226 Sust Philosophy

8/10/2019 226 Sust Philosophy

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Arch 226: philosophies of sustainable design

Philosophies of Sustainable Design


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The world will not evolve past its current state of

crisis by using the same thinking that created the

situation.

Albert Einstein


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why being less BAD is not GOOD enough


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remaking the way we make things


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cradle 2 cradle

MBDC (McDonough

Braungart Design

Chemistry) is articulatingand putting into practice a

new design paradigm;

what Time calls "a unified

philosophy thatindemonstrable and

practical waysis

changing the design of the

world.


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A walking college lecture--he is also dean

of the University of Virginia school of

architecture--McDonough is a compendiumof similar maxims, phrases and rules:

"Honor commerce as the engine of change";

"respect diversity"; "build for abundance";

"eco-efficiency should be replaced by eco-

effectiveness"; "design is the first signal ofhuman intention"; "all sustainability, like

politics, is local"; "I want to do architecture

that is timeless and mindful.

All this and much more come from a 48-year-old innocent anarchist; his language

has the touch of the poet and of the bomb

thrower; he looks like actor James Woods in

a bow tie. He thinks abstractly, making it

equally fascinating and difficult to talk tohim, since he turns nearly every contribution

one makes to the conversation into a

refinement of his theories. Time Magazine

William McDonough and Michael Braungart


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"The growth/no-growth argument is specious," he said last week. "Growth isgood. The question is, how do you want to grow?" McDonough's guiding

principle seems simple enough: the source of our environmental woes is

waste. There is nothing wrong with cars, TV sets, and running shoes. What's

wrong is the wastechemicals, heavy metals, CO2that's produced when

we make them, use them, and, eventually, throw them away. Eliminate thatwaste, and you eliminate the problem.

We don't need to make less stuff. We only need to make stuff differently. In

McDonough's future, there would be only two kinds of products. The first

would be made of natural substanceshe calls them "biological nutrients"

and they'd be perfectly biodegradable. Had enough of those pants? Just

toss them out the window, like an apple core. The second would be made of

"technical nutrients"steel, plastics, polymers, silicon, glassand would beendlessly reusable; old shoes would become new shoes, old cars would be

turned into new cars. Everything would be raw material for something else.


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c2c philosophy

Cradle to Cradle Design is based on the living model for sustainability nature. The flow and cycling of matter in nature does not lead to waste and

pollution, but to a dynamic balance of growth and change within ecological

systems. The fundamental elements of Cradle to Cradle Design are based on

the principles that drive these systems in nature:

Waste = Food

Use current solar income

Celebrate Diversity


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waste equals food

Waste equals food:

Design materials and products that are food for othersystems. This means designing materials and products to be

used over and over in either technical or biological systems.

Design materials and products that are safe. Design materials

and products whose life cycle leaves a beneficial legacy for

human or ecological health.

Create and participate in systems to collect and recoverthe

value of these materials and products.


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wool, for example

Utilizing biological and technical nutrients allows a company to eliminate the

concept of waste. Recapturing materials encourages a manufacturer to

integrate higher quality materials and focus on the full product life cycle;

materials are not fully relinquished to customers when products are soldif the materials and their value are recaptured following product use.

Product cycling among multiple life cycles also creates a mechanism for

reconnecting with customers to market the next product generation and

provides incentives for return sales.

compostable end product


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compostable - yes

Everything here is made fromwheat, potato starch or corn,

and can be composted. It is

not plastic


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use currentsolar income

Use current solar income:

The quality of energy matters.

Use renewable energy.

But recognize that all renewable

energy is not created equal

(inferring issues in the

manufacture of products like PV;

and issues with some hydro

generation sources)


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celebrate diversity

Celebrate diversity:

Water is vital for humans and all other organisms. Manage water use to

maximize quality and promote healthy ecosystems while remainingrespectful of the local impacts of water use.

Use social responsibilityto guide a company's operations and

stakeholder relationships.


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c2c vs. cradle to grave

Instead of designing cradle-

to-grave products, dumped in

landfills at the end of their

'life,' MBDC transformsindustry by creating products

for cradle-to-cradle cycles,

whose materials are

perpetually circulated inclosed loops.

Maintaining materials in

closed loops maximizes

material value without

damaging ecosystems.


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c2c vs. cradle to grave

the cradle the grave

One of the primary

tenets of this

philosophy is

grave avoidance.

