Geschichtsschreibung und Vergangenheitsbewältigung in Rumänien
22.-26. April 2013 Berlin...7 25. Lechwacki, Michal Polen 26. Marcu, Claudiu-Razvan Rumänien 27....
Transcript of 22.-26. April 2013 Berlin...7 25. Lechwacki, Michal Polen 26. Marcu, Claudiu-Razvan Rumänien 27....
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Young Water Professionals‘ Programme 2013
22.-26. April 2013
Berlin
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Content
SPONSORS 5
PARTICIPANTS: 6
REPORT OF GROUP 1: VISIT TO THE BERLIN WATER WORKS 8
1. INTRODUCTION 9
2. WATER FOR BERLIN 9
3. THE TEGEL WATERWORK 10
3.1 PROTECTION ZONE OF THE TEGEL WATERWORK 10
3.2 HOW TEGEL WATERWORK WORKS? 12
3.3 QUALITY CONTROL 20
REFERENCES: 22
REPORT OF GROUP 2: WATER MARKET IN MOROCCO* 23
EVALUATION OF THE WATER MARKET IN MOROCCO 25
NON-WATER SANITATION 27
DAREWADI – GARADE PROJECT 28
SEVADHAM TRUST – ADHIVASI ASHRAMSHALA RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL 29
REPORT OF GROUP 3: YOUNG WATER PROFESSIONAL CONFERENCE 30
1ST PRESENTATION: A GLANCE ON WATER CRISIS AND HWTS INDIA 32
2ND PRESENTATION: THE WATER-BACKPACK PAUL IN COLOMBIA 34
3RD PRESENTATION: PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE OF USING NON-CONVENTIONAL WATER FOR LANDSCAPE 35
4TH PRESENTATION PROPOSED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ON LOT SYSTEMS IN ALBANIA 37
5TH PRESENTATION: SYSTEM – (DEWATARS) MODEL IN RURAL AREAS IN EGYPT 39
6TH PRESENTATION: DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN RURAL AREAS IN MOROCCO 40
CONCLUSION 42
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REPORT OF GROUP 4 - “SPREE 2011” EXCURSION REPORT 43
RUDOLFSTRAßE PUMPING STATION 44
FRIEDRICHSTRAßE PUMPING STATION 46
SPREE 2011 PILOT PLANT 48
THE PILOT PROJECT 49
WHY FIBERGLASS PIPING IN THE SPREE RIVER? 51
REPORT OF GROUP 5 - “SCHAUSTELLE WASSER BERLIN INTERNATIONAL” EXCURSION 53
INTRODUCTION 54
WATER LINE AT WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT OF RUHLEBEN 55
SLUDGE LINE AT RUHLEBEN WWTP 57
PILOT SURFACE WATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN OWA - TEGEL 59
THE CONTROL AND INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR WASTE WATER (LISA) 60
SUMMARY 62
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Sponsors:
Thank you for sponsoring the Young Water Professionals’ Programme and Lounge
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Participants:
1. Albulescu, Mirela Rumänien
2. Aleksieva, Ivayla Bulgarien
3. Anchidin, Alin Rumänien
4. Asenova, Venera Bulgarien
5. Bahja, Frida Albanien
6. Bogdanova, Mariya Bulgarien
7. Bueno Alves, Renata Brasilien
8. Cisarova, Lucia Slowakei
9. Dascalu, Oana Denisa Rumänien
10. Dohi Trepszker, Georgo Geza Rumänien
11. Dreghiciu, Vasile Ioan Rumänien
12. Dumitru, Marcela Gabriela Rumänien
13. Fontenla Razzetto, Gabriela Peru
14. Georgieva, Maya Bulgarien
15. Goshwami, Probir Kumar Bangladesch
16. Groza, Stephana-Madalina Rumänien
17. Guevara, Carlos Honduras
18. Gutauskas, Paulius Litauen
19. Hadzhiev, Kristian Bulgarien
20. Hategan, Mihai Rumänien
21. Hernandez Parrodi, Juan Carlos Mexico
22. Hortopan, Oana-Liana Rumänien
23. Husti, Mircea Stefan Rumänien
24. Katser , Maria Russland
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25. Lechwacki, Michal Polen
26. Marcu, Claudiu-Razvan Rumänien
27. Marossy, Zsolt Rumänien
28. Mitenkova, Liubov Russland
29. Moreno Del Aguila, Pedro Erdulfo Peru
30. Mowla Chowdhury, Rumman Bangladesch
31. Muntean, Mihai Rumänien
32. Ordonez, Jose Abdon Kolumbien
33. Ormandzhieva, Zlatina Bulgarien
34. Perez Sierra, Johanny Dominikanische Republik
35. Radomyski, Artur Polen
36. Rangelova-Stoycheva, Iskra Bulgarien
37. Rivera Villarreyes, Carlos Andres Peru
38. Sacaciu, Horia-Mircea Rumänien
39. Spasov, Spas Bulgarien
40. Spirovska, Sanja Mazedonien
41. Stoychev, Svetlin Bulgarien
42. Suvedi, Sukriti Nepal
43. Toth, Eszter Ungarn
44. Trendafilov, Deyan Bulgarien
45. Valenas, Darian Alexandru Rumänien
46. Vegh, Lea Ungarn
47. Villachica Llamosas, Eileen Marlene Peru
48. Villaverde Hernandez, Diego Peru
49. Zambo, Gabriel Rumänien
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Report of Group 1: Visit to the Berlin Water Works
Guide: Asenova, Venera Bulgaria
Anchidin, Alin Romania
Cisarova, Lucia Solvakei
Dohi Trepszker, Georgo Geza Romania
Georgieva, Maya Bulgaria
Guevara, Carlos Honduras
Marossy, Zsolt Romania
Suvedi, Sucriti Nepal
Trendafilov, Deyan Bulgaria
Vegh Lea Hungary
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1. Introduction
The Tegel water works was the one chosen by the YWP for the technical visit. It is
one of nine waterworks in Berlin for the water supply of the Berlin area. The visit
started with presentation and explanation of the processes involved in the
improvement of the raw and drinking water quality. After that we walk-around of the
facility, to better understand the working of the system.
2. Water for Berlin
The Berlin water works are divided into nine stations that are monitored and
controlled from a central control room in the Friedrichshagen waterworks. This control
station coordinate the work of the stations, therefore their safe operation is very
important. In order to decrease the chance of harmful attacks, the operating systems
of these centres are not connected to the internet.
The Berliner water work stations are responsible for the supply of around 3,7 million people
in and around Berlin. An average of 585,000m3 of drinking water per day is produced for
domestic households, industry and trade. A maximum of 1.14 million cubic metres per day
are possible. The waterworks operate in a grid. This is why the drinking water in the network
almost comes from several waterworks simultaneously. Even if a waterworks fails, this does
not result in a localised collapse of the water supply.
The pipeline network has a length of 7,891 kilometres and with 280,000 house
connections, 62,000 hydrants and 90,000 slide valves. Around 6300 km are water
mains with small diameter of 5 to 30cm. A length of 1,500 km of such pipes have a
diameter of up 1.40m.. Sixty-four present of the pipes are made of grey cast iron,
10% form steel , 12% from reinforced concrete, 13% form ductile cast-iron and 1%
are plastic and concrete pipes used for house connections.
The average age of piping in Berlin is 52 years. The oldest pipes are around 120 years. All of
them must have all the time a pressure between 6 – 7 bars. The average supply pressure in
the pipe grid lies between 4.5 and 5.5 bar. Buildings where a higher pressure is required
have their own pressure booster stations. Water towers with elevated tanks are no longer
operated in Berlin. The minimum pressure in every apartment is 2 bar.
