23418425 Vocabulary TOEFL

8/7/2019 23418425 Vocabulary TOEFL

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Preparation for an American University Program

Vocabulary Workshop

http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webroot.htm

Vocabulary List

The following is a list of vocabulary words that often appear on the TOEFL* test. The

underlined sections of a word provide links to definitions of that word's respective roots,prefixes and suffixes. It is recommended that students using this workshop frequently

refer to the definitions. Sentences are provided as examples of usage.

act, ag

react (verb): to act in response to something

o re + act

o

How did he reactwhen he heard the news?

agent (noun): something which acts or acts upon something else

ag + ent

o The travel agenthelped her purchase the tickets.

active (adjective): involving movement, moving abouto act + ive

o Joan is an active child.

agitate (verb): to excite, to disturb, to stir up

o agit + ate

o The washing machine agitates the load of laundry.

aud, audit, aur

audible ( adjective): can be heard

o aud + ible

o Your voice is barely audible over the sound of the train whistle.

auditorium (noun): a place where one goes to hear somethingo audit+ orium

o The band played in the school auditorium

auricular

o aur+ ic +ul +ar

o The auricularability of the cat is well-known.

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am, ami

amorous (adjective): loving

o amor+ ous

o The actor played an amorous role.

amiable (adjective) friendly, agreeable

o ami + able

o He seems to be an amiable man.

amicable (adjective): friendly

o amic + able

o The two neighbors came to an amicable decision about the fence.

anim

animal (noun): a living creatureo anim + al

o A dog is an animal.

animate (verb): to give spirit or support, to supply movemento anim + ate

o The artist animatedthe cartoon.

animosity (noun): hostility, ill will

o animos + ity

o There isn't any animosity between us.

ann, annu, enni

annals (noun): record of events, historical records

o ann + al + s

o The annals of the organization are kept in notebooks.

annual (adjective): yearly

o annu + al

o She is planning on going to the company's annualmeeting.

annuity (noun): money payable yearlyo annu + ity

o Joan is going to invest herannuity in the stock market.

anniversary (noun): the yearly celebration of an event

o anni + vers + ary

o John's parents will celebrate their wedding anniversary in April.

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perrenial (adjective): enduring, persisting for several years

o per+ enn + ial

o I would like to buy someperrenialplants.

auc, aug, aut

author (noun): one that originates or creates, a writer

o auth + or

o Susan met the authorof this book.

augment (verb): to increase, to add to

o aug + ment

o He had to augmenthis salary by taking another job.

auction (noun): a sale of goods to the highest biddero auct + ion

o I bought this car at the auction.

bene

benevolent (adjective): marked by goodwillo bene + vol +ent

o The "Salvation Army" is known as a benevolentsociety for its acts of

charity.

benign (adjective): harmless, mild, gentle

o ben + ign

o The doctor removed a benign tumor from my neck and I went home thesame day.

biblio

bibliography (noun): a list of written works

o biblio + graph + y

o Olaf listed a briefbibliography at the end of his paper.

bio, bi

biology (noun): the study of lifeo bio + log + y

o In biology class the students learned about how the human body works.

brev

brief(adjective): short

o brief

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o Anand gave a brieflecture on the rain forest.

abbreviate (verb): to shorten

o ab +brevi +ate

o How does one abbreviate the word "Minnesota"?

brevity (noun): short or concise expression

o brev + ity

o The politician gave short speeches and he became known for his brevity.

cad, cap, cas, ceiv, cept, cid

deceive (verb): to cause or allow someone to believe something is true when it is

actually false; to mislead

o de + ceive

o The criminal deceivedmany people into believing she was honest.

capable (adjective): having the ablility to do something; having the traits

necessary to perform some action

o cap + able

o Jose is a very capable lawyer.

capacious (adective): containing a great deal

o capac + ious

o You have a capacious library with many unusual books.

captive (noun, adjective): a person held against his or her own will; held prisoner

o cap+ tiveo The captives were taken to the jail.

o Geoff had a captive audience.

accident (noun): an unplanned event

o ac + cid + ent

o Don't get upset about minoraccidents and errors.

capture (verb): to gain control of, to gain by effort

o capt + ure

o In the game of chess, the object is to capture the king.

occasion (noun): an opportunity; a happening, instance or celebration

o oc + cas + ion

o Did you have an occasion to speak with your professor?

receive (verb): to take in, to acquire

o re + ceive

o Imelda receivedmany letters in the mail today.