But beyond that,

reuse over

recycling as reuse

requiressignificantly less

expenditure of

additional energy

and materials andoften results in

downcycling of

valuable materials.


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certification tracks

There are two tracks for certifying a product:

Cradle to Cradle Technical/Biological Nutrient Certification: a binary,pass-fail approach designed for those materials and simple products that are

homogeneous in nature. This certification only encompasses the Material and

Nutrient (Re)utilization criteria.

Cradle to Cradle Product Certification: a three-tiered approach consisting

of Silver, Gold, and Platinum levels to reflect continuing improvement along

the cradle-to-cradle trajectory. This certification contains the following five

categories of metrics: Materials, Nutrient (Re)utilization, Energy, Water, and

Social Responsibility.

Both certifications apply to materials, sub-assemblies and finished products.


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cradle 2 cradle certification the idea

Cradle to Cradle Certification

provides a company with a means

to tangibly, credibly measureachievement in environmentally-

intelligent design and helps

customers purchase and specify

products that are pursuing a broaderdefinition of quality.


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cradle 2 cradle product certification - requirements

This means using:1. environmentally safe and healthy materials

2. design for material reutilization, such as recycling or composting;

3. the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency;4. efficient use of water, and maximum water quality associated with

production;

5. and instituting strategies for social responsibility.


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1.0 - Materials


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1.1 All material components identified (down to the 100 ppm level)

All materials, sub-assemblies, components, etc. present in the finished productat 100 ppm (i.e. 0.01%) or higher are identified. All ingredients present in the

materials sub-assemblies, components, etc at 100 ppm or higher are identified

by their Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) number and by their relative

concentration in the overall material formulation (MBDC will sign Non-Disclosure Agreements to protect any proprietary formulation information).

Extremely toxic substances are reported and evaluated at any concentration.

LCAs and other certification programs typically only examine ingredients

present at 5% (i.e. 50,000 ppm) or higher.

1.0

Ma

terials


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1.2 Defined as a Biological or Technical Nutrient

The product is defined with respect to the appropriate cycle (i.e., technical or

biological) and all components are defined as either biological or technical

nutrients. If the product combines both technical and biological nutrients,

they are clearly marked and easily separable. This is more of a strategiccriterion and therefore there is no calculation or metric associated with it.

1.0

Ma

terials


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1.3 All ingredients characterized based on their impact on Human and

Environmental Health.

Based on the interpretation of the data for all criteria, chemicals and materials

are scored for their impact upon human and environmental health. A key factor

in this evaluation is the risk presented by the component/chemical, which is a

combined measure of identified hazards and routes of exposure for specific

chemicals and materials, and their intended use in the finished product. Thescore is illustrated by the following color scheme:

GREEN (A-B) Little to no risk associated with this substance.

Preferred for use in its intended application.

YELLOW (C) Low to moderate risk associated with this substance.

Acceptable for continued use unless a GREEN alternative is

available.

RED (X) High hazard and risk associated with the use of this

substance. Develop strategy for phase out.

GREY Incomplete data. Cannot be characterized.1

.0Ma

terials


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1.3.1 Human Health Criteria

The criteria are subdivided into Priority Criteria (most important from atoxicological and public perception perspective) and other Additional Criteria.

Substances that

do not pass the

Priority criteria areautomatically

scored RED and

recommended for

phase-

out/replacement. 1.0

Ma

terials


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1.3.2 Environmental Health Criteria

1.0

Ma

terials


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1.3.3 Material Class Criteria

The following material classes are scored RED due to the concern that at

some point in their life cycle they may have negative impacts on human and

environmental health. In the case of organohalogens, they tend to be

persistent, bio-accumulative, and toxic, or can form toxic by-products ifincinerated.

The complete phase-out of all RED

components is necessary to achieve a

Gold or Platinum product certification.

1.0

Ma

terials


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1.6 Meets Cradle to Cradle emission standards

For interior products to achieve Gold or Platinum certification, they must meetthe Cradle to Cradle emission standards which are defined as the following:

TVOC < 0.5 mg/m3 (total volatile organic compounds)

Individual VOCs < 0.1 TLV or MAK values (whichever is lower)

No detectable VOCs that are considered known or suspected

carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, mutagens, reproductive toxins, or

teratogens. Based on the lab chosen to do the work what is considered

non-detect may vary. For the purposes of this certification, anything

below 2g/m3.

Labs approved for testing include Berkley Analytical, MAS, AQS, and Syracuse

University. All testing is done according to ASTM D5116 for small chamber and

ASTM D6670 for large chamber.

