Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870The Ottoman Empire The Russian Empire The Qing Empire

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Learning Objectives: After reading and studying this chapter you should be able to discuss: 1. Be able to describe and to analyze the reasons for and the results of reform in the Ottoman Empire. 2. Understand the external and internal challenges that weakened the Qing Empire in the nineteenth century.

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3. Be able to explain how the Russian Empire maintained its status as both a European Power and a Great Asian land empire. 4. Be able to compare and to offer explanations for the differences and similarities between the Ottoman, the Qing, and the Russian Empires in the nineteenth century.

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Focus and Essential Questions: What were the benets and the drawbacks to the Ottoman Empire of the reforms adopted during the Tanzimat period? How did the Russian Empire maintain its status as both a European power and a great Asian land empire? How did the impact of European imperialism on China differ from its impact on Russia and the Ottoman Empire?

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The Ottoman Empire

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The Ottoman Empire lost much of its power to provincial governors, military commanders, ethnic leaders, and bandit chiefs

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Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, 1798-1840 Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt in May 1798 and defeated the Mamluk forces that for several decades had dominated the country Cut off from France by British ships in the Mediterranean, the French troops withdrew in 1801 leading to a collapse of military power and a power vacuum in EgyptSunday, March 4, 12

Military ofcers received French education leading to a widening westernization In 1824, the rst newspaper in the Islamic world factories emerged and government conscation of Muslim religious land and institutions Policies emerged which forced farmers to sell their crops to the government at xed pricesSunday, March 4, 12

Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807-1853

Sultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807) introduced reforms to create European-style military units, bring provincial governors under the control of the central government, and standardize taxation and land tenure The most violent and persistent opposition came from the *Janissaries Christian boys converted to Islam and served in the Ottoman army and resisted the creation of new military units

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Military uprising against Selim and massacred Christians in Serbia Selim suspended his reform programs and a massive military uprising occurred at Istanbul, and the sultan was deposed and imprisoned Sultan Mahmud II, Selims cousin, was able to use an insurrection in Greece as a demonstration of Ottoman weakness and the desperate need for reformSunday, March 4, 12

Mahmuds reforming ideas received their widest expression in the *Tanzimat (reorganization), a series of reforms which proclaimed public trials and equal protection under the law for all Secularization of the legal code had special implications for the non-Muslim subjects of the Ottomans Under the Tanzimat, the tax was abolished and non-Muslims became liable for military serviceSunday, March 4, 12

Private life, related to marriage and divorce, remained within the sphere of religious law, and at no time was there a question of political participation for women Early industrial labor and the professions were not open to women and traditional womens work was mechanizedSunday, March 4, 12

The decline of Ottoman power and prosperity had a strong impact on a group of welleducated young urban men who aspired to wealth and inuence *Young Ottomans promoted a mixture of liberal ideas derived from Europe, national pride in Ottoman independence, and modernist views of Islam In totality, Tanzimat programs extended modern schooling and the creation of government bureaucracySunday, March 4, 12

The Russian Empire

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Conservative Europeans still saw Russia as an alien, backward, and oppressive land, but they acknowledged its immensity and potential power In several important respects Russia resembled the Ottoman Empire more than the conservative kingdoms of Europe Nicholas I (r. 1825-55) succeeded to the throne and was suspicious of modern ideasSunday, March 4, 12

Russia and Europe

By the middle of the nineteenth century the town population had grown tenfold Like the Ottoman Empire, Russia was an overwhelmingly agricultural land and Russian transportation was even worse than that of the Ottomans Tsar Nicholas I built the rst railroad in Russia; Like Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, Russia aspired to Western-style economic development The Crimean War and the backbreech loading

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Westernizers, like the men of the Tanzimat and later the Young Ottomans, put their trust in technical advances and governmental reform *Slavophilesthose who considered the Orthodox faith, the solidity of peasant life, and the tsars absolute rule to be the proper bases of Russian civilization *Pan-Slavismmilitant political doctrine advocating unity of all the Slavic peoplesSunday, March 4, 12

Russia and Asia

The Russian drive to the east brought the empire to the Pacic Ocean and the frontiers of China Clash between Russia and China, a more balanced conict due to a lack of industrialization Qing China and Japan in the east, Iran on the Central Asian and Caucasus frontiers, and the Ottoman Empire at the eastern end of the Black Sea

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Increased anti-Russian feelings The Russian drive to the south added a new element to the Eastern Question The competition that ensued over which power would control southern Central Asia resulted in a standoff in AfghanistanSunday, March 4, 12

Cultural Trends

While Muhammad Ali put his efforts into building a modern army and an economic system to support it Russian fears emerged that the new government bureaucrats, who often came from humbler social origins, would act as agents of imperial despotism Others advocated a constitution and a republican form of government through revolt; *Decembrist revolt failed, and many of the participants were severely punished

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Unlike the Ottoman Empire, Russia belonged to two different spheres of development Rulers in both empires instituted reforms, overcame opposition, and increased the power of the governments Yet Russia would eventually develop much closer relations with western Europe and become an arena for every sort of European intellectualSunday, March 4, 12

The Qing Empire

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