23402107 Touchscreen Power Point 1

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    TouchscreenTouchscreenTouchscreenTouchscreen

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    DefinitionDefinition.A touchscreen is a display which candetect the presence and location of atouchwithin the display area. Theterm generally refers to touch orcontact to the display of the deviceby a finger or hand. Touchscreens canalso sense other passive objects, suchas a stylus.

    DefinitionDefinition.A touchscreen is a display which candetect the presence and location of atouchwithin the display area. Theterm generally refers to touch orcontact to the display of the deviceby a finger or hand. Touchscreens canalso sense other passive objects, suchas a stylus.

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    .Until the early 1980s, most consumertouchscreens could only sense onepoint of contact at a time, and fewhave had the capability to sense howhard one is touching. This is startingto change with the commercialisationof multi-touch technology.

    .

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    Attributes ofTouchscreenAttributes of Touchscreen.It enables one to interact with what isdisplayed directly on the screen,where it is displayed, rather thanindirectly with a mouse or touchpad..It lets one do so without requiring anyintermediate device, again, such as asty

    lus that needs to be held in thehand.Attributes ofTouchscreenAttributes of Touchscreen.It enables one to interact with what isdisplayed directly on the screen,where it is displayed, rather thanindirectly with a mouse or touchpad..It lets one do so without requiring anyintermediate device, again, such as astylus that needs to be held in thehand.

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    HistoryHistory.Touchscreens emerged from academic andcorporate research labs in the second halfof the 1960s. One of the first places wherethey gained some visibility was in theterminal of a computer-assisted learningterminal that came out in 1972 as part ofthe PLATO(Programmed Logic for AutomaticTeaching Operations) project. They have

    subsequently become familiar in kiosksystems, such as in retail and touristsettings, on point of sale systems, onATMsand on PDAs where a stylus issometimesused to manipulate the GUI andto enter data.HistoryHistory.Touchscreens emerged from academic andcorporate research labs in the second halfof the 1960s. One of the first places wherethey gained some visibility was in theterminal of a computer-assisted learningterminal that came out in 1972 as part ofthe PLATO(Programmed Logic for AutomaticTeaching Operations) project. They havesubsequently become familiar in kiosksystems, such as in retail and touristsettings, on point of sale systems, onATMsand on PDAs where a stylus issometimesused to manipulate the GUI andto enter data.

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    .The popularity of smart phones, PDAs,portable game consoles and manytypes of information appliances isdriving the demand for, and theacceptance of, touchscreens.

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    .Historically, the touchscreen sensor and itsaccompanying controller-based firmwarehave been made available by a wide arrayof after-market system integrators and notby display, chip or motherboardmanufacturers. With time, however, displaymanufacturers and System On Chip (SOC)

    manufacturers worldwide haveacknowledged the trend toward acceptanceof touchscreens as a highly desirable userinterface component and have begun tointegrate touchscreen functionality intothefundamental design of their products..Historically, the touchscreen sensor and itsaccompanying controller-based firmwarehave been made available by a wide arrayof after-market system integrators and notby display, chip or motherboardmanufacturers. With time, however, displaymanufacturers and System On Chip (SOC)manufacturers worldwide haveacknowledged the trend toward acceptanceof touchscreens as a highly desirable us

    erinterface component and have begun tointegrate touchscreen functionality intothefundamental design of their products.

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    Touchscreen TechnologiesTouchscreen Technologies.Resistive.Surface acoustic wave.Capacitive.Projected Capacitance.Strain gauge

    .Optical imaging

    .Dispersive signal technology

    .Acoustic pulse recognitionTouchscreen TechnologiesTouchscreen Technologies.Resistive.Surface acoustic wave.Capacitive.Projected Capacitance.Strain gauge.Optical imaging.Dispersive signal technology.Acoustic pulse recognition

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    ResistiveResistive.A resistive touchscreen panel is composedof several layers. The most importantare two thin metallic electricallyconductive and resistive layersseparated by thin space. When someobject touches this kind of touch panel ,the layers are connected at a certainpoint; the panel then electrically actssimilar to two voltage dividers withconnected outputs. This causes achange in the el

    ectrical current which isregistered as a touch event and sent tothe controller for processing..ResistiveResistive.A resistive touchscreen panel is composedof several layers. The most importantare two thin metallic electricallyconductive and resistive layersseparated by thin space. When someobject touches this kind of touch panel ,the layers are connected at a certainpoint; the panel then electrically actssimilar to two voltage dividers withconnected outputs. This causes achange in the electrical current which isregistered as a touch event and sent tothe controller for processing..

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    .The Nintendo DS is an example of aproduct that uses resistivetouchscreen technology.