1.0

Ma

terials


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2.0 Material Reutilization


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2.1 Defined the appropriate cycle (i.e., Technical or Biological) for the

product and developing a plan for product recovery and reutilization

For all certifications, the product has successfully been designed as either

a Technical or Biological Nutrient (or both if materials are easily

separable); hence, the appropriate materials and chemical inputs have

been intentionally selected to support the metabolism for which the product

was designed. In addition, the manufacturer is in the process of developinga plan for end of life product recovery.

2.0

Ma

terial

Reu

tiliza

tion


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2.2 Well-defined plan (including scope and budget) for developing the logistics

and recovery systems for this class of product

For Gold and Platinum certifications, there is also a well-defined logistics and

recovery system plan for this class of product. The elements of the plan include:

Scope: how extensive the recovery effort will be Timeline: when the actual recovery will begin

Budget: commitment of resources (e.g., dollars, labor, equipment, etc.)

The plan can include partners outside the traditional supply chain (e.g., recyclingpartners, recovery/transportation partners, etc.). This does not necessarily mean

a product take-back program. That is one potential strategy for closing the loop

on the materials/product but there are several other legitimate strategies as well.

For example, utilizing design for disassembly (DfD) strategies along with third

party regional recyclers may be more effective in recovering and reutilizingmaterials than a product take back program that requires potentially very disperse

products to be sent back to the manufacturer.

2.0

Ma

terial

Reu

tiliza

tion


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2.3 Recovering, remanufacturing or recycling the product into new product of

equal or higher value

For Platinum certification, the plan developed in 2.2 above has been

implemented. As each manufacturing system varies, MBDC will judge the

validity and efficacy of each applicants program on a case-by-case basis.

opposite of

DOWNCYCLING

The practice of recycling a material in such a way that much of its inherent

value is lost (for example, recycling plastic into park benches). This is true for

the majority of major recycling efforts. Products can only be downcycled somany times before their usefulness is completely spent and they end up in

landfills.

Downcycling does not occur with tinplate. 2.0

Ma

terial

Reu

tiliza

tion


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It is argued that the energy and material

expenditure of transforming discarded

plastic bottles into plastic wood is not

worth the effort therefore regarded as

downcycling the material.


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Tinplate is steel

with a very thin

layer of tin to coat

its surfaces so that

it does not

corrode.

2.0

Ma

terial

Reu

tiliza

tion

Source: http://www.izw.de/fileadmin/Download/Publikationen/verpackung_mit_pfiff_en.pdf


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2.0

Ma

terial

Reu

tiliza

tion


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2.4 Product has been designed/manufactured for the technical or biological

cycle and has a nutrient (re)utilization score50

For Technical/Biological Nutrient and Silver certifications, the Nutrient

(Re)utilization Score is 50 or higher.

2.0

Ma

terial

Reu

tiliza

tion


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3.0 - Energy


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3.1 Characterized energy use and source(s) for product manufacture/assembly

For Silver, Gold, and Platinum certifications, a general understanding of theenergy quantity and quality for product manufacture/assembly is required. To

meet this requirement the amount of energy used per unit product is calculated

along with the energy mix, or sources, for that energy (i.e. what percent comes

from renewable vs. non-renewable sources).

3.2 Develop strategy to use current solar income for product

manufacture/assembly

The ultimate goal of Cradle to Cradle Design is to have all energy inputs comefrom what we term current solar income. Forms of current solar income include

wind, biomass, hydro (in certain circumstances to be determined on a case-

by- case basis) and of course solar. Once the manufacturing/assembly energy

has been quantified in 3.1 above, a strategy is developed to supply that energyvia current solar income. The strategy contains a timeline as well as measurable

goals and milestones.

3.0

Energy


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4.0 - Water

Controlling runoff into

watershed areas


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4.1 Create or adopt water stewardship principles/guidelines

For Silver, Gold, and Platinum certifications, create or adopt a set of

principles or guidelines that will inform your facilitys future strategies for

protecting and preserving the quality and supply of water resources.

Examples include:

World Business Council for Sustainable Development Water

Principles (http://www.wbcsd.ch/web/publications/sinkorswim.pdf) pg

11

Hannover Principles: Design for Sustainability Water

(http://www.gemi.org/water/resources/hannover.htm)

Water Management Principles of the Ministry of Water, Land and Air

Protection from the Government of British Columbia

(http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wat/wtr_cons_strategy/basics.html)

4.0

Wa

ter


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4.2 Characterize water flows associated with product manufacture

Water Source(s): Describe the types of water sources the facility(ies) relies upon.

