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Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org

ISSN 2224-3216 !a"er# ISSN 222$-%&4' (nline#

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Climate Change Impacts on Fishing in Coastal Rural of Tanzania

+anifa ,ohamed usuf 1

!hilli" /. /aninga2 0i iaoun

1 esle i"5emoi irui

3

,uhammad mmad han1

1.7ollege of +umanities and /evelo"ment Studies* 7hina gricultural 8niversit. No.19 :ing +ua /ong 0u*+aidian /istrict* ;eihe shifting conditions* meanwhile* are inviting historicall anomalous Freeds into new ranges with un"redictaFle results. >he "recise degree to which these "henomena are contriFutingto >an@aniaHs current "light is difficult to Duantif Fut am"le evidence suggests such changes are alreadaffecting fisheries across the countr. 7limate-related im"acts are occurring across regions of >an@ania and

"rimar sectors of its econom are more vulneraFle.KeywordsA 7limatic 7hange* Gishing* 7limatic 7hange da"tion* >an@ania.

1. Introduction >an@ania is one of the SuF-Saharan countries "roan@ania* agriculture is the leading sector em"loing aFout 9%K of "eo"le in rural areas (swald2%11#. 7limate change has affected the life of rural "eo"le in coastal areas "articularl those that de"end onfishing and suFsistence farming ,ar et al. 2%%&C ,o! 2%11C +uruma 2%14#. Gurthermore* fisheries suF sectorem"los more than 199*$29 "eo"le as small scale fishers who wor5 directl in the sector and a""ro?imatel

4*%%%*%%% "eo"le engaged in fisheries related activities li5e fish "rocessing and mar5eting* trade in fishing* Foat Fuilding and maintenance ,0G/ 2%11#. >herefore* "eo"le along the coast are largel reliant on fishing as theirdominant economic activit ;ene et al. 2%%9C +uruma 2%14#. In 1&&'* fisheries suF sector contriFuted aFout2.9K to the National ross /omestic !roduct N/!# after e?"eriencing a growth of 4.3K in the same earGatuma 2%12#. +owever* the contriFution started to fluctuate earl with the fisheries sector N/! contriFutionaveraging Fetween 1.3K to 1.6K in the "eriod 2%%9 to 2%12 !lanning 7ommission 2%11C N;S 2%13#. >hedecline of the sector might Fe due to climate change and environmental degradation* decrease in fish catches*over "artici"ation in fishing related activities* change of s"ecies distriFution and increase in "o"ulation +a@ell1&'4C Gatuma 2%12#.>herefore its contriFution to the countrs econom is ver low com"ared to other sectors assti"ulated in the Gigure 1-1.

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Figure1!1 "conomic sectors percentage share of Tanzania#s $%& for the year' (1(

SourceA N;S* 2%13

>he service sector is leading with aFout 49.6K contriFution to the national econom. >his growth ishigher than other sectors and is almost the same with overall economic growth level 0i et al. 2%12#. Gollowed F agriculture* hunting together with forestr 26.'K#* then industr and construction 24K# and lastl fishingsuF sector* which contriFutes onl 1.6K. lthough agriculture and fishing are considered as the Fac5Fone of theeconom* the contriFute less to the N/! and are the most vulneraFle sectors to climate change =aan@ania li5e other low income countries is lac5ing financial* technological and institutional ca"acitto ada"t effectivel to the effects of climate change. In addition* rural "eo"le are aware of climate changeha""ening in terms of increase in tem"erature* low rain intensit* high sun intensit* unreliaFilit of rain ande?treme drought /eressa et al. 2%%'C /aninga et al. 2%1$#. +owever* the main causes of climatic change is notwell understood to mahis has led to illegal fishing- a fast growingillegitimate "ractice underta5en F coastal "eo"le in man countries of the world. >he "ractice is threatening the

ecosstem and the survival faFric of man fish s"ecies Sander* . et al. 2%14#.>herefore* this destructive im"act of natural resources undermines the livelihood and economic status

of "oor "eo"le who are the most vulneraFle to climate change ,c7arth 2%%1C orld ;an5 2%13#. +ence* the "ers"ective of local "eo"le on how the thin5 and Fehave on climate change together with their values andas"irations have significant role in addressing climate change /oss et al. 2%%%#. 0ocal fishers are e?"ected to Fein front line in environmentall safer ada"tion measures. Instead* some are engaged in dnamiteL Flast fishing orusing unauthorised tools in fishing which endangers the sustainaFilit of the sector. >he situation might Feworsened due to the fact that government officials who are res"onsiFle for mainstreaming the issues of climatechange in their "lans* "rograms* strategies and dail activities are themselves not familiar with the issues inDuestion !ius et al.* 2%13#. In order to design wor5aFle "olicies and strategies on climate change mitigation Fothcentral and local governments should Fe well-informed on the issues of climate change im"acts and their causes.

