248 ch2

Early River Valley Civilizations, 3500 B.C.–450 B.C.

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

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SECTION City-States in Mesopotamia 1

SECTION Pyramids on the Nile 2

SECTION Planned Cities on the Indus 3

SECTION River Dynasties in China 4

2CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

The river valley civilizations develop from small farming villages. The civilizations create laws, centralized governments, writing systems, and advanced technologies. The process of trade spreads new ideas to and from these civilizations.

2CHAPTER Early River Valley

Civilizations, 3500 B.C.–450 B.C.

3000 B.C. City-states form in Sumer, Mesopotamia.

2660 B.C. Egypt’s Old Kingdom develops.

1792 B.C. Hammurabi develops code of laws for Babylonian Empire.

1550 B.C. Indus Valley civilization declines.

1027 B.C. Zhou dynasty forms in China.

Early River Valley Civilizations, 3500 B.C.–450 B.C. 2

CHAPTER

Time Line

3500 B.C. 450 B.C.

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Working together to overcome environmental challenges leads to the development of centralized government and cities in Mesopotamia. The Sumerian civilization influences later civilizations.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

1

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City-States in Mesopotamia

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

The earliest civilization in Asia arose in Mesopotamia and organized into city-states.

The development of this civilization reflects a pattern that has occurred repeatedly throughout history.

Overview


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AssessmentAssessment

• Fertile Crescent

• silt

• irrigation

• city-state

• dynasty

• cultural diffusion

• polytheism

• empire

• Hammurabi

TERMS & NAMES

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MAP

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List three environmental challenges the Sumerians faced and their solutions to these challenges.

1

Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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irrigation

trade

unpredictable flooding

limited resources

defenselessness walled cities

SolutionChallenges

2. What advantages did living in cities offer the people of ancient Mesopotamia? Do modern cities offer any of the same advantages? THINK ABOUT

Section


1

1 Assessment

• characteristics of Sumer’s city-states • characteristics of Sumer’s economy and society • development of organized government

ANSWERANSWER

continued . . .

Opportunity for wealth; diversity of work available; government that promotes laws, manages economy, and provides assistance; better housing; city walls and armies for protection; proximity to temple; more social contact. Cities today offer many of these advantages.

Possible Responses:

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3. Do you think that living in a river valley with little rainfall helped or hurt the development of civilization in Mesopotamia? Explain your response.

Section


1

1 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

End of Section 1

It helped, because the Sumerians had to develop the technology and organization to get water to the fields. This led to the development of organized government.

Possible Response:

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MAP

Egyptian civilization develops along the Nile River. Upper and lower Egypt are united into a kingdom and ruled by pharaohs, who are believed to be gods. Egyptian customs for preparing and burying the bodies of the dead include mummification and burying pharaohs in pyramids.


Key Idea

Pyramids on the Nile 2HOME

2

Along the Nile River, civilization emerged in Egypt and became united into a kingdom ruled by pharaohs.

Many of the monuments built by the Egyptians stand as a testament to their ancient civilization.

Overview


• cataract

• delta

• Menes

• pharaoh

• theocracy

• pyramid

• mummification

• hieroglyphics

• papyrus


TERMS & NAMES

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Pyramids on the Nile

Egyptian Achievements

2

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Give four examples of Egyptian achievements.


continued . . .

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Pyramids on the Nile

Pyramids Hieroglyphics

Written numbers

Advances in medicine Calendar

Mummification

2

2. Three natural features determined the boundaries of ancient Egyptian civilization: the Nile River, the First Cataract, and the surrounding desert. In your judgment, which of these features was most important to Egypt’s history?


ANSWERANSWER

• The Nile River—it provided fertile soil, a predictable growing season, and easy transportation within Egypt.

• The First Cataract—it presented an obstacle to trade and communication with peoples on the upper Nile.

• The deserts—they limited outside contact but also prevented invasions.

Pyramids on the Nile HOME

Possible Responses:

End of Section 2

The Indus Valley people build planned cities with sophisticated sewage and plumbing systems. Archaeological evidence suggests the Indus civilization is stable and prosperous. Indus Valley culture ends mysteriously.


Key Idea

Planned Cities on the Indus

3HOME

The first Indian civilization built well-planned cities on the banks of the Indus River.

The culture of India today has its roots in the civilization of the early Indus cities.

Overview


• subcontinent

• monsoon


3


TERMS & NAMES

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Environmental Condition Benefit or Drawback


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continued . . .

(-) too little rain

(-) too much rainmonsoons

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the environmental conditions faced by the people of the Indus Valley. For each one, explain whether the condition was a benefit or a drawback.

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floods

high mountains

large desert

(+) spread deposits of rich soil over wide area

(-) unpredictable

(+) natural barrier helped protect against invasion

(+) natural barrier helped protect against invasion


3


ANSWERANSWER

(a) Planned cities, uniform buildings, sanitation systems

(b) Indus seals found in Mesopotamia

(c) Uniform housing, children’s toys, few weapons

2. What evidence has led historians to the following beliefs about Indus civilization?

(a) The cities were run by a strong central government.

(b) Indus people carried on trade with Sumer.

(c) Society was generally peaceful and stable.

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End of Section 3

Ancient Chinese civilization is ruled by powerful family dynasties. Just rulers are believed to have divine approval. In Chinese culture, family is central to society and religion. Improvements are made in technology and trade. Feudalism is established.


Key Idea

River Dynasties in China

4HOME

The early rulers introduced ideas about government and society that shaped Chinese civilization.

The culture that took root during ancient times still affects Chinese ways of life today.

Overview


• loess

• oracle bone

• Mandate of Heaven

• dynastic cycle

• feudalism


4


TERMS & NAMES

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Event One Event Three Event Five

Event Two Event Four


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continued . . .

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major developments in the early Chinese dynasties.

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Xia is the first Chinese dynasty.

Shang develop writing.

Zhou are first to control by feudalism.

Shang develop first

cities.

Zhou claim Mandate of

Heaven.


ANSWERANSWER

2. The group was often more important than the individual in Chinese culture. In your judgment, what are the benefits and drawbacks of this belief? THINK ABOUT

• family roles


4

• the characteristics of a ruler

• Benefits—family cares for elderly, less government money spent on social programs, respect for deceased family members/gods

• Drawbacks—less time for individuals to pursue interests, difficult to break away when family or ruler is unjust

Possible Responses:

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continued . . .

• role of spirit gods

3. Do you think that the Zhou Dynasty’s downfall resulted because of their method of control? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT

Section


4

4 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

• Yes—great distance between ruler and ruled, lords were greedy, chaotic warfare

• No—the Zhou ruled successfully for 300 years. Their downfall wasn’t because of feudalism but because invaders killed the backbone of the dynasty, the Zhou monarchy.

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End of Section 4

• feudalism• the large division of rich and poor• the vast controlled lands • the noble-king relationship

Possible Responses:

248 ch2

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