Determine whether or not the facility is located within or adjacent to a listed

wetland

Define the watershed. Document the following information:Does the facility withdraw or discharge effluent to a water source that is listed as

impaired by the EPA, state or local authorities? What are the water concerns for

the area and how does the facility impact these concerns?

Ask the local or regional water authority whether the facility is considered a major

or minor user of water relative to other users in the watershed region.

Water Usage:

How much water is used per unit product produced?

What measures have been taken to conserve water resources?

Water Discharges:

Meets or exceeds EPA and state water quality regulations as required under

EPAs National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).

4.0

Wa

ter


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4.0

Wa

ter


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The idea behind Water is

to promote clean water

sources and to prevent the

dumping of any chemicals

whatsoever into any watersource.

This applies not only to

Industrialized Western

countries, but developingcountries as well.

Many Western companies

have their products

manufactured in the Third

World, where/because

standards are lower so

profits can be higher.4

.0Wa

ter


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5.0 Social Responsibility


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cradle 2 cradle certification reward

If a candidate

product achieves

the necessary

criteria, it is

certified as a

Silver, Gold or

Platinum product


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or as a

Technical/BiologicalNutrient (available for

homogeneous materials or

less complex products),

and can be branded as

Cradle to Cradle.


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biological nutrient vs technical nutrient

Utilizing biological nutrient and technical nutrient definition allows acompany to virtually eliminate the concept of waste and recover value,

rather than creating a future of solid waste liability and relinquishing

material assets by simply delivering a physical product to a customer

without a coherent relationship to the potential inherent in the product itselfas a potential long term asset for the customer, nature, industry or the

company itself. Cradle to Cradle Design turns contingent liabilities into

assets.

BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT

A biodegradable materialposing no immediate or eventual hazard to living

systems that can be used for human purposes and can safely return to the

environment to feed environmental processes.

TECHNICAL NUTRIENT

A material that remains in a closed-loop system of manufacture, reuse, and

recovery (the technical metabolism), maintaining its value through many

product life cycles.


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http://www.mbdc.com/certified_producttype.htm#


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other considerations

Special considerations will be applied to certain classes of products (e.g.,VOC emission standards will be applicable to indoor products only,

reutilization criteria will be applied to the substrate, rather than the material,

for paint and other coating products, etc.).

In the case of technical nutrient products where a take back system is in

effect and there is a well-defined chain of custody, certain rare, high value,

but potentially toxic substances (e.g., cadmium, silver, etc.) may be

appropriate and effective substances as defined in use.


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DfD


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design for disassembly

DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY

Designing a product to be dismantled for easier maintenance, repair, recovery,

and reuse of components and materials.

Why take something as exquisite as a tree and knock it down? Trees make oxygen,

sequester carbon, distill water, build soils, convert solar energy to fuel, change colors

with the seasons, create microclimates and provide habitat.

My book "Cradle to Cradle," which I wrote with Michael Braungart, is printed on pagesmade of plastic resins and inorganic fillers that are infinitely recyclable. They're too

heavy, but we're working with companies now to develop lightweight plastic papers. We

have safe, lightweight inks designed to float off the paper in a bath of 180 degrees

hotter than you would encounter under normal circumstances. We can recapture the inks

and reuse them without adding chlorine and dioxins to the environment. And the pagesare clean, smooth and white.

- William McDonough


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This product is neither easy to recycle nor suitable for composting.


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philosophy of design for disassembly (DfD)

Jonathan Larson

DFD is a subset of the emerging environmental

redesign movement which assumes that:

a) humans cause pollution (apes and dolphins may be

bright but they have never caused a toxic waste dump)b) humans are conscious beings

c) pollution is caused by the conscious acts of these

humans

d) the more difficult the act of humans, the moreplanning it takes

e) the truly difficult pollution problems are caused by

acts of significant planning and design.

Therefore:

Pollution is a function of design!

source: http://www.elegant-technology.com/TVnewide.html


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pollution is an act of design

Nuclear power and the resulting waste problems were brought to us by thecreative genius of scientists, inventors, and design engineers. Global warming is

the product of planning by geologists, mining engineers, shippers, civil

engineers, automotive designers, and the clever folks who solved the problems

of mass production. The ozone hole is courtesy of organic chemists who weremerely trying to give the world a safe way to preserve food and medical products

with refrigeration. In fact, virtually every thing that can be considered pollution is

the product of intense planning and design--down to the last bubble-pack and

plastic milk carton clogging our waste dumps.