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concept (noun): an idea

o con + cept

o The conceptof using computers in the classroom is relatively new.

ceas, cede, ceed, cess

predecessor (noun): a person who has previously occupied a position that another

has taken over

o pre + de + cess+ or

o I hope I can live up to mypredecessor's reputation.

succeed (verb): to follow after another, to do well

o suc + ceed

o Tosucceedas a student, one must study.

recede (verb): to move back, to withdraw

o re + cedeo The waterrecededfive days after the flood.

concede (verb): to accept as true, to yield, to allow

o con + cede

o I concededto her point of view.

exceed (verb): to go beyond a limit, to be greater thano ex + ceed

o The driverexceededthe speed limit by ten miles an hour.

recess (noun): an indentation, a temporary breako re + cess

o The children were given a recess from the lessons.

deceased (adjective): dead

o de + ceas +ed

o The deceasedperson will be cremated rather than buried.

chron

chronic (adjective): marked by a long period of time, recurrence

o chron + ico Gabrielle has a chronic back disorder and cannot lift heavy objects.

chronicle (noun): a historical account arranged in order of time

o chron + icle

o The teacher asked us to read a chronicle on the Revolutionary War.

chronological (adjective): arranged in order of time

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o chrono + log + ical

o The text book listed the presidents in chronologicalorder.

clam, claim

acclaim (verb): praiseo ac + claim

o The restaurant is acclaimedfor its desserts.

exclaim (verb): to speak loudly, to cry out in surpriseo ex + claim

o The children exclaimed"hurray" when they heard there would be no

classes tomorrow.

clamor (noun, verb): n. noise, v. to make noiseo clam + or

o The children clamoredfor more ice cream.

proclaim (verb): to declare loudlyo pro + claim

o The president of the universityproclaimedMarch 21 to be a holiday in

honor of the school's award winning faculty.

cogn, gnos

cognizant (adjective): aware

o cogniz + ant

o The man was cognizantof the danger of walking through the park at night.

diagnose (verb): to recognize (diseases) by symptomso dia +gnose

o The patient was diagnosedwith Lyme's disease.

agnostic (noun): one who believes that any ultimate reality is unknowable

o ag + gnost + ic

o John is unsure of the reality of god and considers himself to be an

agnostic.

recognize (verb): to know, to identifyo re + cogn + ize

o I thought I recognizedyour face from somewhere.

corp

corpse (noun): a dead bodyo corpse

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o A corpse was found floating in the river.

corpulent (adjective): having a large body

o corp + ul + ent

o The corpulentpolitician jabbed a fat finger in the air.

incorporate (verb): to unite into one being

o in + corp + or+ ate

o The artist incorporatedpaint, photographs, and fabric into her artwork.

corporate (adjective): formed into a body or association, united in one group

o corp + or+ ate

o The corporate structure allowed many people to work as a group.

cre, cresc, cret

crescent (noun, adjective): a narrow curved shape; a quarter moon or smallero cresc + ent

o The crescentmoon could be glimpsed through the clouds.

create (verb): to originate, to produce through imaginationo cre + ate

o The musician createda new musical arrangement.

accretion (verb): growth by gradual additiono ac + cret + ion

o The accretion of dirt on windows is sometimes hard to detect.

increase (verb): to grow in size or amount

o in + crease Alfonse wishes he could find a way to increase his salary.

cred

credible (adjective): can be believed, reasonable

o cred + ible

o The witness gave a credible account of the accident.

credulous (adjective): too ready to believe

o cred + ul +ouso The credulous child believed the story about flying horses.

incredible (adjective): unbelievable, amazingo in + cred +ible

o Makiko said she just saw an incredible horror movie.

cour, cur, curr, curs

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9/46

addict (verb): to be devoted to something in an obsessive manner

o ad + dict

o Leslie is addictedto betting on the horse races.

doc, doct

doctor (noun): a person who has received the highest degree a university offers, a

physician

o doct + or

o Andre is going to medical school so that he can be a doctorlike his

mother.

doctrine (noun): something that is taught, dogma

o doctr + ine

o We learned about the doctrine of "manifest destiny" in our American

history class.

docile (adjective): obedient, easily taughto doc + ile

o Mrs. Galindez wants to buy a docile dog for her son.

document (noun): an official paper

o docu + ment

o The library houses many government documents in its collection.

dog, dox

orthodox (adjective): holding conventional beliefso ortho + dox

o I don't know if my interpretation of that book is orthodox or not.

dogma (noun): an established opinion

o dog + ma

o Some people find the dogma associated with that organization disturbing.

paradox (noun): a statement that seems to contradict itself but contains some

truth

o para + dox

o Theparadox of the matter is that I want to see the opera but I also want tostay home.

dec, dign

decorate (verb): to make something look attractive or suitableo dec + or+ ate

o Linda decoratedher apartment with paintings and plants.

