25.europe1500 1750
Transcript of 25.europe1500 1750
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“Why doth solid and serious learning decline, and few or none follow it now in the university?” he asked. “Answer: Because of coffee-houses, where they spend all their time.”- Anthony Wood, Oxford
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Western Europe, 1500-1750• Cultural Changes• Protestantism and Counter-Reformation• Scientific Revolution• Enlightenment
• Economic and Social Life• Mercantilism• Monarchies…and Challenge to
Monarchies
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The Vatican, Home of the Pope (within Rome)
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Organization of Medieval Catholic Church
Pope
Bishops Abbots Missionaries (regional head) (head of monastaries) (wandering monks)
Priests(assigned to local churches)
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“Christian Humanism”
Goal?
To reform the Christian Church based on humanist principles
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Why reform the Catholic Church?
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Renaissance: Boticelli’s Birth of Venus
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Corruption?
• Pope’s involvement in political and military matters (Borgia & Machiavelli)
• Wealth of church officials
• Indulgences
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1517
Primary Source I
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Martin Luther, Table Talk
Let us not lose the Bible, but with diligence, in fear and invocation of God, read and preach it.
No greater mischief can happen to a Christian people, than to have God’s word taken from them, or falsified, so that they no longer have it pure and clear…
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Martin Luther, Table TalkPope, cardinals, bishops, not a soul of them has read the Bible; ‘tis a book unknown to them. They are a pack of guzzling, stuffing wretches, rich, wallowing in wealth and laziness, resting secure in their power, and never, for a moment, thinking of accomplishing God’s will….
The Gospel preaches nothing of the merit of works; he that says the Gospel requires works for salvation, I say, flat and plain, is a liar….But a true Christian says: I am justified and saved only by faith in Christ…Prayer in popedom is mere tongue-threshing…; not prayer but a work of obedience.
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Martin Luther, Table Talk…Antichrist is the pope and the Turk together….Kings and princes coin money only out of metals, but the pope coins money out of every thing – indulgences, ceremonies, dispensations, pardons…He pretends great holiness…for he has instituted orders with hoods, with shavings, fasting, eating of fish, saying mass, and such like…[F]or his doctrine he gets money and wealth, honor and power, and is so great a monarch, that he can bring emperors under his girdle…
The state of celibacy is great hypocrisy and wickedness…Christ with one sentence confutes all their arguments: God created them male and female…Now eating, drinking, marrying, etc., are of God’s making, therefore they are good…
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Protestant Churches
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Catholic Response
• Jesuits
• Missionary activity
• Reform Commission
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The Reformation: Why should we care?
• Violent conflicts
• Further denominations
• Migration around the world
– (Catholics = missionaries; Protestants = persecutions?)
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What do you think of when you hear the word: ‘SCIENCE’?
• Scientia: Latin for ‘knowledge’
• The world hasn’t always been this way… so when did it all begin?
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The History of Science• Which regions of the world were traditional innovators?
– Chinese (compass, steel, paper, gunpowder)
– India (decimal system)
– Arabs (astrolabe, lateen sail)
• Rise of Europe after 1400 CE:
– Scholasticism (Aristotle + faith) from 12th century on
– Renaissance thinkers discovered Ptolemy (an astronomer), Archimedes (a mathematician), and Plato through Southernization
– Age of Exploration
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GREEK GEOCENTRICISM
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1473-1543
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HELIOCENTRICITY
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Galileo before the Inquisition, 1633
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Isaac Newton
“Nature and nature’s laws lay hid in night,
God said, ‘Let Newton be,’ and all was light.”
-Alexander Pope, 1713
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The
Scientific
Method“prove it or
lose it!”
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• Could you apply the Scientific Method to improving society? How would you do that?
BEYOND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
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French salon, often at invitation of elite women
Compare with symposium
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The Philosophes
Clockwise from
top left: Voltaire,
Rousseau,
Locke,
Montesquieu
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Case Studies
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Granada
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Goya, The Spanish Inquisition
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Europe: outside world entering daily lives
Cf. China & East Asia: Outside world should stay outside
Cf. Africa & Middle East
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“the lord make it like that of New England: for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us;” (John Winthrop, 1630)
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Mercantilism
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“Rulers…act as the ministers
of God…on earth…. The royal
power is absolute.”
– Bossuet, French orator, during the reign
of the Sun King, Louis XIV (17th century)
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Marquis de CondorcetProgress! (or Progress?)
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An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump, Joseph Wright, 1768
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An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump, Joseph Wright, 1768