Remember, EVERYTHING that is called 'disposable' was DESIGNED from day

one to be garbage--as its PRIMARY and overriding design consideration.


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this was ALL

designed


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Packaging accounts for a significant amount of pure waste in the Modern

World. The c2c philosophy agues for more/more durable packaging that

can be reused.

Alternatively, manufacture packaging that does not contain toxic elementsso that it can be cleanly burned as a fuel source.

packaging


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c2c looks at traditional versus

eco-effective packaging

how would you design this

differently to make it more

eco-effective??


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how would you design

THIS to make it more eco-

effective?


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Fact is

It was successfully designed fordisassembly


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real men are environmentalists too

It's Your Creation. The joy of inventing and building is clear to those who

have done it--it makes a man feel like a god. The process of turning a

synaptic flash of an idea into the products of industrialization defines much

of male creativity. Because technology is almost exclusively the offspring of

men, much of the demonization of technology is nothing more than male-

bashing. Yet some criticism is legitimate for like irresponsible fathers, we

have not nurtured our creations. Like sex, technological creation is more

fun than maintenance of the offspring--for some reason, sex until dawn ismore invigorating than caring for a sick child all night. Like with humans,

technology is also more enjoyable when it is young than when it is old and

dying.

-Jonathan Larson 1997


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the Germans have already done it

The Germans, who are no slouches when it come to technological

creativity, have passed what may be the world's most interesting

environmental law. Because they are running out of places to hide their

garbage, they now require manufacturers to take responsibility for recycling.The principle is: You made it--you figure out what to do with it when its

useful life has ended. Three general strategies to cope with this legislation

have emerged: Some products are designed for easy disassembly and

resource recovery, others are being reformulated to biodegrade on theirown, while other products and processes are designed out of the system

altogether. By assigning total product life responsibilities on the original

technological creators, the Germans are forcing into existence a whole new

generation of industrial excellence.

- Jonathan Larson


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mercedes benz + DfE

DfE = Design for the Environment


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The Germans produced DFD regulations because they understood the

importance of production issues and environmental issues coming together. It is

the logical outcome of the Red (Social Democrat) Green coalition. The SocialDemocrats believe that for workers to prosper, industry must prosper. The Green

Party believes that for industry to prosper, it must be environmentally

sustainable. The combining strategy is industrial redesign.

In some ways, it is not surprising that the Germans would reach such a

conclusion. For them, industrial design is a valued profession. Mies Van der

Rohe said that "Form follows function" in the 1920s and they have believed him

ever since. If Germans could be convinced that environmental sustainability is

simply a design target, and they have been largely convinced, then industrial-environmental design is the necessary logical outcome. It is why 1992 German

cars already conform to DFD regulations, and automakers have established

sophisticated recycling facilities, while in the U.S., DFD is still an essentially

unknown concept.-Jonathan Larson


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The European environmentalists I know consider the

American infatuation with consumerist strategies to be utterlyinfantile. If the last twelve years have taught us anything, it is

that peoples and nations who know how to successfully

produce, eventually dominate those who merely know how to

shop.

-Jonathan Larson


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DfD the rules

Design for the Environment encompasses many issues including Design forDisassembly and Design for Recycling. There are a number of benefits of

achieving efficient disassembly of products as opposed to recycling a product by

shredding, which include:

Components which are of adequate quality can be refurbished or reused. Metallic parts can be separated easily into categories which increases their recycling

value.

Disassembled plastic parts can be easily removed and recycled.

Parts made from other material such as glass or hazardous material can easily beseparated and reprocessed.

Although most products can be disassembled eventually, lengthy disassembly

does not make for economic recycling as the cost of disassembly is likely to be

much larger than the revenue gained through recycling the parts and materials

from the product. It is for this reason that designing products for easy

disassembly has increased in popularity enabling more of the product to be

recycled economically.

source: http://www.co-design.co.uk/design.htm


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The most comprehensive work on Design for Disassembly has identified the

more detailed areas associated with Design for Recycling, these are:

Designing for ease of disassembly, to enable the removal of parts without

damage.

Designing for ease of purifying, to ensure that the purifying process does not

damage the environment.