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The pipe network is monitored and in case of a pressure drawdown due to leakages it can be
detected and repaired. The system is fully automated and monitored 24 hours a day all around
the year. Thanks to regular maintenance and scheduled replacement, this is
achieved with minimum losses.
3. The Tegel Waterwork
3.1 Protection zone of The Tegel Waterwork
Depending on the distance from the well, any use of the water or activities in or on
the water in the water protection areas are either completely prohibited or are
permitted only with special authorisation. The areas consist of three protection zones,
a wider protection zone (Zone III), a closer protection zone (Zone II) and the “well
head protection area” (Zone I)
Fig. 1 Protection zones
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Zone I: The well head protection area
This is an area with a width of 10 metres to both sides of a row of wells.
Forbidden:
Any form of use and any intervention in the upper soil
stratum, in particular any contamination in the immediate
vicinity of a groundwater extraction installation.
The only exceptions are maintenance work on wells or replacements of wells by Berliner
Wasserbetriebe.
Zone II: The closer protection zone
This zone covers a diameter of at least 100m around the wells. It serves to protect
the hygiene of the groundwater, and in particular as protection against pathogens,
i.e. contamination that could cause illness.
Forbidden:
Any form of use requiring the permanent presence of persons
and animals or that removes or destroys the upper soil stratum
This includes:
Construction or enlargement of buildings
Excavation work
Transport and storage of water contaminating fluids and of building rubble and refuse
Commercial animal husbandry
The use of natural fertilisers, as well as weed killers, pest control agents and
crop protection agents, and
The construction of camp sites, car parks and boat piers.
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Zone III: The wider protection zone
This zone protects the area within a radius of 2.5 km from the wells.
Forbidden:
Anything that could lead to the contamination or taste
impairment of the groundwater. This includes in particular
the discharge of wastewater, coolants and condensates
and also rainwater (except rainwater from roofs) into the
subsoil.
3.2 How Tegel Waterwork works?
The waterworks were put into the operation in 1877 when 23 wells were able to pump
43.000 m3 groundwater/day to the Berlin area. At this time, the pipeline was wooden,
made from tree trunk. Also nowadays these pipelines are found during the
reconstruction works.
Fig. 2 Tree trunk
Fig. 3 Scheme of Waterworks- from the well to the customers
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1) Deep wells
The raw and drinking water quality in the Beliner district is improved by the bank
filtration process. The bank filtration process is a natural cleaning process of the soil
that has as an aim the improvement of the untreated water without the use of
chemicals and energy. Berlin is in a very unique situation, as its geographical
characteristics are perfect to filter out contamination from the water on its way to the
groundwater reservoirs. The soil under Berlin is rich in clay and silt, which are
excellent purifying layers. In order to use the bank filtration the groundwater wells
must be established directly by the water body (e.g. in this case the Tegel lake) used
for the supply of drinking water. Approx. 800 deep wells are in operation for nine
waterworks. They are between 30m and 170m deep. These are mainly vertical and
they supply between 40m3 and 400m3 of raw water per hour. Two horizontal filter
wells can supply up to 1600m3 of raw water, per well, per hour. The water is pumped
and therefore the groundwater level has a drawdown resulting in a hydraulic gradient
that provokes a water flow from the river bed into the well as seen in Figure 4. As the
water moves through the soil the dirt and contaminants are filtered out and degraded
by means of natural physical, chemical and biological processes. It is important to
mention that the time this process lasts depends on the geological conditions of the
site and the distance from the wells to the river/lake bed (in Tegel it takes 50 days
since the water from lake reach the well). In the Tegel water work the groundwater
level is at approximately 70 meters below the surface therefore a relatively high water
table. The water flows from the Tegel Lake first through a 20 centimetre biologically
activate layer with is the responsible for the degradation of pathogen bacteria and
viruses, organic trace elements, algae toxins and pharmaceuticals (not fully degraded
by the water treatment plants). The bacteria in this biological layer have been tested
under laboratory conditions and the results show that there are able to degrade the
previously named agents.
Artificial bank filtration is also used in the Berlin water works. This basically consists
of extracting the water from the water body, giving some kind of pre-treatment and
then into artificial lakes for infiltration. This can be seen in also in Figure 4.
In the case of the Tegel water works this is done with the water pumped from Tegel
Lake (the bank filtration), than the water is pre-treated on micro sieves and then
pumped into three artificial ponds situated close to the Tegel Lake. The reason this is
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done in such a way is to sustain the ground wet so, that the water level in the well will
not decrease and to have a better cleaning process.
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of the bank filtration (2)
The pumping wells in the Tegel water works present a clogging of the wells screens
due to the content of iron in the water. (Fig. 5)
Fig. 5 Well
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The screens are buried in the soil therefore it is expensive to dig them out in order to
clean them. The process developed by the Berliner water works to solve this problem
was to induce a so to say turbulent flow (meaning in this case a water flow faster the
usual one caused by the hydraulic gradient between the lake bed and the wells) in
order to clean the filter screen. This is induced by an explosion caused in the Tegel
Lake. The process has result satisfactory and after several adjustments it does not
cause and damages to the screens as well as for the pumping equipment. In order to
measure the hydraulic conductivity inside and outside of the screen sensors are
located in both sides of it. This allows a detailed control of the screen in order to
prevent clogging. If the hydraulic conductivity inside is much less than the one
outside the screen is clogged (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6 Clogged well
With the time, incrustation is formed and solids are accumulated in the well. It cause,
that the water can hardly flow through aquifer, filter gravel and filter pipes. The pore
spaces are clogged, therefore the water level in well and the well yield decrease. The
cleaning process was developed by Berliner water works to solve this problem. The
object of the invention is a method which, by the introduction of explosive charges as
well as regeneration and treatment liquids, allows the effective regeneration and
prevention of horizontal and vertical wells. The detonation cause shock wave, which
provides elastic impulse on aquifer, filter gravel and filter pipes. Different elastic properties of
well parts, local geological structure and sediments lead to high contrast between the materials
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and cause a relative movement. The shock wave passes within microseconds the area of well,
loses the energy by reflexion and absorption and ends out of the well. The movement release
partially the deposits, but the chemicals are used to support the cleaning. The regeneration and
treatment liquids are dosed either before or during the explosion. As regeneration and
treatment liquids primarily organic and inorganic acids and their mixtures, mineral salts and
phosphate solutions are used.
The dissolved incrustations together with regeneration and treatment fluids are then removed
from the well until the purity of water is reached. The chemicals act during the whole way to the
surface and help to clean all the pipelines.
The amount of explosives and regeneration and treatment liquids needed vary from filter
diameter, conditions of filter lines and the age of well. The number of explosion cycles and
doses of cleaning liquids is dependent on characteristic of the well. (source 4, google patents)
2) Aeration system
The next step of the process is the aeration of the water which is and oxidation
process. This is a standard process in the drinking water supply process in which the
water is exposed to oxygen for iron and manganese removal. Raw water does not
contain any free oxygen, therefore it is sprayed through nozzles in aeration chambers
or passed over overfalls so that it can absorb oxygen in the air and replenish itself.
(Fig. 7)
Fig.7 Aeration
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Fig.8 Aeration
3) Reaction tanks
Once it undergoes this process it goes into sedimentation basins that allow the iron
floccules to sediment. Raw water contains dissolved iron and manganese. These
elements chemically react with oxygen in the water and form flocs, which then settle
to the bottom of the reaction thanks. It takes 15 to 60 minutes for water to undergo
this settling process. The area for flocculation is 87 square meter and 0.8-2.2 mm
particle size are removed in the tank. It takes 2-3 months to build up an appropriate
iron-oxidizing bacteria layer in the filtering sand, only after this period can it be used
for filtrations. During usage the sand is cleaned every 10 days to optimize efficiency.