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decent (adjective): conforming to standards, good, kind

o dec + ent

o This magazine contains a decentarticle on home improvement.

dignity (noun): quality of being worthy, noble, honored

o dign + ityo I haven't yet had the dignity and honor of being grand marshall of the

parade.

duc, duct

conduct (verb, noun): v. to lead or guide, n. a person's behavior

o con + duct

o Jared was conductedinto the doctor's office by the nurse.

o Arnelle's conductwas inexcusable and she should apologize to the class.

educate (verb): to train, to provide schooling foro e + duc + ate

o The school tries to educate its students to be productive members of

society.

induct (verb): to install in office or to enroll in military service

o in + duct

o Mindy was inductedinto the army last month.

deduct (verb): to subtract

o de + duct

o The salesperson deductedfive dollars off the purchase price of the radio.

deduce (verb): to make a decision or draw a conclusion by reasoning

o de + duce

o I deducedfrom the trail of crumbs and the empty milk carton that the

children were home.

produce (verb, noun): to bring forward, to make to bear or yield; something made

or growno pro + duce

o The lawyerproducednew evidence at the trial.

o Theproduce from the farm will go to the market next week.

seduce (verb): to persuade (especially into doing something wrong), to tempt

o se + duce

o Money and power have been known toseduce many honest people.

induce (verb): to persuade, cause, or bring about by artificial means.o in + duce

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o If a child swallows poison, it is suggested that vomitting should be

induced.

ev, et

eternal (adjective): not effected by time, without beginning or end, ceaselesso etern + al

o The lecture seemed eternaland many in the audience had fallen asleep.

medieval (adjective): relating to the Middle Ages (500 - 1500 AD)

o med + ieval

o There are many styles to medieval architecture and a building built in 500

AD looks different from one built in 1000 AD.

fict, feign, fain

faint (adjective, verb): indistinct, not clearly perceived, weak; to loseconsciousness from lack of blood to the brain

o faint

o There is afaintodor of apples in this room.

o Some peoplefaintat the sight of blood.

feign (verb): to pretend

o feign

o The childfeignedillness in an attempt to avoid the test.

fiction (noun): something produce from imagination, an invented story

o fict + iono The excuse Marvin just gave for not doing his homework is purefiction.

fig

effigy (noun): a figure representing a disliked person.

o e f + fig + y

o The children made an effigy of their nasty neighbor.

figure (noun): shape, pattern, drawing

o fig + ure

o Thefigure Louise drew on the paper looks nothing like an apple.

figment (noun): a thing that does not exist, something made up

o fig + ment

o Ghosts and monsters arefigments of an active imagination.

fac, fact, fec, fic, fas, fea

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fashion (noun, verb): the form of something, style; to give shape or form to

o fash + ion

o The currentfashion is hair worn short.

feasible (adjective): capable of being done

o feas + ibleo The engineer thought that building the bridge across the river was a

feasible project.

feature (noun, verb): the appearance or form of a person or object; to picture or

portray

o feat + ure

o Lisette's bestfeature is her eyes.

factory (noun): a place where things are made or built

o fact + ory

o There is a boatfactory near the river.

difficult (adjective): hard to do, troublesome, hard to understand

o di + fic + ult

o The test was difficultand I answered only eight of the ten questions.

fact (noun): something known to be true

o fact

o It's afactthat the world is round.

effect (noun): a change caused by something, a result, influence

o e + fecto The sun's effecton human skin is known to be harmful.

fer

fertile (adjective): productive, bearing or capable of bearing fruit in largequantities

o fert + ile

o The land by the river is quitefertile and many crops are grown there.

refer (verb): to classify within a general category, to send or direct to another

sourceo re + fer

o The patient was referredto a physical therapist for additional treatment.

infer (verb): to come to a conclusion from facts or ideas, to guess

o in + fer

o Sometimes a reader has to inferfrom the facts presented in an article what

the main idea is about.