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    Surface acousticwaveSurface acoustic wave.Surface acoustic wave (SAW)technology uses ultrasonic waves thatpass over the touchscreen panel. Whenthe panel is touched, a portion of thewave is absorbed. This change in theultrasonic waves registers the position ofthe touch event and sends thisinformation to the controller for

    processing. Surface wave touchscreenpanels can be damaged by outsideelements. Contaminants on the surfacecan also interfere with the functionalityof the touchscreen.Surface acousticwaveSurface acoustic wave.Surface acoustic wave (SAW)technology uses ultrasonic waves thatpass over the touchscreen panel. Whenthe panel is touched, a portion of thewave is absorbed. This change in theultrasonic waves registers the position ofthe touch event and sends thisinformation to the controller forprocessing. Surface wave touchscreenpanels can be damaged by outsideelements. Contaminants on the surfacecan also interfere with the functionalityof the touchscreen.

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    CapacitiveCapacitive.A capacitive touchscreen panel is coatedwith a material, typically indium tinoxide, that conducts a continuouselectrical current across the sensor.Thesensor therefore exhibits a preciselycontrolled field of stored electrons inboth the horizontal and vertical axes -itachieves capacitance. The human bodyis also an electrical device which has

    stored electrons and therefore alsoexhibits capacitance. Capacitive sensorswork based on proximity, and do nothaveto be directly touched to betriggered.CapacitiveCapacitive.A capacitive touchscreen panel is coatedwith a material, typically indium tinoxide, that conducts a continuouselectrical current across the sensor.Thesensor therefore exhibits a preciselycontrolled field of stored electrons inboth the horizontal and vertical axes -itachieves capacitance. The human bodyis also an electrical device which hasstored electrons and therefore alsoexhibits capacitance. Capacitive sensorswork based on proximity, and do nothaveto be directly touched to betriggered.

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    .It is a durable technology that is used ina wide range of applications includingpoint-of-sale systems, industrialcontrols, and public informationkiosks.

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    .It has a higher clarity than Resistivetechnology, but it only responds tofingercontact and will not work with agloved hand or pen stylus. Capacitivetouch screens can also support Multi-touch. A good example of this isApple's iPhone and iPod Touch, andHTC's T-Mobile G1..

    .It has a higher clarity than Resistivetechnology, but it only responds tofingercontact and will not work with agloved hand or pen stylus. Capacitivetouch screens can also support Multi-touch. A good example of this isApple's iPhone and iPod Touch, andHTC's T-Mobile G1..

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    Projected Capacitance TouchProjected Capacitance Touch.Projected Capacitance Touch technology is atype of capacitive technology whichinvolves the relationship between an XYarray of sensing wires embedded within twolayers of non-metallic material, and a thirdobject. In touchscreen applicationsthe thirdobject can be a human finger. Capacitanceforms between the users fingersandprojected capacitance from the sensingwires. A touch is made, precisely meas

    ured,then passed on to the controller systemwhich is connected to a computer runningasoftware application. This will thencalculate how the users touch relates tothe computer softwareProjected Capacitance TouchProjected Capacitance Touch.Projected Capacitance Touch technology is atype of capacitive technology whichinvolves the relationship between an XYarray of sensing wires embedded within twolayers of non-metallic material, and a thirdobject. In touchscreen applicationsthe thirdobject can be a human finger. Capacitanceforms between the users fingersandprojected capacitance from the sensingwires. A touch is made, precisely measured,

    then passed on to the controller systemwhich is connected to a computer runningasoftware application. This will thencalculate how the users touch relates tothe computer software

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    .Visual Planets ViP Interactive Foil is anexample of a product that uses ProjectedCapacitance Touch technology. Thistechnology allows a gloved hand tomake the touch, resulting in ProjectedCapacitance Touch technology nowbeing common in external "throughwindow" touch applications (i.e. thosewhere no direct physical contact withthe touchscreen is made)....

    .Visual Planets ViP Interactive Foil is anexample of a product that uses ProjectedCapacitance Touch technology. Thistechnology allows a gloved hand tomake the touch, resulting in ProjectedCapacitance Touch technology nowbeing common in external "throughwindow" touch applications (i.e. thosewhere no direct physical contact withthe touchscreen is made)....

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    strain gaugestrain gauge.In a strain gauge configuration thescreen is spring-mounted on the fourcornersand strain gauges are used todetermine deflection when the screenis touched. This technology can alsomeasure the Z-axis. Typically used inexposedpublic systems such as ticketmachines due to their resistance todamage.

    strain gaugestrain gauge.In a strain gauge configuration thescreen is spring-mounted on the fourcornersand strain gauges are used todetermine deflection when the screenis touched. This technology can alsomeasure the Z-axis. Typically used inexposedpublic systems such as ticketmachines due to their resistance todamage.