4) Rapid filter system
The remaining iron flocs and manganese are removed from the water in the rapid
filter system. This takes places in filter tanks that have 2 metre thick sand filter (Fig.8)
. If the sand gets clogged it can be flushed clean with air and water.
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Fig. 9. Filter Tanks
5) Clean Water Tanks
Raw water is now clean water and is stored in clean water tank. Relatively consistent
quantities of water are extracted from the wells. Drinking water consumption
fluctuates depending on the time of a day and day of the week. The clean water
thank is therefore only a storage facility but also serves to meet fluctuating supply
needs and balance demand.
One very interested way of controlling the presence of and toxic substances in the
Berlin water works is via a toxic measuring device in fish tank. This is a real-time
toxicity sensor system, based on the fact that fishes are more sensitive to
contamination that human, therefore harmful substances can be detected already at
very low concentrations. The way it works is that a certain number of fish swim in a
fish tank filled with the water that is going to be sent into the pipe network. If the
fishes detect a harmful substance they normally swim faster. The fish movement is
detected by using infrared detectors that measure in units of fish/impulse/minute and
when a certain threshold is exceeded a signal indicated a possible contamination of
the water.
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At our visits the average movement of the fishes were 13-18 imp/fish/min, the alarm
limit is 40imp/fish/min. The fishes are changed in every 6 months to ensure similar
age and stress levels. Since the use if these system, only once has the alarm raised:
the feeding system of the fishes broke down, which resulted in their change of usual
behaviour . In case of alarm, the water pumps are stopped at once, and water
samples are analyzed, until the reason is detected. As there are nine stations
altogether, it causes no problem, if one of them does not operate for 2-3 days, until
the analysis is done.(Fig. 10)
Fig 10. Fishes and Control Display
After this the water is sent to the pipe system through pumping station.
6) Pumping stations
Pumping station contains clean water pumps which are driven by electric or diesel
motors. 10% of the energy required by the pumps are generated by photovoltaic cells
in the case of Tegel water works. This guarantees a steady supply of water, even in
case of blackout. Eight pumps driven by electric motors with delivery rates between
1,250 and 4,000 m3 per hour and a pressure of 5.8 to 6.2 bar. Two emergency
power generators ensure the operation of the waterworks in the event of failure of the
public supply grid.
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Fig 11. Pumps
3.3 Quality control
The water is permanently monitored at every point in the drinking water cycle – in the
soil, in the wells, in the waterworks and in the transport pipelines.
The water is inspected even before it reaches the wells in the depths of the ancient river valley
sand. Further samples are taken directly at the individual wells. As soon as the groundwater
reaches the surface, these samples are taken. This is important in order to ensure that no
chemical and biological impairments necessitate any quality assurance interventions. In the
transport lines to each waterworks, several samples are also taken per week as a routine
measure.
Disinfection using chlorine, ozone or UV light is therefore superfluous. The Tegel
Waterworks use only disinfection by chlorine.(Fig.11)
In order to ensure that this high quality is not impaired en route to the consumer, for
example as a result of construction work or leaks in the pipe grid, monthly samples taken
from 180 points on customers’ premises are examined routinely. In addition, every newly
laid or modernised pipeline is only connected to the grid when the analysis results from the
laboratory confirm that the water is bacteriologically safe.
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Fig 12. Disinfection by chlorine
The quality of the water is checked via 15,000 samples per month in various parts of
Berlin. According to the measurements, the quality of the water in Berlin is very good,
its Nitrate, lead, Sodium, Sulphate, Chloride content is well below the limit values of
the European Union and Germany (table of the limits, Berlin water amounts). Thanks
to the bank filtration process, the water is usually not disinfected by chloride, its
usage is limited after maintenance works or pipe breaks.
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Fig13.Quality of drinking water from Tegel waterworks, annual average values for 2012. (source 5)
4. Conclusion
The visit to The Tegel Waterworks was so exciting and we learn a lot of thing about
purification of groundwater.
References:
1.http://www.bwb.de/content/language2/html/1107.php
2. http://ressourcewasser.fona.de/reports/bmbf/annual/2010/nb/English/404010/2 4 01-
3 Berliner Wasserbetriebe n.d. Water for Berlin clear water-clear information. Leaflet
to visitors.
4 http://www.google.com/patents/EP1143076B1?cl=de&hl=sk
5 http://www.bwb.de/content/language1/downloads/WW Analysedaten 2012.pdf
http://www.bwb.de/content/language2/html/1107.phphttp://ressourcewasser.fona.de/reports/bmbf/annual/2010/nb/English/404010/2http://www.google.com/patents/EP1143076B1?cl=de&hl=skhttp://www.bwb.de/content/language1/downloads/WW
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Report of Group 2: Water Market in Morocco*
Guide: Gutauskas, Paulius Litauen
Albulescu, Mirela Romania
Dreghiciu, Vasile Ioan Romania
Katser, Maria Russia
Lechwacki, Michal Poland
Muntean, Mihai Romania
Ordonez, Jose Abdon Colombia
Perez Sierra, Johanny Dominican Republic
Rangelova-Stoycheva, Iskra Bulgaria
Villachica Llamosas, Eileen Marlene Peru
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This presentation was done by Dipl.-Ing. Marcel Salazar, Senior Vice President of
Lahmeyer GKW Consult. This is an international consulting company with more than
50 years of experience on waste water collection and treatment and also, in solid
waste treatment. As the speaker indicated this company is member of the German
Water Partnership.
The experience of this company in Morocco includes the design and implementation
of sanitation services for 12 medium and small towns. Also, the company has be
related in the improvement of water supply and telemetry systems.
In Morocco the Water situation is like this: 72% of the population is connected to
sewer systems but only 20% to Waste Water Treatment Plants. 96% of the
population is connected to public water network, while only 43% of the rural
inhabitants are connected to the public water network.
The problem this company found during the execution of projects in Morocco is that, it
cannot deal with rural small projects since they are not profitable. The major issues of
the water market in Morocco indicate that there is an increase on water demand due
to increase in urbanization, industrial activities and irrigation in agriculture; also, the
water resources are scarce and not equally distributed. Finally, there is also a
problem with appropriate infrastructure
Natural conditions and impact on water resources
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Some strategic choices identified by Lahmeyer GKW are: 1. Use of non- conventional
resources, like desalination and waste water reuse, 2. save water through demand
management, 3. Management of hydraulic infrastructure, and 4. Water resources
protection. The main market drivers found were, among others: 1. there are water
stressed regions, which are also vulnerable to climate change, 2. Increase of prices
for oil and food, 3. Closeness to Europe, 4. Combination of Know-how with the local
and consulting company
Worldwide project experience
It was a very interesting presentation. Participants were in contact with experts in the
field and learnt from the experiences of the speakers in Morocco and throughout the
world.
Evaluation of the water market in Morocco
This presentation, shown on 23 April 2013 within the scope of conference The Key
Market Aspects Of Water Management in Arab Countries – Water Market Morocco,
was made by Mr Wiedemann from the AHK Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammer
in Morocco.As an introduction, listeners could get to know basic information about
this company. In Morocco, the AHK is since 1997 in Casablanca with about 370 co-
workers. In last years, the biggest impact on situation in this country had the Arabic
Spring. As a results of these actions, there are good conditions for human rights, it is
impossible to take control by other people (solid politic situation), but there are also
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many problems. There have been put into practice many national programmes to
modernize water market, however there is a lot of to do. In Morocco there is not
many opportunities to trade and many big challenges are in front of this country now
and in the future e.g., reform of subsidity, tasks for household and even discussion
about petrol price growth.