Designing for ease of testing and classifying, to make it clear as to the

condition of parts which can be reused and to enable easy classification of parts

through proper markings.

Designing for ease of reconditioning, this supports the reprocessing of partsby providing additional material as well as gripping and adjusting features.

Designing for ease of re-assembly, to provide easy assembly for

reconditioned and new parts.


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Three categories which are related to the three important areas of disassemblyand recycling, these are:

Materials, enabling the disassembled materials to be easily recycled but the

principles can apply equally to disassembled parts for Re-manufacture or reuse. Fasteners and Connections, enabling easy and quick disassembly.

Product Structure, enabling rapid and economic disassembly.

vsas simple as ?


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lifecycle design strategies

DfD b fi


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DfD - benefits

Designing for disassembly can have the following benefits:

Facilitate maintenance and repair, thereby reducing costs. Facilitate part/component re-use, thereby recovering materials and

reducing costs.

Assist material recycling, thereby avoiding disposal and handling of waste.

Assist product testing and failure-mode/end-of-life analysis. Facilitate product take-back and extended producer responsibility, thereby

reducing liability and assisting in regulatory compliance.

source: http://dfe-sce.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/dfestra/dfestra7/dfestra7_2_e.html

DfD tt t t


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DfD attempt to

Factors, such as the life span of parts/components, their standardization,

maintenance requirements, and instructions for servicing and re-assembly, play

a major role in designing for disassembly. In general, designers should attempt

to:

Use detachable joints such as snap, screw or bayonet instead of welded,

glued or soldered connections.

Use standardized joints so that the product can be dismantled with a few

universal tools, e.g., one type and size of screw. Position joints so that the product does not need to be turned or moved for

dismantling.

Indicate on the product how it should be opened non-destructively, e.g., where

and how to apply leverage with a screwdriver to open snap connections.

Put parts that are likely to wear out at the same time in close proximity so theycan be easily replaced simultaneously.

Indicate on the product which parts must be cleaned or maintained in a

specific way, e.g., colour-coded lubricating points.

DfD l t f di bl


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DfD- evaluate ease of disassembly

Evaluate the ease of disassembly. Consider assigning a weighting and scoring

system to the list. (based upon an industrial model adapt to architecture)

What are the bonding and fastening methods of parts and components?insert moulding

cohesion

adhesion

mechanical fastening

friction fitting

What are the additional operations required for disassembly?

fracturing

drillingungluing

heating

lubricating

What are the tools required for disassembly?


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q y

special tool

simple tool

by hand

What is the tool motion required for disassembly?

complex

turningstraight line

What is the level of difficulty for disassembly?

technician needed

assistant neededdeformation required

hold-down required

heavy

smallresistant

difficult access

difficult to grasp

difficult to view


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What are the hazards during

disassembly?

chemical

electrical

sharp edges/corners

Where are the instructions

for disassembly?

provided integrallyprovided separately

di bli hit t


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disassembling architecture

Utah School of Architecture

reinforced concrete

BCE Place structural steel

?Is one of theseinherently

easier or

better to

disassemble?


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The sheet steel industry isproactively promoting their

product as being simpler to

reuse | recycle than the

alternate wood frame.


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And although this steel framed building might be easy to disassemble

and reuse


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It wont be when it is destined to be sprayed with Shot-crete


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Even though precast concrete systems might be easy to assemble, careful

examination is required to see if their disassembled parts are easily reused, retooled

or recycled/upcycled.


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disassemble a typical wood frame house


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disassemble a typical wood frame house

The typical 2 x 6 wood frame wall as a building enclosure type fulfills thefunctions of a building enclosure in the following way:

1. Support function provided by 2 x 6 wood members nailed together.

2. Thermal control function provided by fiberglass batt insulation fit into cavitiesof odd sizes.

3.Air intrusion control provided by plywood sheathing nailed 8 o.c. to framing.

4. Water intrusion control provided by an exterior facing that is built up of many

small individual pieces (siding), all nailed to the sheathing.

5. Finish function (on interior) provided by gypsum board that has all thefasteners covered and easily breaks with handling.

6. Distribution function provided within wall cavity, totally inaccessible.

All of the components assembled to fulfill the building enclosure function arefastened together. They are fastened in such a way, assembled in such a way,

that disassembly is not practical. The end result is no re-use, just waste.