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    OpticalImagingOptical Imaging.A relatively-modern development intouchscreen technology, two or moreimage sensors are placed around theedges (mostly the corners) of thescreen. Infrared backlights are placed inthe camera's field of view on the othersides of the screen. A touch shows up asa shadow and each pair of cameras canthen be triangulated to locate the touchor even measure the size of the touchingobj

    ect. This technology is growing inpopularity, due to its scalability,versatility, and affordability, especiallyfor larger units..OpticalImagingOptical Imaging.A relatively-modern development intouchscreen technology, two or moreimage sensors are placed around theedges (mostly the corners) of thescreen. Infrared backlights are placed inthe camera's field of view on the othersides of the screen. A touch shows up asa shadow and each pair of cameras canthen be triangulated to locate the touchor even measure the size of the touchingobject. This technology is growing inpopularity, due to its scalability,versatility, and affordability, especiallyfor larger units..

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    DispersivesignalDispersive signaltechnologytechnology.Introduced in 2002, this system uses sensors todetect the mechanical energy inthe glass thatoccurs due to a touch. Complex algorithms theninterpret this information and provide the actuallocation of the touch. The technology claims tobe unaffected by dust and other outsideelements, including scratches. Since there isnoneed for additional elements on screen, it alsoclaims to provide excellent op

    tical clarity. Also,since mechanical vibrations are used to detect atouch event, any object can be used to generatethese events, including fingers and stylus. Adownside is that after the initial touch the systemcannot detect a motionless finger..DispersivesignalDispersive signaltechnologytechnology.Introduced in 2002, this system uses sensors todetect the mechanical energy inthe glass thatoccurs due to a touch. Complex algorithms theninterpret this information and provide the actuallocation of the touch. The technology claims tobe unaffected by dust and other outsideelements, including scratches. Since there isnoneed for additional elements on screen, it alsoclaims to provide excellent op

    tical clarity. Also,since mechanical vibrations are used to detect atouch event, any object can be used to generatethese events, including fingers and stylus. Adownside is that after the initial touch the systemcannot detect a motionless finger..

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    AcousticpulseAcoustic pulserecognitionrecognition.This system uses more than two piezoelectrictransducers located at some positions of thescreen to turn the mechanical energy of a touch(vibration) into an electronic signal. The screenhardware then uses an algorithm to determinethe location of the touch based on the transducersignals. This process is similar to triangulationused in GPS. The touchscreen it

    self is made ofordinary glass, giving it good durability andoptical clarity. It is usually ableto function withscratches and dust on the screen with goodaccuracy. The technology is also well suited todisplays that are physically larger. As with theDispersive Signal Technology system, after theinitial touch, a motionless finger cannot bedetected..AcousticpulseAcoustic pulserecognitionrecognition.This system uses more than two piezoelectrictransducers located at some positions of thescreen to turn the mechanical energy of a touch(vibration) into an electronic signal. The screenhardware then uses an algorithm to determinethe location of the touch based on the transducer

    signals. This process is similar to triangulationused in GPS. The touchscreen itself is made ofordinary glass, giving it good durability andoptical clarity. It is usually ableto function withscratches and dust on the screen with goodaccuracy. The technology is also well suited todisplays that are physically larger. As with theDispersive Signal Technology system, after theinitial touch, a motionless finger cannot bedetected..

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    DevelopmentDevelopment.Virtually all of the significanttouchscreen technology patents werefiled duringthe 1970s and 1980s andhave expired. Touchscreencomponent manufacturing andproduct design are no longerencumbered by royalties or legalitieswith regard to patents and themanufacturing of touchscreen-enabled displays on all kinds ofdevices is widespread.

    DevelopmentDevelopment.Virtually all of the significanttouchscreen technology patents werefiled duringthe 1970s and 1980s andhave expired. Touchscreencomponent manufacturing andproduct design are no longerencumbered by royalties or legalitieswith regard to patents and themanufacturing of touchscreen-enabled displays on all kinds ofdevices is widespread.

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    .The development of multipoint touchscreens facilitated the tracking ofmore than one finger on the screen,thus operations that require morethan one finger are possible. Thesedevices alsoallow multiple users tointeract with the touchscreensimultaneously.

    .

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    .With the growing acceptance of manykinds of products with an integraltouchscreen interface the marginal costof touchscreen technology is routinelyabsorbed intothe products thatincorporate it and is effectivelyeliminated. As typically occurs with anytechnology, touchscreen hardware andsoftware has sufficiently maturedandbeen perfected over more than threedecades to the point where its reliabilityis unassailable.