In Morocco there is about 11 bn m3 of surface water and 2,7 bn m3 of ground water
which are used in 20% to household and industrial purposes and 80% is for green
watering. This amount of water is counted as a renewable resource. It is projected
that in 2020 year, water demand for watering aim would grow from 11,5 bn m3 to
about 13,0 bn m3 (area of watering about 1,26 bn ha). What is more, water is a
source of energy – capacity of energy is on level 1 700 MW, this is almost 10% of
national energy demand. Morocco is characterized by many factors which make
much more troublesome management of resources. Changes of climate, people
migration and its growth (till 2025 from 7 to 10% will live in cities), development of
industry and services, especially tourist e.g., swimming pools, golf fields. What is
more, there is a problem with ground erosion, conditions of forests (faster and faster
deforestation), depletion of ground water resources etc. There is also a problem with
people awareness how to conserve water.
Water sector in Morocco has many units e.g., companies, offices which help to
improve this part of national economy what has an impact on water system. This one
is divided – there are four parts: licences (37% of population), urban offices (32%),
national office of water issues (28%) and 3% are for other groups. However,
everybody has not an access to water from systems. Quality of wastewater is worse
and worse. There is a lack of effective methods of wastewater treatment. In Morocco
it is an idea to create a sewage removal system for 80% of population till 2020 year
(90% till 2030 year) – one hundred of wastewater plants are built at the moment, but
only 20% of wastewater are collected. Actually, from this volume, there is only 20% of
wastewater recycled and reuse.
There is any effective tariff in Morocco which would help to gather money and make a
balance between costs, income and expenditure. Money are gained from subsidies
and international help.
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Morocco has many problems which will growth in the future. Uncontrolled
development of agglomerations, high level of water losses and lack of technical,
economic and social knowledge of water supply and sewage removal systems’
management. People should know how to conserve water, treat wastewater and start
to use much more reliable techniques which would be friendlier for themselves and
environment.
Non-water sanitation
As nowadays there are 2.5 billion people who do not have access to sanitation, the
goal of the Organisation Non-Water Sanitation is to raise people’s awareness on
problems related to this field and to find and implement more sustainable and
efficient solutions for the sanitation problems, with a particular interest for India where
this issue adversely affects the life and well-being of the inhabitants (809 million
people live without sanitation).
What best describes their work is “the process of managing information and
knowledge strategically to change and/or influence policies and practices that affect
the lives of people – particularly the disadvantaged”.
The proposed alternative is the concept of ecological sanitation (ecosan) which could
prove more appropriate for some areas, if the resources contained in excreta and
wastewater were recovered and used (i.e., as fertilizers for the agriculture) rather
than discharged into the water bodies and the surrounding environment. This type of
sanitation eliminates the need of water, ensuring at the same time a high level of
sanitation and the proposed technology in the urine diverting dry toilet (UDDT) which
prevents urine, faeces and water from mixing together, protecting thus water from
pollution.
In order to prove the feasibility and
sustainability of this idea, some pilot
projects were implemented in India,
namely the project in Darewadi and
the project for Adhivasi Ashramshala
Residential School, located 70 km
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Northwest of Pune and run by Sevadham Trust.
Garade is a rural settlement located 26 km South of Pune, divided into four hamlets,
one of them being Darewadi accommodating 75 families, out o which only 26 have
toilet system. The remaining 49 families still do open defecation as they do not have
enough water to flush the faeces and do not dispose of the technologies and money
to establish toilet systems.
One of their demarches in achieving their purpose is volunteer bike riding organised
with under the flag of Guts for Change team, who travelled from Berlin to India to
raise attention to and donations for their dry toilet project in Garade. At the same
time, the organisation cooperates with different types of stakeholders, including
governmental agencies and international partners, that help solving the sanitation
problems from a multifold perspective, including training, design and implementation
of sanitation systems, demonstration, networking, promotion and awareness raising
activities
Darewadi – Garade project
To date, through the Ecosan
Services Foundation 18 more
contracts were signed for the
UDDT with the families in the
region and 10 contracts will be
signed in the near future.
The Organisation Non-Water
Sanitation stick to their purpose
trying to equip the whole village
with sanitation, inform people about hygiene, impart the knowledge about the using of
sludge and urine as a fertilizer for the agriculture, increase the income of the
inhabitants by keeping them safe from water caused illnesses.
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Sevadham Trust – Adhivasi Ashramshala Residential School
Apart from the problems related to the sanitation installations, the school faced
another stringent problem, as it had not enough drinking water
The purpose of the project is to supply dry toilets to the Adhivasi Ashramshala
Residential School till June 2013, building 16 UDDTs in order to implement a
complete sustainable sanitation project based of the cooperation of multidisciplinary
experts
(experience of German and India engineers and architects).
The first step is to plan a toilet
house for 500 children, so there will be one single construction with eight toilets for
girls, six for boys and two for their teachers, all with ventilation pipes, hand wash
basins, mirrors, lockable doors, urinals with screens, a stable roof construction, toilets
for disabled persons and enough capacity of soaps, bins and other hygiene stuff.
The second step consists of education on hygiene and sanitation topics, by means of
participatory programs like My School Loo, Fit for School, Chast (Children’s hygiene
and sanitation training) and also through surveys, hand wash programs and
menstrual hygiene management.
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Report of Group 3: Young Water Professional Conference
Guide: Bahja, Frida Albania
Bueno Alves, Renata Brazil
Dascalu, Oana Denisa Romania
Goshwami, Probir Kumar Bangladesh
Hadzhiev, Kristian Bulgaria
Hategan, Mihai Romania
Mitenkova, Liubov Russia
Radomyski, Artur Poland
Sacaciu, Horia-Mircea Romania
Villaverde Hernandez, Diego Peru
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Young Water Professional Conference was held on 26 April 2013, during Trade Fair
Wasser Berlin International, and it had as main topic "Household Water Treatment
and Safe Storage".
This is a big challenge in nowadays in many countries all over the world, especially in
developing countries, that are in lack of investments for drinking water and
wastewater treatment plants. The slogan of this Conference was inspired by the
statistics of World Health Organization as follows: " Every year there are 2 million
diarrheal deaths related to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene — the vast majority
among children under 5. More than one billion people lack access to an improved
water source."
Water is a basis of all life. Water is an invaluable product which can't be replaced
with something other. Without water we can live not more than five days! And it's a
known fact that the quantity of water on a planet Earth is constant. The problem is
that on a planet stocks of pure drinking water are constantly reduced. It happens with
a growth of population and respectively increasing of volume of water consumption.
About 80% of all diseases in countries are connected with contamination of drinking
water.
What can we do?
How can we solve it in certain conditions?
We believe that we have a change, as long as there are people in the world,
including here the Young Water Professionals, that are thinking about the global
importance of water issues and that are willing to give their contribution on solving
this problems.
The conference is addressed at this countries trying to bring as a solution the
household water treatment, to improve the drinking water quality and to treat the
wastewater. The main topic of the discussions was the problem of polluted water.
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Many people in developing countries get their drinking water from polluted rivers or
lakes. For these people household water treatment can improve the drinking water
quality and reduce the number of diarrheal diseases.
the right to access drinking water and that is a an important challenge especially in
developing countries.
The Conference started at 9:30 with a presentation of Almas Haider, from Berlin,
Germany. It continued with the presentations of Jose Abdon Ordonez from Kassel,
Germany, Hana Baddad from Amman, Jordan, Frida Bahja from Tirana, Albania and
Sherif Mohamed Ismail Roshdy from Cairo, Egypt. After each presentation, questions
were addressed to each presenter. Below we a short description is given for each
presentation.