7limate change adversel affects mostl "rimar sectors such as farming* fishing* and forestr Juanaet al. 2%13#. It is evident that* little information is availaFle s"ecificall on small-scale fishers o"erating in

coastal environment although its contriFutions to food securit and livelihood of the communities around thecoast cannot Fe ignored ,erle et al.* 2%1%C Sarah et al.* 2%11#. >herefore* the aim of this "a"er is to review theliteratures related to climate change im"acts on fishing "articularl in 7oastal areas. Gishing suFsector "las anim"ortant role in terms of food securit* wealth creation and livelihood to mahe total water area is estimated to Fe 62*%%% 5m

2 and coastal line is a""ro?imatel

1*424 5m long containing suFstantial fisheries resources Gatuma 2%12#. >he fishing suFsector "las anim"ortant role in the coastal econom Fecause it enhances food securit and income generation arcia et al.2%1%C ,erle et al. 2%1%C ;en et al. 2%14#. +owever* fish consum"tion levels and its Fenefits remain low in

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>an@ania com"ared to other countries where fisheries and aDuaculture are Feneficial in terms of food securitand income G( 2%12#. Gisheries sector contriFutes 29K of animal "rotein consumed in the countr andgovernment revenue through fisher agreements* license fees and levies associated with other related fishingactivities and as a source of foreign e?change G( 2%%9#. Gisher fol5s in >an@ania li5e other develo"ingcountries are characterised F "overt with limited ca"ital and low technologies ;MnM et al. 2%%9C ,ichele et al.

2%13#. enerall* the de"end on natural resources* whose distriFution and "roductivit are mostl affected Fclimate change dnamics llison 2%%$#. 7limate change can affect fisheries through different was such ascoral reef Fleaching* changes in water tem"erature* wind velocit* sea level increase and wave action* which can

Fring ecological and Fiological significant change to Foth fresh water and marine ecosstems.

2.1 Coral reef Bleaching

7oral reef su""orts the livelihood of man "eo"le es"eciall those engaged in activities related to marinefisheries 7inner et al. 2%%'C 7a"ili et al. 2%%$C Scavia et al. 2%%2#. >hese fisheries de"endent communities areaffected F climate change* which contriFute to decline in fish "roduction. rceo et al. 2%%1# identified El Ninoto have caused disastrous im"acts on coral reef such as Fleaching. (ther reef endangering factors are overfishing*coastal develo"ment and sea acidification htt"ALLwww.gloFalissues.orgLarticleL193Lcoral-reefs#. >he reef in "oorcondition was estimated to Fe 4%K in the last 2% ears >un et al. 2%%4#. >he im"acts of coral reef Fleaching tofisheries have Feen discussed widel F different researchers 7inner et al. 2%%'C Scavia et al. 2%%2#.

In their oFservation* 7inner et al. 2%%'# focused on three dimensions of vulneraFilit namelsensitivit* e?"osure and ada"tive ca"acit to the im"act of coral Fleaching to fisheries. In each dimension theresearchers used different models such that in e?"osure dimension* the model was derived from si? variaFlestogether with secondar data for coral Fleaching from 216 sites collected in 1&&' and 2%%$ with field surve of&1 sites in 2%%$. Social ada"tive ca"acit inde? and 5e informants techniDue were used in ada"tive ca"acitdimension. 0astl* metric of sensitivit was develo"ed Fased on the level of de"endenc on fisheries and datafrom surves of 1$64 households from 2& sites was used to develo" the indicator in this dimension. >he resultsrevealed the three dimension of vulneraFilit differ from each site. >he stud recommended that s"ecificframewor5 of "olic for reducing vulneraFilit from climatic change should Fe a""lied in different sites. Inaddition* significant investment is reDuired in the region Fecause "overt and high illiterac rate are 5evariaFles in "eo"les aFilit to understand conseDuences of climate change. t the same time* overfishing and

"ollution were identified as 5e com"onents of climate change in marine ecosstem.(n the other side* Scavia et al. 2%%2# summarised the coastal and marine resources F reviewing the