    .With the growing acceptance of manykinds of products with an integraltouchscreen interface the marginal costof touchscreen technology is routinelyabsorbed intothe products thatincorporate it and is effectivelyeliminated. As typically occurs with anytechnology, touchscreen hardware andsoftware has sufficiently maturedandbeen perfected over more than threedecades to the point where its reliabilityis unassailable.

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    .touchscreen displays are found today inairplanes, automobiles, gamingconsoles, machine control systems,appliances and handheld displaydevices of every kind. With theinfluence of the multi touch-enablediPhone and the Nintendo DS, thetouchscreen market for mobile

    devices is projected to produce US$5billion in 2009..touchscreen displays are found today inairplanes, automobiles, gamingconsoles, machine control systems,appliances and handheld displaydevices of every kind. With theinfluence of the multi touch-enablediPhone and the Nintendo DS, thetouchscreen market for mobiledevices is projected to produce US$5billion in 2009.

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    Finger StressFinger Stress.An ergonomic problem of touchscreens istheir stress on human fingers when usedfor more than a few minutes at a time,since significant pressure can be requiredand the screen is non-flexible. This can bealleviated with the use of a pen or otherdevice to add leverage, but the introdu

    ctionof such items can sometimes beproblematic depending on the desired usecase (for example, public kiosks such asATMs). Also, fine motor control is betterachieved with a stylus, because a finger isa rather broad and ambiguous point ofcontact with the screen.Finger StressFinger Stress.An ergonomic problem of touchscreens istheir stress on human fingers when usedfor more than a few minutes at a time,since significant pressure can be requiredand the screen is non-flexible. This can bealleviated with the use of a pen or otherdevice to add leverage, but the introductionof such items can sometimes beproblematic depending on the desired usecase (for example, public kiosks such as

    ATMs). Also, fine motor control is betterachieved with a stylus, because a finger isa rather broad and ambiguous point ofcontact with the screen.

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    Fingernail as stylusFingernail as stylus.These ergonomic issues of direct touchcan be bypassed by using a differenttechnique, provided that the user'sfingernails are either short orsufficiently long. Rather than pressingwith the soft skin of an outstretchedfingertip, the finger is curled over, sothat the top of the forward edge of afin

    gernail can be used insteadFingernail as stylusFingernail as stylus.These ergonomic issues of direct touchcan be bypassed by using a differenttechnique, provided that the user'sfingernails are either short orsufficiently long. Rather than pressingwith the soft skin of an outstretchedfingertip, the finger is curled over, sothat the top of the forward edge of afingernail can be used instead

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    .Touch screens also suffer from theproblem of fingerprints on the display.This can be mitigated by the use ofmaterials with optical coatings

    designed to reduced the visibleeffects of fingerprint oils.

    .

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    Gorilla ArmGorilla Arm.Gorilla arm was a side-effect thatdestroyed vertically-oriented touch-screens as a mainstream inputtechnology despite a promising start inthe early 1980s. Designers of touch-menu systems failed to notice thathumans are not built to hold their arms

    at waist-or head-height, making smalland precise motions. After a short periodoftime, cramp may begin to set in, andarm movement becomes painful andclumsy theoperator looks like agorilla while using the touch screen andfeels like one afterwards.Gorilla ArmGorilla Arm.Gorilla arm was a side-effect thatdestroyed vertically-oriented touch-screens as a mainstream inputtechnology despite a promising start inthe early 1980s. Designers of touch-menu systems failed to notice thathumans are not built to hold their armsat waist-or head-height, making smalland precise motions. After a short periodoftime, cramp may begin to set in, andarm movement becomes painful andclumsy the

    operator looks like agorilla while using the touch screen andfeels like one afterwards.

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    .This is now considered a classic cautionarytale to human-factors designers;"Remember the gorilla arm!" is shorthandfor "How is this going to fly in real use?".Gorilla arm is not a problem for specialistshort-term-use devices such as ATMs, sincethey only involve brief interactions whichare not long enough to cause gorilla a

    rm.Gorilla arm also can be mitigated by theuse of horizontally-mounted screens suchas those used in Tablet PCs, but these needto account for the user's need to rest theirhands on the device. This can increase theamount of dirt deposited on the device, andoccludes the user's view of the screen.This is now considered a classic cautionarytale to human-factors designers;"Remember the gorilla arm!" is shorthandfor "How is this going to fly in real use?".Gorilla arm is not a problem for specialistshort-term-use devices such as ATMs, since

    they only involve brief interactions whichare not long enough to cause gorilla arm.Gorilla arm also can be mitigated by theuse of horizontally-mounted screens suchas those used in Tablet PCs, but these needto account for the user's need to rest theirhands on the device. This can increase theamount of dirt deposited on the device, andoccludes the user's view of the screen

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