1st Presentation: A glance on water
crisis and HWTS India – A study on
Delhi by Almas Haider, Berlin, Germany
India is fast becoming urbanized and Delhi
city, with approx. 17 million people is the
second most populous city in the country. The growing population is adversely
affecting natural resources and environment.
Water resources in India are extensively
exploited, which has become a big social and
environmental issue. India is also facing the challenge of climate change and global
warming which are pressurizing the issue of water.
Delhi’s urban slums are served with water through common facilities, unsafe
extractions and temporary arrangements e.g. tankers. The municipal authorities
provide poor slum settlements with the most basic of sanitation services including
community toilets, open and shallow street-side drains for household wastewater
disposal and a limited solid waste collection service, resulting in polluted surface
waters and contaminated or depleted groundwater. Presented data show highly
Fig. 1. Percentage of cases of particular waterborne diseases.
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uneven distribution of water among Delhi’s
districts. No-water-supplied areas are
predominantly JJ slums, urbanized villages and
unauthorized colonies like Mehrauli Area where
average water availability equals 29 lpcd. This
contradicts significantly with other Delhi’s areas
like Delhi Contonment with average water
availability of 509 lpcd. Unhygienic
environmental conditions in these settlements
together with Ill-balanced water supply structure
create numerous negative outcomes. Roughly 70 % of all health issues are
waterborne diseases with the prevailing percentage of diarrhea and skin/eyes
infections (Fig.1.). Decrease
in education level and earnings are another aspects attributable to poor water
condition.
Bacteriological test conducted by Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) in 2012
showed that almost 70 % of lifted tap water samples have failed to meet
requirements for drinking water. These results highlight the need for actions to
improve water quality in Delhi. Application at households level of simple, cost
effective solutions like boiling water, chlorination, solar water disinfection (performed
by exposing containers with water to sunlight while storing), water purifiers or use of
bottled water can be given as an example of such measures.
As concluding remarks regarding handling with water crisis in Delhi the
following is pointed out: bridging the gap between actual needs and current status of
water sanitation in Delhi. There is a chance to achieve this by providing cost effective
solutions but in order to address the most urgent needs in Delhi the cooperation from
government, industry, NGOs and Academia is required.
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2nd Presentation: The water-backpack PAUL in Colombia: Comparison
with other technologies and challenges for its application as a small-
scale water supply system for remote rural communities by Jose A.
Ordóñez, Kassel, Germany.
Colombia, in between other countries, has a lack of
improved water sources in urban and rural
disparities. Its average ranges from 50-75% of
drinking water coverage in the rural areas (that
represents 25% of the country population). The
true values can be even smaller, being masked by
the government.
Some unimproved water supply is made by cart
with small tank/drum, tanker-truck or directly
surface water extraction. While improved solutions
used include POU and POE technologies.
Challenges in the treatment now include protozoa and bacteria, virus, NOM, nitrate,
etc. As already known, ultra and micro membrane (UF and MF) filtration could be
used to eliminate some of these in the filtrate.
A portable ultra-low pressure MF (ULP-MF) and a ULP-UF are proposed as solution
in such applications as POU, POE, and/or emergency. It is named Portable Aqua
Unit for Lifesaving (PAUL). The current model of PAUL has the possibility of treating
1200 l/day of water, enough to supply 400 people in emergency situations. With ideal
usage it eliminates 99.999% of the bacteria and 99.9% of the viruses from the raw
water.
PAUL weights 20kg, making it easy to transport to remote villages and the operation
is simple. It works with gravity, without any use of other energy/force.
PAUL was tested in different scenarios in Colombia such as: different rural
communities; different operating and maintenance conditions; following up
operational parameters under realistic usage (flux, water quality, and membrane
cleaning). Samples were collected almost every 2 months (total of 4 samples) and
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maintenance was made once or twice per month by back-flushing, and by chemical
cleaning after 8 months.
Raw water from wells (high conductivity, hardness, and alkalinity levels), Jagüeyes
(high turbidity, color, NOM, and cyanobacteria), and from tanker-truck were used.
Results showed for turbidity and color, decays to 1% and 12% from the raw water to
the filtrate, respectively. Nitrate itself had a decrease to 27% from the total measured
amount in raw water. And bacteria were completely eliminated during the filtration.
There was reducing from 3,000 l/day to 201 ± 9 l/day (before maintenance) in the end
of the experimental period of 8 months.
A clay filter in the same situation reduces the turbidity to 1.4% from the initial value
and eliminated the bacteria with circa 99.9%. But it also has 20% of the useful life
than PAUL (10 years) and the filtration rate is 10 times smaller.
In summary, PAUL has been used not only as a fast response solution during
disasters or emergencies, but also as a household water treatment for remote rural
areas worldwide; this ULP-UF module can potentially be part of a water treatment
train for small and remote villages worldwide. Further improvements could be made
with pre and post treatment processes.
3rd Presentation: Public Acceptance of Using Non-Conventional Water for
Landscape: The case of Amman, Jordan by Hana Baddad, Amman,
Jordan.
Jordan is an Arab kingdom located in
The Middle East, north west of Saudi
Arabia and south of Syria. The western
part of the country receives greater
precipitation during the winter season
from November to March and snowfall
in Amman. In general, the farther inland from the Mediterranean a given part of the
country lies, the greater are the seasonal contrasts in temperature and the less
rainfall.
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Jordan is ranked among the ten poorest countries in the world in terms of water
resources, and its water scarcity is increasing, especially in Amman, which has the
highest population density of 2,385,594 people living in 1680 km2 as it is the
concentration of development in the country. Water demand for the population is
continually increasing mainly because the population is increasing very rapidly due to
birth rates, increasing life expectancy and large scale immigration from neighboring
countries due to the political situation of the region.
Urban expansion in Amman has occurred in relatively short time, and this has
affected the quality of life and water resources for people living in the city. Therefore,
Jordan urgently seeks sustainable management practices to conserve water, one of
these methods is to use non-conventional water source on household level. This
could be done by implementing efficient systems for rain water harvesting or grey
water. This study examines acceptance of Amman’s people regarding implementing
rain water harvesting system or grey water system; its barriers and opportunities, the
role of main stakeholders, landscapers, and experts. This was achieved by two
different interviews with gardens owners and experts. Results showed that around
31% of gardens owners accept and have the potential to implement rainwater
harvesting systems while only 15% are interested of using grey water system.
Grey water, or sullage, is wastewater generated from domestic activities such as
laundry, dishwashing, and bathing, which can be recycled on-site for uses such as
landscape irrigation and constructed wetlands. Grey water differs from water from the
toilets which is designated sewage or black water to indicate it contains human
waste. Therefore one of the essential toward achieving sustainable water use is to
reduce the unrestricted water use for landscape in Amman. Results also showed that
landscape experts has implemented within last three years twenty projects of
gardens which use the non-conventional water sources for irrigation : twelve of them
depended totally on rainwater harvesting system and the other eight depended totally
on grey water system for irrigation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewaterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_wastehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_waste
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In 2002 MWI (Jordanian Ministry of Water and Irrigation) established the Water
Demand Management Unit to be responsible for promoting water conservation and
raising public and private sector awareness regarding water use efficiency, proposing
measures such as : promoting the use of non-conventional water sources such as
grey water and rain water harvesting, developing and implementing regulations to
ensure the adoption of water-wise landscaping principles for efficient landscape
water use in all gardens and a continuous educational and public awareness
campaign. It was found that the idea of using non-conventional water is socially
accepted. However, lack of awareness and knowledge regarding it were determined,
therefore cooperation between all ministries, associations and engineers should be
enacted to achieve the best awareness practice that people can interact with.
4th Presentation Proposed Technologies for On Lot Systems in Albania
by Frida Bahja, Tirana, Albania. Co-author: Enkelejda Gjinali, Tirana,
Albania.
