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„From the escape of Viktor Yanukovych to
the annexation of the Crimea by the
Russian Federation.
Events in the Crimea in the Polish national newspapers and
periodicals in February and March 2014.
Contexts, metaphors and meanings“
Dr Karolina Brylska
Dr Tomasz Gackowski
Dr Łukasz Szurmiński
Introduction
Why we decided to analyze this topic?
the issue is heavily exposed in the Polish
media discourse
the issue is important from the perspective
of Poland and its closest neighbors
the issue is complex, complicated, and
need to be profoundly explained to the
audience
Introduction
Purpose of the research was to check:
to what extent the sociopolitical
journalism can be predicative
to what extent press journalists can
explain the complex reality to their
readers
Data & Methodology
• articles (editorials: feuilletons, analysis, comments, etc.) containing the word „Crimea”
• published in Polish newspapers (dailies, weeklies)
• time scale: from the escape of V. Yanukovych to the annexation of the Crimea by the RF (February – April 2014)
317 articles met the criteria
Data & Methodology
• method: qualitative and quantitative content analysis, narrative analysis (frames), quantitative language analysis
• only text (language) examined (without graphics, photos, diagrams, etc.)
• Extended code key (with multiple categories – almost fifty categories – defined as precisely as possible - dozens of operational definitions (on the basis of pilot research)
Temporal distribution of texts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
nu
mb
er
of
pu
blic
atio
ns
date
Text genre
126; 40%
59; 18%
48; 15%
44; 14%
40; 13%
comment
interview
analysis
reportage
feuilleton
Number of publications by
newspapers and magazines
108
64
23 16 15 12 10 10 10 8 8 7 5 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Number of publications by
newspapers and magazines
221; 70%
96; 30%
Daily newspaper
Weekly magazines
Number of publications by
theme sections in press
113; 36%
76; 24%
66; 21%
24; 7%
18; 6%
14; 4%
3; 1%
3; 1%
Comments/reportages
News
Foreign affairs
Special issue (Crimea)
Economy
Topic of the week
First page
Others
Nationality of authors
257; 81%
19; 6%
10; 3%
10; 3%
6; 2%
4; 1% 2; 1% 2; 1%
1; 1% 1; 1%
1; 0% 1; 0% 1; 0% 1; 0% 1; 0%
31; 10%
Polish
Ukrainian
American
Russian
English
Belarussian
Turkish/Tartar
Polish/Ukrainian
Bulgarian
German
Estonian
French
Polish/Belarussian
Polish/German
Polish/American
Professions of authors
220; 69%
39; 12%
33; 11%
7; 2% 3; 1%
2; 1%
2; 1% 2; 1%
2; 1%
2; 1%
1; 0% 1; 0% 1; 0%
1; 0%
1; 0% 15; 5%
journalist expert politican social activist lawyer musican philosopher historian writer/poet political commentator actress soldier sportsmen priest translator
Point of view presented in
articles
129
85
43 22 11 3 2 2 1 1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Leading thread
220; 69%
54; 17%
27; 9%
12; 4%
4; 1%
political
socio-cultural
economical
military
legal
Secondary thread
75; 24%
74; 23%
71; 22%
68; 22%
23; 7%
6; 2%
socio-cultural
none
political
economical
military
legal
Historical context
189; 60%
128; 40% Yes No
Most frequent historical
contexts
detachment of South Ossetia and Abkhazia
from Georgia in 2008
the war between Russia and Georgia in 2008
Crimea transfer from the Russian SFSR to
the Ukrainian SSR in 1954, at the 300th
anniversary of the Treaty of Pereyaslav (1659)
Treaty of Pereyaslav (1659)
uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnytskyi
Definition of situation
Russia's military aggression in the
Crimea may turn into war
Russia's military aggression is a violation
of international law
sanctions against Russia may help to
stop V. Putin from escalation of the
conflict
The object and the axis of
dispute
conflict about the power in Ukraine
conflict about the control of the Crimea
social and political position of the Crimean Tatars
conflict about the truth
conflict between Western and Russian perspective
internal Polish conflict about attitude towards events of the Crimea
The most frequent nouns in
the titles
Crimea; 100
Ukraina; 66
Russia; 50
Wladimir Putin; 38
West; 28
War; 22
Poland; 22
Wiktor Janukowycz; 16
Moscow; 16
Kreml; 16 EU; 12
Sanctions; 10 Kiev; 8
Annexation; 8
Revolution; 8
Army; 8
America/U.S; 6
Fear; 4
Separatism; 4
Maidan; 4
Contrrevolution; 2
Crimea
Ukraina
Russia
Wladimir Putin
West
War
Poland
Wiktor Janukowycz
Moscow
Kreml
EU
Sanctions
Kiev
Annexation
Revolution
Army
America/U.S
Fear
Separatism
Maidan
Contrrevolution
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Russia: 136 Western World: 80
Scenarios in texts
106; 33%
211; 67% No Yes
Possible scenarios
44
36
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
scenarios in favour of Russia scenarios in favour of Western world
Probability of military conflict
20
41
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
conflict not expected conflict expected
Scenario considered as the
most possible
long-term, international political tension
further expansion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine (and even Moldova)
BUT: lack of specified scenario in 106 of 317 analyzed articles
Subject of metaphor
• Russia (inc. V. Putin)
• Western world (USA, inc. B. Obama; Europe)
• Poland
• Ukraine (inc. Crimea)
• International relations (Ukrainian-Russian; Russian-Western; Polish-Ukrainian; Polish-Russian; Polish-Western)
Metaphors – traditional
metaphors of politics…
• Game (chess, cards) (eg. Calculation of
"geopolitical" is always the same, it consist of the
leading the little tin soldiers on a well-worn
chessboards of paper)
Metaphors – traditional
metaphors of politics…
• War (you can not shoot straight all of
your ammunition [a gradual sanctions
punishing Russia])
Metaphors – traditional
metaphors of politics…
• Theatre (eg. Putin is an actor
appearing in the absurd comedy)
Metaphors - … but also
innovative, emotional
• Sport (eg. Looking at each other like
boxers before a fight)
Metaphors - … but also
innovative, emotional
• Movement/action (He pussyfoots, gives
the impression of an indecisive and
vacillating on Syria [for Obama])
Metaphors - … but also
innovative, emotional
• Disease / body (eg. A political corpse),
Erotica (eg. Poland kneeling in front of
the US as a slut)
Metaphors - … but also
innovative, emotional
• Mythology / sacrum (eg. Russia’s stay in
purgatory)
Conclusions
• The language of description of the Crimea’s events presents that the issue is emotional (incertainty, fear, anger, powerlessness, weakness, sadness), involving and metaphorized.
• It is worth outlining that this mechanism – metaphorization – does not fully explain this complex situation – core of the events, motivations, attitudes, actions, causes and consequences.
Conclusions
• Metaphorization primarly serves to
impose certain frames and schemes of
interpretations.
• Metaphors of Crimea’s discourse seems
to give a complete model of reaction
(on the basis of acctually emotional
simplifications), but do not help recipients
understand and construct adequate
attitude and behaviour
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!