"otential im"acts of coral reef on coast of the 8nited States of merica regarding ocean ecosstem. >hesu""orted argument raised F 7inner et al. 2%%'#* that overfishing might increase the vulneraFilit of coralecosstems together with climate change ris5 such as high tem"erature increase. >he went further Fidentifing Lethal epizootic related diseases such as fungal* Facterial and viral as a result of coral decline* whichled to high rate decline of im"ortant s"ecies of marine organisms. Some of these s"ecies not onl "rovidelivelihood to mahe gloFal warming e?"erienced during the 2%

th centur contriFuted to a large e?tent on the sea level rise

through thermal e?"ansion of seawater together with land ice loss* ,edan n.d#. !rediction models indicated anincrease of %.$ m of sea level might lead to 249 5m

2 loss of land in coastal line emma 2%11#. Gollowing that

analsis* /ar es Salaam region* which is among the coastal cities of >an@ania* would Fe at ris5 worth aFout 8S 4' for %.$ m sea level rise while in 1 m rise it is estimated to Fe 8S '2 million >an@ania Initial National7ommunication 2%%3#. >he review on the Im"acts of climate variaFilit and change on fisheries done F*;adherefore*

"rofitaFle s"ecies such as tiger "rawns* which reside in these forests* tend to disa""ear* hence each ear the lossis e?"ected to Fe over 8S 4 Fillion.

Sarwar et al. 2%%$# reviewed the climate change effects on the sea level rise of the coast of

;angladesh. >he stud was Fased on secondar data sources. In their oFservation* the identified that coastalfisheries were affected F sea level rise through salinit* cclone freDuenc increase and flooding. ll the threefactors cause the decline in coastal fisheries* which will affect the livelihood of the "eo"le in terms of food

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nutrition and "overt reduction efforts. Natesan et al.* 2%1%# conducted a stud in ana5umari /istrict in India with the oFhe coastal features include mangrove swam"s and forests* which "rovide im"ortant economic resources such as*firewood* timFer for constructions of fishing Foats and houses* and also "rovide feeding* Freeding and haFitat toliving organisms in the ocean. (ther features include woodland* coral reef* tidal marshes and mudflats. >hedecline of mangrove forest haFitat ma negativel affect fishers livelihood due to decrease on "rofitaFle fishers"ecies such as tiger "rawns Ellison 2%%'#. In >an@ania maan@ania included are among the most food insecure in the world due toclimate change and variaFilit /evereu? et al. 2%%4#* fisher management is therefore im"ortant in order to

"rotect fisher resources for sustainaFle utili@ation Gatuma 2%12#. >hus* fishing sector is e?"eriencing anadverse effect due to the climate change es"eciall in coastal marine* which include decrease of fish ield*unreliaFle heav rainfall and wind which is dangerous for fishers to wor5 thus increasing the numFer of

unem"loed "eo"le who were directl or indirectl engaged in it. In "articular* the ris5 of climate change on "rimar sectors is evident 7ase 2%%6C =a

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reviewed aFove identified the ada"tation measures to climatic ris5 ta5en F the fishers leading into a conclusionthat there is inadeDuate attention "aid towards the sector ;adhis "erce"tion "roFaFl influences theclimate change ada"tation o"tions "ractised in most frican countries to Fe Fiased towards men. >his is Fecausemost of them do not tac5le the womens interest in the communit such as decision ma5ing* access and controlof the assets etc on@Ple@ et al. 2%11#. In recent ears* a numFer of women have Feen involved in fishing F

Fuing the fish from the fishers and selling as food Fac5 to the fishers and to other communit memFers aroundthem while leaving some for home consum"tion G(* 1&&9C Sarah et al. 2%13C +uruma* 2%14#. >herefore* theeffect of climate change will have negative im"acts to the coastal communit* es"eciall to women who haveless access to most resources around them "ata et al.' 2%1%#. +owever* through engaging in fishing suFsector*

women fill the ga" of the households food securit and income ,elissa et al. 2%13C Sarah 2%13#. >he genderga" need to Fe narrowed* otherwise if the role of women is ignored* efforts of governments in develo"ingcountries against rural "overt might not Fe achieved.