Albania has a population of 3 million inhabitants
and more than the half of the population lives in
the villages and in the rural areas. Nearly 1.7
million people do not connect to the sewage
collection network and 0.7 million of them live in
municipalities outside the service area of water
supplies. Even the population that is inside the
service area of water supplies, is not totally
connected to the sewerage network.
Therefore, as solution in this rural areas would be
the treatment with Small Scale WWTP depending
on the size of the agglomeration, or with on lot systems. Today, Albania has a
national plan to implement sixteen (14) centralized WWTP that will serve the most
urbanized areas of the country (approximately 2.4 million inhabitants).
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Donors along with MPWT have been a driving force in stressing the need to make
wastewater treatment a high priority, particularly along the more densely populated
coastal areas of the country, that are a key economic driver of Albania’s tourist
industry.
However, Albania has also worked to emphasize the need to address wastewater
treatment in less populated areas with communities of 500 to 10.000 inhabitants,
which have not been included in the mid-term national plan for the implementation of
wastewater treatment due to high investment costs for centralized systems, high
operating costs, and low local capacities to operate and maintain the treatment
technologies. According to the four administrative levels in Albania, the respective
number of administrative units is indicated for each of them as follows:
(12) Qark or Prefecture (highest level),
(36) District,
(308) Communes and (65) Municipalities,
(2.980) Villages and (72) Towns.
In the countrywide there are 3.052 settlements (72 towns plus 2.980 villages). The
villages with < 200 inhabitants are the highest percentage of the villages which
speaks of a considerable number of abandoned housed by population because of the
emigration/immigration for a better life conditions . Giving a special importance to this
issue, the government of Albania despite the treatment in agglomerations >10.000. is
working on the solution for sanitation even at small scale. A draft of the guideline for
on lot systems is being prepared by the specialist of the field, will be part of the
National Technical Standards. In the guideline are proposed 6 low-cost technologies
as the most adequate technologies for the conditions of Albania. In addition, for each
of them are given specifics related with the technical design, implementation,
operation and maintenance. Albania will be the first country in Balkans Region to
have such technologies available on the National Technical Standards represented
as a low.
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5th Presentation: System – (DeWaTARS) Model in Rural areas in Egypt by
Sherif Mohamed Ismail Roshdy, Cairo, Egypt.
The provision of sanitation services for rural areas in
adequate conditions of quality and coverage is a
challenge for many countries because they must
overcome economic, social, environmental, legal and
technical obstacles. Egypt is not an exception.
In order to solve the sanitation problem in rural areas in
Egypt, Sherif Roshdy (El Cairo, Egypt) proposes the
development and implementation of a micro
decentralized model applying the Decentralized
Wastewater Treatment and Recycling Systems
(DeWaTARS) approach. It differs in three ways from
other international approaches: (i) It adopts the idea of wastewater treatment and
recycling without favoring one method over the other; (ii) It tailors the process
according to the need; and, (iii) It incorporates the model of centralized management
in decentralized wastewater systems.
The Egyptian experience in the micro decentralization seems to be quite limited up
until today due to some difficulties of constructing decentralized sanitation system
such as financing, land availability, attitude of villagers regarding sharing
responsibilities and government employees were against changes (Eisels T., 2011).
This motivated the search for a new model and DeWaTARS might be the best option
because it has the ability to adapt to the rural housing environment in Egypt and
overcome the management problem through identifying a proper management entity.
However, the author suggests that is important to consider the following aspects to
implement the DeWaTARS in the best way:
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a) The management entity must be characterized by the following standards: steady
legal status, independence, affiliations, ability and integration.
b) The Rural Sanitation Unit (RSU) will be the core of DeWaTARS model. The main
reason to choose RSU is that being part of the Holding Company for Water and
Wastewater in Egypt will help to overcome the legal aspects and add the power of
law to the management process.
c) Develop a management program that considers planning, financing, installation,
operation and maintenance, and awareness. The target goal of the program is to
highlight rural community efforts to deal with public health and water recourses
d) Integration between social, cultural, environmental and economic conditions in the
target area is required in order to build a solid management strategy.
e) A new policy and framework are needed to justify strategies and identify
responsibilities.
f) Executive tools are needed by micro decentralization.
Finally, it should be noted that national and local government could support this
process by promoting wastewater reuse and providing information on best
management practices of wastewater.
6th Presentation: Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in Rural Areas in
Morocco – Catalog of Good Practices by Magdalena Feil, Cologne,
Germany.
Worldwide, an estimated of 2.6 billion people lack access
to sanitation. From these, Sub-Saharian, southern Asia
and Oceania regions have the lowest coverage. Here,
open defecation (e.g. rivers) increase the risk of
transmitting diseases like diarrhea and cholera. This also
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increases environmental and water pollution and has economic and social
consequences.
Morocco, situated in northern Africa has 32 million inhabitants, with 42% living in rural
areas, 27% of these being considered poor. In these rural areas, only half of the
population has access to improved sanitation facilities, because of limited technical
and financial resources (e.g. no qualified personnel).
The goal is for the protection of water resources from pollution and to facilitate social
and economic development in Morocco’s rural areas. This can be done through a
decentralized wastewater management.
Because no appraisal of already existing decentralized solutions in Morocco, and no
catalog of suitable solutions in Morocco exist, the approach for achieving this goal
starts with reviewing existing catalogs on decentralized wastewater solutions. Also an
analysis of traditional wastewater treatment solutions and techniques implemented by
organizations or the government had to be done. This includes evaluation of 7
integrated decentralized treatment solutions, according to its affordability and
appropriateness. After this had been, an establishment of a decision guide was
made.
This compendium of decentralized treatment solutions for Morocco’s rural areas is as
following:
Pour Flush Toilet with subsequent Septic Tank and Cesspit
Composting Toilets
Waste Stabilization Ponds
Pour Flush Slab Latrines
Bathroom with UDDT, shower and Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed
Wetland
Agricultural Biogas Reactor
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Anaerobic Biogas Reactor with subsequent Horizontal Subsurface Flow
Constructed Wetland
In elaborating a decision guide, two factors must be taken into consideration before
choosing a technology : affordability (Economical and financial issues) and
appropriateness (Health issues, impact to environment, technical characteristics,
social, cultural and gender). Therefore, all solutions must be assessed according to
these factors.
Conclusion
As safe water supply and sanitation is a issue and big challenge now a day in all over
the world, more economic and ecologic and reach to the door step technologies
needed for ensuring safe life of Human being. In the conference all the five
presenters come up with the concept of new technologies providing safe water and
sanitation in urban remote area. Ideas, descried din the presentation were more
connecting with the mutual participation of the audience by details discussion
session. It is quite obvious; the conference session will help the Young Water
Professions to enhance their knowledge in the water supply and sanitation filed.
Again, Prevailing situation in context of other parts of the world will help the
participant to adapt global ideas on their knowledge. At the same time the conference
was the platform to bring the professionals from different regions and culture and to
share their knowledge and ideas.
As a conclusion we want to thank the organizers for the high quality of the event and
for their hospitality that made our staying in Berlin very enjoyable. It was a great
experience to meet with people from different countries that share the same interest
about water issues. The Conference achieved its aim, since it created debate,
discussions and network between the participants.
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Report of Group 4 - “Spree 2011” Excursion Report
Guide: Toth, Eszter Hungary
Bogdanova, Mariya Bulgaria
Fontenla Razzetto, Gabriela Peru
Groza, Stephana-Madalina Romania
Hernandez Parrodi, Juan Carlos Mexico
Marcu, Claudiu-Razvan Romania
Moreno Del Aguila, Pedro Erdulfo Peru
Spirovska, Sanja Macedonia
Stoychev, Svetlin Bulgaria
Zambo, Gabriel Romania
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Rudolfstraße Pumping Station
At first we visited the pumping station located on Rudolfstraße, which was built in
1889 and was commissioned on July 3rd 1893, with two piston pumps powered by
steam with a pumping capacity of 160 l/second.