Excerpted from essay by James Arvai

disassemble a c2c wood frame house


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disassemble a c2c wood frame house

1. Support function provided by hybrid post and beam 4 ft. o.c. wood frame withexposed standardized metal connectors.

2. Thermal control function provided by an insulating panel ( 4 ft. wide) that is

placed exterior to the frame with removable fasteners.

3. Air intrusion control function provided by a wood sub-framing of salvaged (re-molded or down cycled) wood framing ( a 2 x 2 will span the 4 feet) covered with

a 4 ft. wide sheathing.

4. Water intrusion control function provided by 4 ft. wide panelized facings of

various materials with gasketed joints.

5. The finish function (on interior) provided by leaving the wall assembly exposedin most cases (wood post and beam framing is an enhancement in our current

housing market).

6. Distribution function provided outside and independent of wall assembly. This

would facilitate repairs and modifications to the key components of a house thatare currently the most repaired and modified components in our current housing

market.

The whole assembly could be easily disassembled, the material re-used.


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Arch 226: philosophies of sustainable design c2c competition submission James Arvai

housing


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housing

Prefabricated housing for disassembly is already being done in China. Can we not

do better than this????


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the foldable house

The house is made up of roof,floor and fronton frameworks.

The frontons on both sides

can be folded and it is easy to

transport or preserve. The

houses can be connected orcombined into two floors, with

flexible room layout according

to environments and practical

needs.

www.cdph.com.cn


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This house in Atlanta, Georgia, funded by the

EPa was successfully designed for disassembly

The home's DfD features include structural

insulated panel (SIP) walls, which can be made

from agricultural fiber such as wheat straw,

providing a renewable framing and insulating

alternative to foam core. Interior wall panels are

framed by light-gauge metal, allowing them to be

repositioned, reused, or combined. In addition,

wall-to-wall bamboo flooring was installed before

the walls, which means floors don't need to bere-patched when walls are moved. Furthermore,

bamboo is not only less expensive and more

resilient than typical wood flooring, but it also

takes only a few years to reach maturity.source:

http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/conserve/2006news

/07-dfd.htm


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Design for Building Disassembly

State College, PA; Atlanta, GA; Monterey,

CA (2004-2005)

Project Team: Brad Guy, Nicholas Ciarimboli, Cecilia Da

Rocha

Partners: Community Housing Resource Center,

Pinnacle Custom Builders, US EPA Region IX, US EPA

Region IV, Chartwell School, EHDD Architecture,

Resource Venture, Inc., King County, WA

The ultimate goal of this initiative is extending a building's life beyond its

original use; the construction of future buildings from renewable, reused and

re-useable materials; and the ready means to recover materials at all stages

of a building's life. Taking form in a series of design for disassembly casestudies, theoretical designs, and guidebooks, we are exploring the

precedents, techniques, details, implementation, and education of the

architecture community for the creation of buildings designed to minimize the

materials-use impacts over the entire life-cycle of buildings.


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factor 10 housesource: hopes.uoregon.edu/system/files?file=design_for_deconstruction.pdf


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Overview

Location: Chicago, IL

Building type(s): Single-family

residential

New construction:

1,830 sq. feet (170 sq. meters)

Project scope: 2-story buildingUrban setting

Completed August 2003

F10's design is a straightforwardresponse to four primary

considerations: a narrow City site with

adjacent buildings, a a modular

design, an open 1,234-ft2 floor plan

plus a 605-ft2 conditioned, unfinishedbasement, and a solar chimney

incorporated into the stairwell.Fac

tor1

0House

source: http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/database/site.cfm?ProjectID=271


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F10 strives to

reduce life-

cycle

environmental

impacts by afactor of 10

compared to

the average

home built inAmerica

today.

Fac

tor1

0House

Esherick Homsey Dodge & Davis Architects

Chicago, IL

http://ehdd.com


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The modular design works

within industry's

dimensional constraints,

minimizing waste andallowing off-site assembly.

The open floor plan

enhances cross

ventilation, and the

window placement

maximizes reflected light

into the interior of the

home while reducing

glare.

Fac

tor1

0House

The 125 x 25 lot is oriented east-

west. It includes a rear alley and


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Fac

tor1

0House

est t c udes a ea a ey a d

is surrounded by single-family,

detached residential buildings.F10 should be socially and

visually integrated into the

community. F10 is intentionally

small to allow for future growth on

the lot and to keep the buildingssite coverage low. All setbacks

were within zoning guidelines; the

front setback was consistent with

other homes on the street. F10was raised 4 above grade with a

basement in order to raise the

porch and steps to fit in with the

other houses and foster

community interaction on the

street. F10s form and mass are

consistent with neighboring

dwellings.


