241-206: Chapter 2 Networking Fundamentalsfivedots.coe.psu.ac.th/~touch/241-206/Chapter2.pdf ·...
Transcript of 241-206: Chapter 2 Networking Fundamentalsfivedots.coe.psu.ac.th/~touch/241-206/Chapter2.pdf ·...
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241-206: Chapter 2Networking Fundamentals
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Chapter Outline
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Chapter Outline
• Network Terminology
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Chapter Outline
• Network Terminology
• Bandwidth
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Chapter Outline
• Network Terminology
• Bandwidth
• Networking Models
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Network Terminology
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Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Physical Network Topology
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Computer Communication Protocol
• data representation
• signaling
• authentication
• error detection
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Standard Organization
• IETF, IEEE, ISO for internet communication
• ITU-T for telecommunications and PSTN
• ITU-R for radio communications
• NMEA for marine electronics
• etc.
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Proprietary Standards
• AppleTalk
• DECnet
• IPX/SPX
• Server Message Block (SMB) and CIFS
• Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
• Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
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Local Area Network (LAN)
• Operate within a limited geographical area
• Usually required high data rate transmission
• Control the network privately under local administration
• Provide full-time connectivity to local services
• Connect physically adjacent devices
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Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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LAN Devices
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LAN Devices• Repeater
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LAN Devices• Repeater
• HUB
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LAN Devices• Repeater
• HUB
• Bridge
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LAN Devices• Repeater
• HUB
• Bridge
• Ethernet Switch
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LAN Devices• Repeater
• HUB
• Bridge
• Ethernet Switch
• Router
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Operate over a large geographical area
• Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower speeds
• Provide full-time and part-time connectivity
• Connect devices separated over wide, even global areas
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Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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WAN Devices
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WAN Devices
• Router
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WAN Devices
• Router
• Modem, DSU/CSU, TA/NT
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WAN Devices
• Router
• Modem, DSU/CSU, TA/NT
• Communication Switch
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
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Storage Area Network (SAN)
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Virtual Private Network (VPN)
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VPN Technologies
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Intranet and Extranet
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Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Bandwidth
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Why bandwidth is so important?
• Bandwidth is limited by physics and technology
• Bandwidth is not free
• Bandwidth requirement are growing at a rapid rate
• Bandwidth is critical to network performance
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Pipe Analogy for Bandwidth
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Highway Analogy for Bandwidth
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Units of Bandwidth
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Units of Bandwidth
Unit of Bandwidth Abbreviation Equivalence
Bits per second bps 1 bps = fundamental unit of bandwidth
Kilobits per second kbps 1 kbps = ~1,000 bps
Megabits per second Mbps 1 Mbps = ~1,000 kbps
Gigabits per second Gbps 1Gbps = ~1,000 Mbps
Terabits per second Tbps 1 Tbps = ~1,000 Gbps
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Units of Bandwidth
Unit of Bandwidth Abbreviation Equivalence
Bits per second bps 1 bps = fundamental unit of bandwidth
Kilobits per second kbps 1 kbps = ~1,000 bps
Megabits per second Mbps 1 Mbps = ~1,000 kbps
Gigabits per second Gbps 1Gbps = ~1,000 Mbps
Terabits per second Tbps 1 Tbps = ~1,000 Gbps
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Units of Bandwidth
Unit of Bandwidth Abbreviation Equivalence
Bits per second bps 1 bps = fundamental unit of bandwidth
Kilobits per second kbps 1 kbps = ~1,000 bps
Megabits per second Mbps 1 Mbps = ~1,000 kbps
Gigabits per second Gbps 1Gbps = ~1,000 Mbps
Terabits per second Tbps 1 Tbps = ~1,000 Gbps
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Units of Bandwidth
Unit of Bandwidth Abbreviation Equivalence
Bits per second bps 1 bps = fundamental unit of bandwidth
Kilobits per second kbps 1 kbps = ~1,000 bps
Megabits per second Mbps 1 Mbps = ~1,000 kbps
Gigabits per second Gbps 1Gbps = ~1,000 Mbps
Terabits per second Tbps 1 Tbps = ~1,000 Gbps
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Units of Bandwidth
Unit of Bandwidth Abbreviation Equivalence
Bits per second bps 1 bps = fundamental unit of bandwidth
Kilobits per second kbps 1 kbps = ~1,000 bps
Megabits per second Mbps 1 Mbps = ~1,000 kbps
Gigabits per second Gbps 1Gbps = ~1,000 Mbps
Terabits per second Tbps 1 Tbps = ~1,000 Gbps
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Units of Bandwidth
Unit of Bandwidth Abbreviation Equivalence
Bits per second bps 1 bps = fundamental unit of bandwidth
Kilobits per second kbps 1 kbps = ~1,000 bps
Megabits per second Mbps 1 Mbps = ~1,000 kbps
Gigabits per second Gbps 1Gbps = ~1,000 Mbps
Terabits per second Tbps 1 Tbps = ~1,000 Gbps
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Maximum Bandwidths and Length Limitations
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WAN Services and Bandwidth
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Throughput
• Actual measured bandwidth
• throughput <= Digital Bandwidth of a medium
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Variables that May Affect Throughput
• PC (client)
• The server
• Other users on the LAN
• Routing within the “Cloud”
• The design (topology) of all networks involved
• Type of data being transferred
• Times of day
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Transfer Time Calculation
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Audio Analogy of Bandwidth
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Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Networking Models
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Analyzing Network in Layers
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Network Comparisons
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Network Communications
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Layer Communications
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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OSI Model
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Benefits of the OSI Model
• Reduces complexity
• Standardizes interfaces
• Facilitates modular engineering
• Ensures interoperate technology
• Accelerates evolution
• Simplifies teaching and learning
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Physical Layer
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Datalink Layer
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Network Layer
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Transport Layer
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Session Layer
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Presentation Layer
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Application Layer
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Peer-to-Peer Communications
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Peer-to-Peer Communications
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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TCP/IP Model
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Common TCP/IP Protocols
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Comparing TCP/IP with OSI Model
Wednesday, June 10, 2009
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Data Encapsulation
010101010101010101
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Data Encapsulation Example
Wednesday, June 10, 2009