The pumping station was constituted of the machine house, the boiler house, the
official´s house and a shed. The wastewater was pumped to sewage farms at
Falkenberg and Hellersdorf.
In 1914 a Smithy and a Workshop where added to the boiler house.
Around 1928 the shed on the eastern side was rebuilt into an operations building.
Images 1 and 2. Pumping Station Rudolfstraße, Boiler- and Machine house around 1930.
Around 1933 the pumps where upgraded to function on electricity and diesel, and
there where added two new double piston pumps. In 1945 the pumping station
suffered war damage.
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Image 3. Pumping Station Rudolfstraße, war damage 1945.
One year later, in 1946 the pumping station received two new centrifugal pumps an
two step horizontal one and a vertical one. In 1969 the pumping station was renewed
and it was switch to full electrical operation. In the same year another vertical
centrifugal pump was added.
In 1980 and 1992 two more centrifugal pumps where added, also in 1992 the
electrical system was renewed. The double piston pumps were undergoing a general
repair around the years 1995 and 1996.
Today there are still two piston pumps used in the Rudolfstraße pumping plant to
send the wastewater to multiple treatment plants of Berlin. There are still powered by
electrical motors and have been kept in a very good shape.
The electrical motors power a transmission belt which moves the piston shaft. The
pumps where modernized a bit, for example a temperature gauge was added to
determine the right amount of oil to lubricate the piston shaft. In the past the
temperature of the piston shaft was checked manually by putting the hand on the
shaft which was a dangerous thing to do. When the piston is drown back it aspirates
the wastewater into the pump, and when the piston is pushed forward it compresses
the water and sends it through pipes to a wastewater treatment plant of choice.
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Image 4. Pumps.
The old workshop of the pumping station is still functional today and it is used to
repair old parts of the pumps when they break. The workshop has a lathe, an old
fashioned drilling machine, all powered by an electrical motor and the separate tools
are connected to this motor by transmission belts.
This old pumping station will go offline in this year, and will be turned in to a museum.
The reason of this decision is not because the pumping station is not energy efficient,
but because of it can’t be automated.
Friedrichstraße Pumping Station
They started 1893 on the historical important area a few hundred meters nearly the
first waterworks in Berlin built in 1892. It didn’t belong to a German company, but to
an English one. This station is for taking wastewater from the all the district of
Friedrichstrasse. We could appreciate very antique functioning pumps built during
1930´s. They now are able to work with a hard 150 l.
They really needed too much money to work during this period but the people just got
sick there, were a lot of epidemic and other diseases were common. This was due to
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the fact that the wastewater was running in open channels straight to the streets. And
for a long time they didn’t know from where the epidemics came and in London they
found out to take out the water with pumps. Also, they figured out to take out their
drinking water just few meters next to the river bank. Another reason, is that Berlin
between 1960 -70 was the most stinky city in Europe. The problem was similar in
London, so they decide to close the channels.
The pump station VII at Lützowstraße is an example for a key wastewater pumping
plant dating back to the times of the construction of the first comprehensive sewage
system of Berlin. It was at the core of "Radial System VII", a system of canalization
which covered an area which stretched beyond the city limits of late 19th century in
Berlin, including adjacent suburban areas such as the northern part of what is now
the district of Schöneberg up to Grunewaldstraße, and the East of the Charlottenburg
district to "Bahnhof Zoo" railway station.
Pump station VII was built from 1881 to 1883. It consists of a boiler and engine
house, a residential building to house communal workers and two workshops, which
are still standing today.
The three pumps operated in the main building, a large hall that today houses the
restaurant. Until the 1930s, the complete plant was powered by steam engines.
Later, two of the three pumps were refitted to be electrically powered. The third
pump, which remained and is now at displayed in the restaurant, was equipped with
a large six-cylinder ship's diesel engine of 300 hp, build by MWM. Above this
machinery a hydraulic lifting platform was installed, capable of lifting up to 10 tons.
The diesel engine drove the gigantic flywheel. Connecting rods then drove the double
piston pump. In this way it became possible to pump wastewater over a considerable
distance uphill from the urban canalization system to the sewage farms of the remote
Ruhleben district.
Pump station VII was taken out of service in the 1970s. All pumps were dismantled
except for one, which was meticulously restored and listed as a historical monument.
They have the same system In London, Tokyo, Moscow.
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Spree 2011 Pilot Plant
The second part of the excursion included a visit to the Pilot Plant Spree2011. The
project seeks to improve the water quality of the Spree river and to turn it into a river
with clean water and to enhance the return of flora and fauna, where people can
swim safely again. For achieving this goal, LURI watersystems GmbH, the
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and Berlin Wasserbetriebe
have joined efforts to develop a system for storing the wastewater coming from the
canalization in Berlin during heavy rainfall events.
The problem
Although wastewater management has improved considerably in recent years and
many sources of pollution have been eliminated, there is still a persistent problem:
during heavy rainfall events the canalization system collapses, and therefore, a
mixture of polluted rainwater and wastewater flows into the Spree river. This happens
between 20 to 30 times per year, with consequences for human and ecosystems’
health. Until the 1970s, the wastewater was flowing directly into the river.
Conventional solutions for this problem were the construction of underground storm
water basins (made of concrete).
However, the main disadvantages of this system include:
Long planning time.
High costs.
Corrosion of materials.
It is under this scenario that the pilot project SPREE2011 arose as an alternative
solution.
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The pilot project
The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research through the
Foundation Zukunft Berlin. LURI water systems GmbH is in charge of the overall
project management and TU Berlin and Berlin Wasserbetriebe are project partners.
The total cost was of 1.5 million Euros. The model consists of a module of
interconnected tanks system which is installed directly in the waters off the point of
discharge of the sewage system. The facility is located below the water surface and
is anchored to the river bottom. If there is an overflow during a heavy rain event, the
system picks up the waste and saves it. After the rain, when the sewage system is
free again, the water stored in the tanks is pumped back.
The systems include: a pipe of fiberglass 12.19m long, with a diameter of 2.00 m and
a capacity of 38.82 cubic meters. The pipes can be filled with wastewater in only 10
minutes and be stored in the system for around 6 hours. After that time, the
wastewater is pumped back to the wastewater treatment plant in a process that lasts
5 hours. After the pipes are emptied, the system is cleaned automatically. However, it
is also possible to carry out the treatment process of the wastewater inside of the
system itself, and then discharge directly into the river. An air system prevents the
bad odors and it works very well under different conditions: waves, fast flowing water,
etc.
Advantages of this system are:
It can be self-financed.
Short planning time (approx. 1 year).
Short building time (approx. 6 months).
Cheaper than conventional methods (approx. 20% less).
The project will be on trial run for the first two years, after which it will be property of
Wasser Berlinbetriebe. It is estimated that 14 of these modules are needed in the
Spree to make it a suitable river for bathing and recreation activities inside of the
water.
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Image 5. A usable space platform which can be used for installing gardens, camping sites or
bathing places.
Image 6. One of the 10 fiberglass columns installed 23 m deep into the Spree.
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Why fiberglass piping in the Spree river?
Image 7. Installing process of fiberglass piping.
Dissolved organic carbon, sulphate, phosphate, ammonia and nitrate are the
principal parameters of the river Spree. Because of how aggressive can be the Spree
river´s water planners and project designers selected the fiberglass pipes as
appropriate technological alternative for this unique project.