8. ,ummary of "mpirical ,tudies on Farmers# Adaptation 2easures to Climate Change

>his "a"er does not intend to com"are the ada"tation measures in climate change Fetween farming and fishingsuFsectors. =ather* it highlights some different measures and Farriers identified F farmers as oFserved Fdifferent authors. >he farming suFsector is getting more involved on climate change ada"tation strategies ascom"ared to fishing suF sector Sarah et al. 2%13C ,ichelle et al. 2%13#. >his might Fe suFstantiated F the factthat most of international agreements concerning food securit give first "riorit to agriculture* s"ecificallfarming suF sector ,erle et al. 2%1%#.

Juana et al. 2%13# reviewed a numFer of studies related to farmers "erce"tion and ada"tations toclimate change in different countries of SuF-Saharan frica. >he general oFservations from these studies

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Table) 8!1 ,ummary of "mpirical ,tudies on Farmers Adaptation measures to Climate Change in some

,ub ,aharan Countries9o. Author/s and Region:Country of ,tudy

conducted

Adaptations 2easures ;bser+ed

1. uru5ulasuria et al. 2%%6# - ;ur5ina Gaso*

hana* 7ameroon* Senegal* Niger* Ethio"ia*Eg"t* South frica* RimFaFwe* RamFia ena.

• Garmers were switching to other cro"s.

•

Garmers select goats and shee" in warmer tem"eratureinstead of cow and chic5en.

2.

,addison 2%%6# - frica • Garmers had o""ortunit of free e?tension servicesand mar5ets.

3. /e it 2%%6# Q 7ameroon* ;ur5ina Gaso*Ehio"ia* hana* Eg"t* ena* Niger* Southfrica* Senegal RamFia.

• ater soil conservation strategies.

•

do"t different cro"s varieties.

• 7hanging "lanting dates.

4.

Nhemachena et al. 2%%9# - RamFia* Southfrica RimFaFwe.

•

Garmers use different cro" varieties.

• /iversifications of cro"s.


• Engaging to non-farm activities.

• Increase in irrigation sstems.

• ater soil conservation techniDues.

$.

/eressa et al. 2%%'# - Ethio"ia. •

7hanging "lanting dates.

• Garmers use different cro" varieties.

• !lanting trees.

• Increase in irrigation sstems.

• Soil conservation techniDues.

6.

esuf et al. 2%%'# Q Ethio"ia. • !lanting trees.

• Engaging in nonfarm activities.

9.

FetiFouo 2%% - South frica. • >he use of e?tension services.

• ccess to information aFout climate weather.

'.

"ata et al. 2%% Q Nigeria. • Garming e?"erience access to education.

•

,i?ed cro"s livestoc5 sstems.

&. 5"oni5"le et al. 2%1%# Q ;ur5ina Gaso*;enin* hana* >ogo Niger.

• ater soil conservation strategies.

•

/ela "lanting seasons.

1%.

77 2%1%# Q Ethio"ia. •

ater soil conservation strategies.•

do"t different cro"s varieties.


• 8se of e?ternal fertili@ers.

• do"t short durations cro"s.

• ccess to e?tension services to Foth livestoc5 andcro"s farmers.

• ccess of information on climate change.

11.

Gosu- ,ensah et al. 2%1%# - hana • 7hanging "lanting dates.

• 7ro"s diversifications.

12.

cDuah- de et al. 2%11# - hana. • 7hanging "lanting dates.

•

7ro"s diversifications.

• !lanting trees.

•

Soil conservation water harvesting techniDues.13.

Nanga et al. 2%11# - RamFia. • 7ro"s livestoc5 diversifications.

• 7onservation agriculture and gardening.

• !astoral farmers see5 su""ort from veterinar officers.

14.

Sofoluwe et al. 2%11# Q Nigeria. • /ela "lanting season.

• Irrigations.

• Soil conservations.

• do"t different cro"s varieties.

1$.

,andleni et al. 2%11# Q South frica. •

Garmers attend e?tension services training.

16. /aninga et al. 2%14# - >an@ania • Garmers engaged in off farm activities.

SourceA do"ted and modified from Juana 2%13#

an@ania Gisheries "olic "romotes conservation and sustainaFle develo"ment of the sector to the current andfuture generation. Gishing suF sector is getting less involved on climate change mitigation strategies com"ared tofarming suFsector Sarah et al. 2%13C ,ichelle et al. 2%13#. hile small-scale farmers ado"t different strategies

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to climate ris5 as e?"lained aFove* in est frica* fishers tend to ado"t alternative means of survival Fengaging on Fush hunting ;adhe dee" sea is un5nown while 0a5e >angani5a and Nasa

surves were carried out in the 1&&%s. >aFle $-1 shows the water Fod surface area in 5m2* fisher "otential andthe ear of surve.