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fid

diffident (adjective): hesitant in acting, shy

o dif + fid + ent

o The diffidentstudent would not speak in front of the class.

fidelity (noun): the quality of being faithful, accuracy

o fid + el +ity

o Thefidelity of this video reproduction is quite good.

confide (verb): to trust, to trust another person with a secret

o con + fide

o Joan confidedin her friend and told her a secret.

flu, fluct, flux

fluent (adjective): capable of moving with ease, able to speak another languageo flu + ent

o The dancer had afluentbody.

o Juanita isfluentin several languages.

superfluous (adjective): extra, more than is needed

o super+ flu + ous

o Three cherries on my piece of cake issuperfluous; I only needed one.

influence (verb, noun): to have an effect on something; the ability to affect

something indirectly

o in + flu + enceo It was John's success as a musician that influencedmy decision to take

guitar lessons.

fluid (adjective): capable of flowing, a smooth style, liquid

o flu + id

o The ink my new pen is quitefluidand flows evenly across the page.

fluctuate (verb): to shift back and forth, to move erratically

o fluctu + ate

o My body temperature has beenfluctuatingall day -- sometimes I'm hot

and sometimes I'm cold.

form

format (noun): the shape and size of something, the arrangement of something

o form + at

o Theformatof this class will be half lecture and half class participation.

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formulate (verb): to prepare from a set of steps (formula), to devise

o form + ul + ate

o The chemistformulateda new way of making dish detergent.

fract, frag, frai

fracture (verb, noun): to break, to crack; a broken bone

o fract + ure Miguelfracturedarm his while skiing.

fragment (noun): a piece broken off, a part of something

o frag + ment

o It bothers me that I can remember only afragmentof the poem rather than

the whole piece.

frail (adjective): easily broken, not strongo frail

o Be careful! That chair isfrail

gen, gin

generally (adverb): in a general manner, usually, with regard to the whole notspecifics

o gen + er + al +ly

o Generally, Lance leaves work at 5:00 p.m.

gingerly (adverb, adjective): careful

o gin + ger+ ly

o Paulette picked up the antique vasegingerly and placed it on the shelf.

indigenous (adjective): native, having been born in a specific area or environmento in + di + gen + ous

o The tomato plant is indigenous to South America.

ge

geography (noun): a science that describes the earth's surfaceo geo + graph + y

o Thegeography of New York varies from the sandy shores to rocky

mountains.

gor

categorize (verb): to place things in classes or sets, to classify

o cate + gor+ ize

o The professor asked her students to categorize the plants they found.

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grad, gress, gree

grade (noun): a stage in a process, a mark indicating quality

o grade

o Ali hopes to receive a passinggrade on his midterm exam.

progress (verb, noun): to move forward; forward movement

o pro + gress

o Minaprogressedto the next level in her French language program.

o There hasn't been muchprogress made in getting the house built -- only

the frame is up.

degree (noun): a step or stage in a process, a rank, a level of intensity

o de + gree

o There is a high degree ofstress associated with being a police officer.

graph, graf

graphic (adjective): written, drawn, vividly shown

o graph + ic

o Dominic is planning to studygraphic art.

graffitti (noun): drawings or writing on a wall

o graph + itti

o Many people find thegraffitti on the subway trains disturbing.

her, hes

adhere (verb): to stick

o ad + here

o Paper often adheres to wet surfaces.

hesitate (verb): to hold back a decision, to waver

o hesit +ate

o Don't hesitate to call me if you need help.

jac, ject, jet

adjacent (adjective): to lie next too ad +jac + ent

o You won't have a long walk between classes because the engineering

building is adjacentto the chemistry laboratories.

jettison (verb): to throw away, to cast off

o jett + ison

o The captain of the sinking shipjettisonedthe cargo.

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reject (verb): to throw out, unwilling to accept

o re +ject

o David was rejectedby two schools before he found a school that accepted

him.

jug, junct, just

adjust (verb): to change or adapt to fit or match something

o ad +just

o Jared has to adjustto his new work schedule.

conjugal (adjective): of marriage, marital relationship

o con +jug + al

o One should think seriously before entering a conjugalrelationship.

junction (noun): the place at which two things join

o junct + iono Deborah's house is at thejunction of Hill and Maple streets.

lex, leg

college (noun): a school for higher learning, a group of people having a common

purpose

o col + lege

o Yolanda is going to college to become a lawyer.

legal (adjective, noun): based on law; conforms to law

o leg + alo Jared is working as a legalsecretary for two lawyers in New York

o Is it legalto own fireworks in Massachusetts or is there a law against

them?

league (noun): a group of people, an associationo leag + ue

o There are fifty people participating in the bowling league.

lect

collect (verb): to gather, to bring togethero col + lect

o The little girl collectedwildflowers for her mother.

legible (noun): readible, clear enough to read

o leg + ible

o His handwriting is quite legible.

