48
Pentane, iso- 72.151 101.90 110.37 113.68 118.79 127.34
Pentane, n- 72.151 105.13 112.60 115.57 120.21 130.69
Propane 44.097 64.18 68.78 70.61 73.52 78.56
Propylene 42.081 55.88 59.90 61.46 63.90 67.83
Water 18.015 33.38 33.47 33.49 33.57 33.68
Conversion: 1 Btu/lb-F = 4.1868 kJ/kg-C
Source: GPSA, 12th Edition, except
Argon: ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, 1997
Molar Heat Capacity, MCp (ideal-gas state)
Problem Statement:Estimate the compressibility factor for steam at 200 kPa, 300 C and 800 kPa, 510 C
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 20/23
Natural Gas
mole frac Pc Tc y*Pc y*Tc
Methane 0.952 45.8 -82.5 43.6 -78.5
Ethane 0.025 48.2 32.3 1.2 0.8
Propane 0.002 41.9 96.7 0.1 0.2
Butane, iso- 0.0003 42.7 151.8 0.0 0.0Butane, n- 0.0003 37.5 152.1 0.0 0.0
Pentane, iso- 0.0001 33.4 187.2 0.0 0.0
Pentane, n- 0.0001 33.3 196.4 0.0 0.0
Hexane, n- 0.0001 29.3 234.3 0.0 0.0
Nitrogen 0.013 33.5 -146.9 0.4 -1.9
Carbon Dioxide 0.007 72.8 31.1 0.5 0.2
Oxygen 0.0002 49.8 -118.6 0.0 0.0
Hydrogen 0.000001 12.8 -239.9 0.0 (0.0)
Pseudo-Critical Pressure and Temperature 45.88 atm -79.10 C
Air
mole frac Pc Tc y*Pc y*Tc
Nitrogen 0.78 33.5 -146.9 26.1 -114.6
Oxygen 0.21 49.8 -118.6 10.5 -24.9
Argon 0.009 48.1 -122.3 0.4 -1.1
Water 0.001 217.8 373.9 0.2 0.4
Pseudo-Critical Pressure and Temperature 37.24 atm -140.24 C
7/28/2019 27 - Physical Properties
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/27-physical-properties 21/23
75 100 125 150 Pc, atm Tc, C Pc, psia Tc, F
47.24 48.72 49.98 51.17 60.6 35.2 890.6 95.329.20 29.26 29.34 29.43 39.0 -140.0 573.1 -220.0
35.66 35.67 35.68 35.69 111.5 132.4 1,638.6 270.3
20.84 20.82 20.81 20.80 48.1 -122.3 706.9 -188.2
96.76 104.32 111.32 118.20 47.9 270.6 703.9 519.0
110.41 117.34 123.93 130.52 42.7 151.8 627.5 305.3
110.33 117.02 123.33 130.40 37.5 152.1 551.1 305.7
97.31 103.11 108.49 113.86 39.7 146.4 583.4 295.6
90.15 95.85 101.32 106.80 41.5 162.4 609.9 324.4
98.17 103.39 108.43 113.46 40.5 155.4 595.2 311.8
39.26 40.29 41.20 42.10 72.8 31.1 1,069.9 87.9
29.19 29.26 29.32 29.41 34.5 -240.3 507.0 -400.5
58.82 62.11 65.29 68.56 48.2 32.3 708.3 90.1
48.70 51.28 53.75 56.21 49.7 9.3 730.4 48.7
188.29 199.40 210.05 220.59 27.0 267.1 396.8 512.7
162.31 171.88 181.08 190.19 29.3 234.3 430.6 453.7
29.07 29.13 29.16 29.18 12.8 -239.9 188.1 -399.9
34.73 35.08 35.43 35.79 88.2 100.1 1,296.2 212.1
37.87 39.20 40.53 41.99 45.8 -82.5 673.1 -116.5
29.14 29.20 29.22 29.28 33.5 -146.9 492.3 -232.5
29.65 29.87 30.05 30.27 49.8 -118.6 731.9 -181.4
135.58 144.03 152.01 160.00 33.4 187.2 490.8 369.0
136.16 144.45 152.18 161.45 33.3 196.4 489.4 385.6
83.59 88.82 93.82 98.38 41.9 96.7 615.8 206.0
71.79 75.76 79.58 83.40 45.6 91.8 670.1 197.3
33.83 34.03 34.21 34.42 217.8 373.9 3,200.1 705.1
Perry's, except
water: IAPWS
isopentane: CAMEO Chemicals, NOAA, http://cameoche
air: CodeCogs, http://www.codecogs.com/reference/engi
, kJ/kmole-C at temperature, C Critical Properties
Function ZSI(P, T, Pc, Tc)' calculates compressibility factor, Z, using SI units' P = gas pressure, kPa' T = gas temperature, C' Pc = gas pseudo-critical pressure, atm' Tc = gas pseudo-critical temperature, C