Table

9o. -ater body ,urface area in K2( Fishery potentials =ear of sur+ey

1 >erritorial sea 64*%%% 1%%*%%% 1&9%s

2 /ee" sea 223*%%% 8n5nown N

3 0a5e )ictoria 3$*%'' 1*%29*33' 2%1%

4 0a5e >angani5a 13*4'& 2&$*%%% 1&&'

$ 0a5e Nasa $*96% 16'*%%% 1&&4

6 (ther inland water Fodies $*%%% 3%*%%% 1&9%s

Total 68>'66? 1'>('66@

SourceA do"ted from Gatuma 2%12

>an@ania signed the 8nited Nations Gramewor5 7onvention on 7limate 7hange 8NG777# andoto !rotocol in 1&&6 and 2%%2 res"ectivel. >he countr tried to ensure climate change im"acts are addressedat the national level. >he main oFherefore* in order tomeet the oF 2%12#. Gurthermore* in 2%%9* >an@ania develo"ed a National ada"tation "rogramme ofaction N!# to fulfil the reDuirements of 8NG777 emma et al. 2%11#. In 2%%6* the countr also signed theJoint ssistance Strateg for >an@ania with 1& donors to "rovide medium term framewor5 for managing countrlevel coo"eration with develo"ment "artners.

In >an@ania* climate change "olic for ada"tation and mitigation is "lanned at the National level whileim"lementation is done at 0ocal overnment uthorit level =i@i5i 2%1$#. 0ocal governments are directlinvolved with communities within their . Financing of Climatic Change Adaptation 2easures in TanzaniaIt is a challenge for Foth local and international communit on accessing* managing and s"ending effectivel andefficientl finance related to climate change !ius et al. 2%13#. 7urrentl the countr receives aFout 8S 1.%

Fillion annuall of (fficial /evelo"ment ssistance (/# Shardul et al. 2%%3#. ;ut it seems it is a challengeto identif the climatic related actions which ma lead to uncertaint or sometimes over estimates of s"ending!ius et al. 2%13#. !ro"er ada"tation measures can reduce the effects of climate change. +owever significantamount of funds are needed to address the e?isting and future climatic change im"acts Fecause the costs 5ee" onincreasing loFal climate da"tation !artnershi" 2%11#. Gor instance* F 2%3% the cost is estimated to Fe 1.%

Fillion 8S "er ear. It was estimated F /GI/ as cited F emma et al. 2%11# that in order for the countr to Fuild resilience and ada"tive ca"acit to climatic change im"act* aFout 8S 1%% to 1$% million is needed "er

ear. >an@anias Fudget of activities related to climate change has increased F $9K from 8S 244.'' million infinancial ear 2%%&L1% to 8S $$&.92 in 2%12L13. >he increment is directl "ro"ortional to the "ercentage shareof the total Fudget. /onors have contriFuted to the increased Fudgetar allocation on activities related to climatechange. >aFle 6-1 shows the "uFlic e?"enditure on climatic change related activities while the >aFle 6-2illustrates the climate change related "rograms F the ministries* though the two ministries ,inistr ofgriculture* food securit and coo"erativesC ,inistr of 0ivestoc5 develo"ment and Gisheries# which are mostlaffected F climate change are not included in the "rogrammes.

Table >!1) &ublic "5penditure on Climatic Change Related Acti+ities from (:1 to (1(:16

=ear (:1 (1:11 (11:1( (1(:16

>otal amount 8S in millions# 244.'' 32%.46 $%6.62 $$&.92

K share of the total ;udget 4.2 4.' 6.4 6.$

SourceA do"ted from !ius et al. 2%13e?change rate used is nnual average e?change rate

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Table >!() 2inistries# Climatic Change Related &rograms

2inistry %e+eloment &ro*ects &ro*ect ;b*ecti+es

(ffice of )ice !resident 7limate 7hange Im"acts*da"tation and ,itigation77I,#!rogramme.

>o "romote afforestation* natural forestconservation* reforestation and Fetteragricultural "ractices for im"roved

livelihoods.

(ffice of )ice !resident,ainstreaming Environmentand climate change.

uidance "rovision on how to mainstreamres"onses to climatic change within economicdevelo"ment.

(ffice of !rime ,inister Strengthening National /isaster!re"aredness.