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eligible (adjective): qualified, worthy to be chosen

o e + lig +ible

o Now that Geoffrey is eighteen he is eligible to vote.

loc

locally (adverb): nearby, relative to a certain area

o loc + al + ly

o The vegetables are grown locally.

log

logic (noun): the study of reason

o log + ic

o Simone is taking a class in logic and she is learning about how to reason.

luc

translucent (adjective): allowing some light to shine through

o trans + luc +ent

o The sheet of paper is translucentwhen held close to a lightbulb.

illuminate (verb): to provide with light, to make lighter, to make clear

o il + lum + in + ate

o The lamp illuminates the room.

illustrate (verb): to explain by using pictoral examples, to show by using visual

exampleso il + lustr+ate

o Christopherillustratedhis idea on piece of paper for everyone to see.

man

management (noun): the act of handling or running something, usually a

business.

o man + age + ment

o This store is under new management.

mem

commemorate (verb): to remember an important event through ceremony or

observation

o com + mem + or+ ate

o The American Revolution is commemoratedevery Fourth of July.

memory (noun): the ability to recall past events

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o mem + or+y

o Geanine has an excellent memory and she can recall things that happened

years ago.

ment

mental (adjective): related to the mind

o ment + al

o Lauren's mentalabilities must be quite good if she achieved a perfect score

without even studying.

mention (verb): to cite, to speak about, to refer to

o ment + ion

o The instructor forgot to mention that the class was canceled.

min

minor (adjective): lesser, less important

o min + or

o The knife slipped and Marcelle received a minorcut.

minute (adjective, noun): tiny, very small; sixty seconds

o min + ute

o Even though the speck of dirt on the camera lense was minute, it ruined

the photograph.

o Terry will be finished in one minute.

minuscule (adjective): very smallo minusc + ule

o The minuscule gem was very hard to see without magnifying glasses.

mit, miss

admit (verb): to accept, to confess, to allow entry

o ad + mit

o I must admitthat even though you didn't like the movie I did.

missive (noun): a letter to be sent

o miss + iveo Missives were more common one hundred years ago. Today, people use

the telephone.

mob, mov, mot

remove (verb): to take off or to take awayo re + move

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o The waiterremovedthe dirty dishes from the table.

mobile (adjective): able to move

o mob + ile

o Many people drive theirmobile homes from North to South, following the

warm weather.

motion (noun): act of moving, action

o mot + ion

o Many people find the motion of a rocking chair soothing.

nasc, nat, gnant, nai

native (adjective): belonging to a place by birth, indigenous

o nat +ive

o Turkeys are native to North America.

nascent (adjective): just born

o nasc + ent

o The nascentkittens curled up with their mother.

pregnant (adjective): having a child developing in the womb, "with child"

o pre + gn +ent

o Linda's dog ispregnantand it will have its puppies in November.

naive (adjective): lack of experience, not knowledgable of the world

o nai + ve

o When Olivia went to New York ten year's ago she was naive, but now sheis a well-seasoned traveler.

nom

nominate (verb): to name for office

o nomin + ate

o Vittorio nominatedMary for class president.

synonym (noun): a word with a similar meaning to another word in the same

language

o syn + onymo The word "fair" is asynonym for the word "just."

nov

novelty (noun): something new

o novel +ty

o After six months the novelty of Pierre's new car is starting to wear off.

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novice (noun): a newcomer, a beginner, someone new to something

o nov + ice

o Bjorn is a novice when it comes to playing poker or other card games.

oper

operate (verb): to work, to perform

o oper+ ate

o People are advised not to operate heavy machinery after drinking alcohol.

opus (noun): a musical composition

o opus

o Vivaldi's opus number three is not as well known as is other compositions.

pat

patient (adjective, noun): calm, bearing pain without complaint; a person under

medical careo pati + ent

o Josiah waspatientas he waited in line for concert tickets.

o Amelia has been apatientof Dr. Gustaf's for ten years.

passion (noun): a strong feeling or emotion

o pass + ion

o Barbara has apassion for motorcycle racing.

sympathy (noun): sharing another person's feelings, the ability to feel for another

person's suffering

o sym +path + y

o Ching-wei expressed his deepestsympathy when hearing of Mrs. Martin's

death.

pathology (noun): the study of diseases

o patho + log +y

o Blaise is studyingpathology because he wants to learn about diseases.

ped

impede (verb): to hinder, to slow down

o im +pede

o The shackles and chains impededthe prisoner's escape.

pedestal (noun): a support for a column or other structure, a base for something

o pedest + al

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23418425 Vocabulary TOEFL

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