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Fac

tor1

0House


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0House


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0House


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0House


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Fac

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0House

Also paramount to F10 was the minimization of stormwater runoff. The

area of the lower roof (400 ft2) is planted with sedum, which retains

stormwater and absorbs heat.

The wall of


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Fac

tor1

0House

water bottles,

shown here(looking up),

acts as a heat

sink in the solar

chimney.

Augmented by a

whole-house

fan, the shaft will

pull warm air up

and out of thehouse in the

summer, and

push warm air

down in thewinter.

Energy

F10s building envelope is super


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Fac

tor1

0House

F10 s building envelope is super-

insulated to handle the severe

Chicago climate. It utilizes avertical shaft with south-facing

operable clerestory glazing to

reduce primary energy

consumption. The solar chimneybrings light into the center of the

house and supplements the

daylighting. The chimney also

collects heat in its upper strata in

the winter for distribution

throughout the house. In

addition, a wall of water bottles

on the north wall (facing south)

acts as a heat sink, storing asmall amount of heat to be given

off later in the evening when

ambient temperatures begin to

drop.


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chartwell school

source: hopes.uoregon.edu/system/files?file=design_for_deconstruction.pdf

DfD Project:


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The Hamer Center is engaged with local governments, housing agencies, environmental organizations,

and architects in an international initiative to develop principles and practices of Design for Building

Disassembly (DfD). This initiative includes discussions with Canadian counterparts to make design for

building disassembly part of mainstream architectural practice. Building DfD is design that usesmethods and materials of design and construction to allow buildings to be flexible, adaptable and dis-

mantleable at all stages of their lives. This includes formal design, and design processes, and also re-

examining materials selection and connection details in light of facilitating materials recovery and

continued life of the materials.

j

Hamer Centre +EHDD Architecture

source: http://www.hamercenter.psu.edu/gallery/project_3_index.htm

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Design for Recovery:


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source:

http://www.chps.net/


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the philosophy of sustainable design

Jason F. McLennan


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Will we be able to face our children and assure them thatwe did not lack the courage to face these difficult questions,

did not lack the stamina to pursue the correct solutions?

Pierre Elliott Trudeau

table of contents


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the philosophy of respect

respect for the wisdom of natural systems the biomimicry princplerespect for people the human vitality principle

respect for place the ecosystem/bio-region principle

respect for the cycle of life the seven generations principlerespect for energy and natural resources the conservation and

renewable resources principle

respect for process the holistic thinking principle

the six governing principles of sustainable design

respect for the wisdom of natural systems the


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respect for the wisdom of natural systems the

biomimicry princple

For a long time we thought we were better than the living

world, and now some of us tend to think that we are

worsebut neither perspective is healthy. We have to

remember how it feels to have equal standing in the world, to

be between the mountain and the antpart and parcel ofcreation.

- Janine Benyus

respect for people the human vitality principle


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respect for people the human vitality principle

The biggest tragedy is not the waste of

natural resources, though it is tragic. The

biggest tragedy is the waste of humanresources.

- Oliver Wendell Holmes

respect for place the ecosystem/bio-region


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respect for place the ecosystem/bio region

principle

Can we not create, from a beautiful

landscape, an environment inhabited by

man in which natural beauty is retained,

man housed in community?

-Ian McHarg

(author of Design with Nature)

respect for the cycle of life the seven


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p y

generations principle

Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.

We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality

tied to a single garment of destiny whatever affects

one directly affects all indirectly.

- Martin Luther King

respect for energy and natural resources the


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p gy

conservation and renewable resources principle

If we keep going the way we are going,

we are going to end up where we are

headed.

- Groucho Marx



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Most people are more comfortablewith old problems than with new

solutions.

- Charles Browe


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DfE

DfD

+

+

+ respect

a philosophy of sustainable design

so the new design assignment


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Build buildings, that like trees, produce more energy than they consumeand purify their own waste water

Factories that produce effluents that are drinking water

Products that when their useful life is over do not become waste but canbe tossed onto the ground to decompose and become food for plants and

animals and nutrients for the soil; or that can return to industrial cycles to

provide high quality raw materials for new products

Billions of dollars of worth of materials that can be accrued for use eachyear

Transportation that improves the quality of life while providing service

A world of abundance, not one of limits, pollution and waste.- William McDonough


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226 Sust Philosophy

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