Enhancing national ca"acit to reducevulneraFilit and mitigate disasters.

(ffice of !rime ,inister*=egional dministrationand 0ocal overnment=0#

/ar er Salaam =a"id >rans"ort!rogramme /=>#.

!rovision of mass trans"ort "rogram whichwill hel" to im"rove the moFilit of the citand reduce emissions.

(ffice of !rime ,inister*=egional dministration

and 0ocal overnment=0#

,ainstreaming of SustainaFleGorest ,anagement.

Su""orting 5e ,inistries* /e"artments andgencies together with 0ocal overnment

uthorities to intagrate climate changeada"tation and mitigation into their "lans andstrategies.

,inistr of Energ and,inerals

=ural "hotovoltaic !v# - ,ar5et;arrier =emoval.

=educing >an@anias energ-relatedcarFondio?ide emissions F introducing

"hotovoltaic as a suFstitute for fossil fuelutili@ed in for lighting in rural areas.


=ural Electrification. voiding climate change* deforestation* air "ollution and land degradation.


7limate 7hange da"tation and,itigation.

Su""orting climate change ada"tation andmitigation.

,inistr of Education and)ocational >raining

7limate 7hange da"tation and,itigation.

Enhancing national ca"acit to reducevulneraFilit and mitigate disasters.

SourceA do"ted from !ius et al.* 2%13It can Fe highlighted that* >an@ania is not adeDuatel ada"ted to the current climatic ris5 es"eciall on

"rimar sectors des"ite the fact that the are highl affected F the climatic change. >herefore* urgent action isneeded to fill the ga" of e?isting ada"tation deficit. >his can include the involvement of most vulneraFle sectors*ministries and other sta5eholders in identifing climate change ada"tation and mitigation "rogrammes and thenim"lementing* monitoring and evaluating of those "rohis indicates that a""ro"riate ada"tion measures are reDuired such as National 7limate !olicand strategies to ensure ecological sustainaFilit. Gishers and their organisations should Fe involved in "olicand strateg formulation in mitigation of climate change im"acts* Fecause these are among the grou"s mostvulneraFle to the effects caused F climate change. In that the same vein* the climate change agenda needs to Femainstreamed to all government levels otherwise human* economic and "hsical negative im"acts will FeoFserved. ,ore effort is needed to enhance mind set change on causes of climate change to all sta5eholdersincluding rural communities* Fecause the are the most vulneraFle grou"s to the climatic change ris5s.

References

rceo* +.* :uiFilan* ,.* liTo* !.* 0im* . 0icuanan* . 2%%1#* 7oral Fleaching in the !hili""inesA7oincident evidences with meso scale thermal nomalies* ;ulletin of ,arine Science* 6&2#* $9&-$&3.cDuah-de raft* +.* 2%11#* Garmers !erce"tions and da"tation to 7limate 7hangeA illingness to !analsis* Journal of SustainaFle /evelo"ment in frica* 13$#* 1$%-161.

llison* E.* dger* .* ;ad

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ada"taFilit of fisher fol5 living in "overt* Gisheries ,anagement Science !rogramme "ro raham*N. et al. 2%12#* )ulneraFilit of 7oastal 7ommunities to e Im"acts

of 7limate 7hange on 7oral =eef Gisheries* loFal Environmental 7hange* 22#12-2%./aninga* !. Rhang* :. 2%14#* Gactors ffecting ttitude of Garmers >owards /rought Insurance In >an@ania*International Journal of Science* 7ommerce and +umanities* 2# './aninga* !. Rhang* :. 2%1$#* Garmers !erce"tion and da"tation Strategies to 7limate 7hange Indicators in,orogoro. International Journal of gricultural Sciences and )eterinar ,edicine* 3#1./eressa* >.* +assan* >.* lemu* ,. =ingler* 7. 2%%'#* nal@ing the /eterminants of Garmers 7hoice ofda"tation ,ethods and !erce"tions of 7limate 7hange In >he Nile ;asin (f Ethio"ia* !a"er "resented at theInternational Good !olic =esearch Institute If"ri# /iscussion !a"er No. %%9&'* ashington /.7./evereu?* S Edward* J. 2%%4#* 7limate 7hange and Good Securit* I/S; 3$3# Insti. of /ev. Studies*8niversit of Susse?* ;righton* 8./oss* 7.* ,ichael 0. 2%%%#* +ow /oes ender ffect the do"tion of gricultural InnovationsV =eview ofgricultural Economics 2$1# 29-3&.Elisa 7. 2%%* 7limate 7hange Im"acts on 7hinas EnvironmentA ;io"hsical Im"acts. 7hina Environ* Gorum.htt"ALLwww.wilsoncenter.orgL"uFlicationLclimate-change-im"acts-chinas-environment-Fio"hsical-im"acts*=etrieved on 23L%4L2%1$.Ellison* . 2%%'#* ,anaging ,angroves with ;enthic ;iodiversit in ,indA ,oving ;eond =oving ;anditr*Journal of Sea =esearch* .$&1Q2#A2Q1$.G( 2%%9# Gisher 7ountr !rofile GI/L7!L8=>.G( 2%%* >echnical uidelines for =es"onsiFle Gisheries* Gisheries ,anagement* G( =ome* Ital.G( 2%12#* >he State of orld Gisheries and Duaculture* G( Gisheries and Duaculture /e"artment*htt"ALLwww.fao.orgLdocre"L%16Li2929eLi2929e."df.Gatuma* S. 2%12#* 7ommunit !artici"ation in Gisheries ,anagement in >an@ania* IIGE> 2%12 >an@ania!roceedings.arcia* S =osenFerg* . 2%1%#* Good Securit and ,arine 7a"ture GisheriesA 7haracteristics* >rends* /riversand Guture !ers"ectives* !hilos.>rans. =. Soc. ;* 36$# 2'6&Q2''%.emma* N Nigel* >. 2%11#* 7limate 7hange Ginancing and id Effectiveness >an@ania 7ase Stud*htt"ALLwww.oecd.orgLdacLenvironment-develo"mentL4'4$'494."df#.on@Ple@* . ;elemvire* . 2%11#* 7limate 7hange and omen Garmers in ;ur5ina GasoA Im"act andda"tation !olicies and !ractices* (?farm =esearch.+anifa* ,.* !hilli"* /. 0i* . 2%1$#* /eterminants of =ural !overt in >an@aniaA Evidence from ,5inga/istrict* >anga =egion* /evelo"ing 7ountr Studies* $#6.+a@ell* !. 1&'4#* Sources of Increased InstaFilit in Indian and 8.S. 7ereal !roduction ' merican Journal ofgricultural Economics 66# 3%2Q311.+erslund ,. et al. 2%12#* ssessing )ulneraFilit of 8rFan Sstems* !o"ulations and oods In =elation to

Natural and ,an-,ade /isasters in frica* rant greement no. 26$139* vailaFle fromhtt"ALLwww.cluva.euLdeliveraFlesL 708)W/3.6."df.+uruma* 0. 2%14#* !overt and 0ivelihood of 7oastal 7ommunities in >an@ania ,ain 0and and Ran@iFar*Journal of frican Studies and /evelo"ment 6 16&-19'.

I!77 2%%9a#* Summar for !olicma5ers. In !arr* ,.* 7an@iani* (.* !aluti5of* J.* van der 0inden !.* +anson*7. Eds.#.*7limate 7hange 2%%9A Im"acts* da"tation and )ulneraFilit* 7ontriFution of or5ing rou" II tothe Gourth ssessment =e"ort of the Intergovernmental !anel on 7limate 7hange* 7amFridge 8niversit !ress*

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7amFridge* 8 New or5* N* 8S.I!77 2%%9#* I* InA Solomon* S.* :in* /.* ,anning* ,.* ,arDuis* ,.* ver* .* ,iller* +.0.* 7hen* R.Eds.#. 7limate 7hangeA >he !hsical Science ;asisA 7ontriFution of or5ing rou" I to the Gourth ssessment=e"ort of the Intergovernmental !anel on 7limate 7hange.Islam* ,.* li* ,.* min* ,. Raman* S. 2%11#* 7limate )ariationsA Garming Sstems and 0ivelihoods in the

+igh ;arind >ract and 7oastal reas of ;angladesh* in 0al* =.* Siva5umar* ,.)..* =ahman* .+.,.,. andIslam* .=. eds#* 7limate 7hange and Good Securit in South sia. S"ringer ScienceX;usiness ,edia ;.).Juana* J.* aha5a* R (5urut* G. 2%13#* Garmers !erce"tions and da"tations to 7limate 7hange in SuF-Sahara fricaA Snthesis of Em"irical Studies and Im"lications for !uFlic !olic in frican griculture*Journal of gricultural Science* $# 4.orea ,eterological genc 2%%'#* 8nderstanding of 7limate 7hange and Scenar ""lication. 0ee Ji-Soon.2%%&. rrival of an Era of reen rowth. 7E( Information. )ol. 69$. Samsung Economic =esearch Institute.0i* .* ang* +. !aolo* R. 2%12#* >he /ecou"ling of Economic rowth* gricultural rowth and !overt=eduction in >an@aniaA 0essons from 7hina* or5ing !a"er Series No.4. International !overt =eduction7enter in 7hina.,ahe 7oastal Rone ofana5umari /istrict in >amilnadu* India* J 7oast 7onserv 14# 2%9Q214.

National ;ureau of Statistics N;S# 2%13#* 2%12 !o"ulation and +ousing 7ensusA !o"ulation /istriFution Fdministrative 8nits* e Gindings. /ar es Salaam* >an@ania.

Ngaira J. 2%%3#* >he 7limatolog of EDuatorial East fricaA 7auses and im"acts of =ainfall anomalies*7limates in >ransition* 07 N5emdirim ed# ashington /7. "". 41-$3.(la* > nne* . 2%14#* 7ro" da"tation to 7limate 7hange in Semi Q rid @one in >an@aniaA >he role ofgenetic resources and seed sstems* estengen and ;rsting gricultural and Good Securit 3#3.

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2%%%-2%1%A here has griculture or5ed for the !oor and hat 7an e 0earn from thisV or5ing !a"er No.2%'* 7hronic !overt =esearch 7entre IS;NA &9'-1-&%'$36-%4-1 www.chronic"overt.org!aavola* J. 2%%'#* 0ivelihoods* )ulneraFilit and da"tation to 7imate 7hange in ,orogoro* >an@ania* =eviewof Environmental Science !olic* 119# 642-$4.!ius* .* /eograsias* ,.* Fdallah* I. et al. 2%13#* >an@ania National 7limate 7hange Ginance nalsis.(verseas /evelo"ment Institute* 0ondon and the 7entre for 7limate 7hange Studies* 8niversit of /ar esSalaam.

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Sarah* +.* /ir5* R.* ,elissa* +.* /aniel !.* 8ssif* =. 2%13#* omen and fisheriesA 7ontriFution to foodsecurit and local economies* ,arine !olic* 3 $6Q63.Sarwar* allman* !. 2%%$#* Im"acts of Sea 0evel =ise on the 7oastal Rone of ;angladesh* ,asters >hesis*0und 8niversit* Sweden.Sander* . et al. 2%14#* 7once"tuali@ing ,aritime Environmental and Natural =esources 0aw EnforcementQ >he 7ase of Illegal Gishing* Environmental /evelo"ment 11#112Q122.Scavia* /. et al. 2%%2#* 7limate 7hange Im"acts on 8.S 7oastal and ,arine Ecosstems* Estuaries 2$ 2# 14&-164.Shardul* .* nnett* ,. ndreas +em" et al. 2%%3#* /evelo"ment and 7limate 7hange in >an@aniaA Gocus on,t. ilimanan@aniaWlongWdocWlowWres."df.>eam 7ore riting 2%%'#* OSnthesis =e"ortU* =eview of. 7limate 7hange 2%%9* or5ing rou"s I* II and III

to the Gourth ssessment.>he orld Gish 7enter 2%%'#* Small-scale ca"ture fisheriesA a gloFal overview with em"hasis on develo"ingcountries* a "reliminar re"ort of the ;ig NumFers !rohe orld Gish 7enter* !enang* ,alasia.8N/! 2%%9#* +uman /evelo"ment =e"ort 2%%9L2%%'A Gighting climate changeA +uman solidarit in a dividedworld. !algrave ,acmillan* New or5.8nited =e"uFlic of >an@ania 2%%3#A Initial 7ommunication under the 8nited Nations Gramewor5 7onventionon 7limate 7hange 8NG777#* /ar es Salaam* availaFle on-lineAhtt"ALLunfccc.intLresourceLdocsLnatcLtannc1."df.8nited =e"uFlic of >an@ania 2%12#* National 7limate 7hange Strateg )ice !residents (ffice /ivision ofEnvironment.orld ;an5 2%13#* Gish to 2%3%* !ros"ects for Gisheries and Duaculture* orld ;an5 =e"ort No '3199-0;*griculture and Environmental Services /iscussion !a"er %3.

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