For 30 years, some studies showed that conventional materials piping, may fail in a
matter of months, but a material that has demonstrated good fidelity and resistance in
this aggressive environment are fiberglass pipe.
Piping systems in industries subject to extreme corrosion, abrasion and heat.
Advantages of fiber pipes :
Excellent resistance to corrosion
Abrasion resistant
They have resistance to combustion gas mixtures
Uses of fiberglass pipe
Wastewater, drinking water, deionized water, boiler.
Water for firefighting.
Wastewater, demineralized water and deionized water.
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Piping systems fiberglass are manufactured and tested under standards and norms
as:
1. ASTM D2996.
2. ASTM D2997.
3. AWWA M45.
4. Factory Mutual.
5. ASME / ANSI B31.1 "Power Piping".
Therefore, these systems have gained international recognition by ISO 9001:2000
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Report of Group 5 - “Schaustelle Wasser Berlin International”
Excursion
Guide: Hortopan, Oana-Liana Romania
Aleksieva, Ivayla Bulgaria
Dumitru , Marcela Gabriela Romania
Husti, Mircea Stefan Romania
Mowla Chowdhury, Rumman Bangladesh
Ormandzhieva, Zlatina Bulgaria
Rivera Villarreyes, Carlos Andres Peru
Spasov, Spas Bulgaria
Valenas, Darian Alexandru Romania
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Introduction
Young Water Professionals (YWP) is a Programme created by the International
Water Association (IWA) and takes place all over the world. IWA created the YWP
Programme to provide mechanisms to ensure that knowledge is not lost upon the
retirement of personnel.
The IWA YWP Programme provides a range of activities, services and initiative to
young professionals and students in the water and wastewater sector under the age
of 30. As well as engaging with YWPs, the YWP Programme also connects with
employers, academic institutions and other professional associations to ensure that
the future needs of the sector are understood and addressed and intergenerational
dialogue is created to form links between senior professionals of the sector and
professionals.
In Germany, the Young Water Professionals (YWP) Programme takes place once a
year – since 2001 – with around 50 young national and international engineers and
economists. It includes excursions, workshops, symposiums, seminars and
presentations by companies and different organizations. This year the 12th YWP
Programme was organised by the German Association for Water, Wastewater and
Waste (DWA) from 22th to 26th April 2013 in Berlin on the occasion of WASSER
BERLIN INTERNATIONAL.
Figure 1. Messe Berlin
Our group’s (Nr 5.) exercise was to write a report about the “Schaustelle Wasser
Berlin International” excursion. At the Ruhleben WWTP, the first place we visited, we
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noticed the steps that took place in the wastewater treatment process, such as the
mechanical and biological sewage treatment, biological phosphate elimination in
combination with nitrification and denitrification. After these processes the sewage
sludge is dewatered and burned in fluidised bed furnaces with down line waste heat
recovery and flue gas scrubbing. After visiting this water treatment plant we went to
the Reuter West power station where we were shown the treatment process of the
industrial water, through filtration and ultra filtration. The second treatment plant we
went to was the Schönerlinde wastewater treatment plant where we saw the four
steps of reducing the phosphorus compounds and sediments down to 0.01g/ m³.
Finally we’ve completed the tour by going to a main pumping station for waste water.
Water line at Waste Water Treatment Plant of Ruhleben
The technological scheme of WWTP of Ruhlenben includes mechanical treatment in
the inlet of the raw water, primary sedimentation and biological treatment with
removal of nitrogen and phosphorus.
For primary treatment, waste water which is pumped by the pumping stations
through pressure pipes to the waste water treatment plant, passes through the
mechanical treatment stage. Coarse solid materials such as paper, textiles, wood
and plastic are removed in the screening plants. Automatic rakes remove any waste
stuck on the screen. Then it is collected, dewatered in containers, and disposed of.
The waste water then flows through the gift chamber. It consists of long channels in
which coarse mineral solids such as sand, gravel and stones settle on the bottom of
the channels. These solid materials, which now are called grit, are pushed by
scrapers into hoppers and pumped into grid washing tanks. There, the grit is freed of
organic substances, dewatered and later disposed of.
In the primary sedimentation tanks the flow of the water is lower so that lighter,
undissolved substances can settle out at the bottom of the tanks. The floatable
particles are collected on the surface of the water. The primary sludge is pushed by
scrapers into sludge hoppers from where the sludge is pumped to the sludge
treatment plant. Floating materials on the water surface which mainly consist grease
and oil is removed by scrapers.
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Figure 2. Airial view of Ruhleben WWTP, Berlin, Germany
After that the mechanically treated water goes to the aeration tanks which are the
first stage of the biological treatment. In these tanks dissolved organic substances as
well as phosphorus and nitrogen compounds are degraded. The degradation is
carried out by bacteria and other microorganisms which form the aerated sludge.
The first part of the aeration tanks is free of oxygen (DE nitrification zone). This
stimulates bacteria to consume phosphorus compounds in the waste water in the
subsequent oxygen-rich zone of the aeration tanks (nitrification zone). The nitrogen
compounds are reduced by other bacteria, which are also exposed to changing
oxygen concentrations. In addition to biological phosphorus removal, simultaneous
chemical precipitation can be used if needed. In this case, the precipitant iron (II)
sulphate is added to the aeration tanks in a dissolved form. Iron (III) phosphate is
produced which then mixes with the biological sludge.
The wastewater then flows through the secondary sedimentation tanks (clarifiers).
Here the activated sludge has several hours to settle out. Afterwards, it is pushed
into hoppers and then mostly pumped back into the aeration tanks in order to
maintain a constant level of micro-organisms for biological treatment. Finally, any
excess sludge is passed on to the sludge treatment plant for further processing. The
clarified water goes from the tanks to the point of discharge.
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Sludge line at Ruhleben WWTP
Berliner Wasserbetriebe have continuously enhanced the treatment performance of
their wastewater treatment plants and hold a leading position worldwide in the use of
suitable technologies – all of which are developed in Berlin.
Figure 3. Ruhleben WWTP, Berlin, Germany
The Berlin’s Waste Water Treatment Plant at Ruhleben was established in 1963. At
1983 was the commission of the second stage of its extension. At the middle of the
80’s of the past century was committed the sludge dewatering and combustion step.
In the end of 1993 was committed and the last – the third extension. The latest
modernization of the plan was made in the end
of 1996 and the beginning of 1997.
At the largest of the Berlin’s six WWTPs –
Ruhleben waste water treatment plant, about
54 % of the total annual amount of waste
water sludge produced in the plant is used for
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generating electricity. This actually is happening since 2005 until now. The sludge is
first dried mechanically and then burned in fluidized-bed furnaces. The resulting heat
is used to generate steam in a boiler and this steam powers the condensing turbines
which drive the generators.
The sludge line in the treatment process of the
purified water consists of six centrifuges and
three fluidized bed furnaces.
The waste water sludge is dewatered with the
centrifuges and burned in the fluidized bed
furnaces with a temperature of 750° C and a
minimum combustion temperature of 850° C.
The thermal energy contained in the flue gas is used mostly for steam generation
and for preheating of the combustion air and the boiler feed water. The heat
contained in the flue gas from sludge incineration
is used to generate steam and to compress air
with steam turbine compressors, and to aerate
the activated sludge basins. Excess steam is
converted into electricity in a steam turbine
generator. At the end of the sludge treatment line
there is filter systems and a so-called "flue gas
scrubbing" plant that ensure no pollutants
emitted into the atmosphere by this process.
Figure 4. Ruhleben WWTP
visit – sludge burning
Electricity and heat from sewage sludge as an alternative source of energy makes
the future safer and helps for protection of the environment.
This unpleasant, smelly residue of waste-water treatment sludge is now becoming
increasingly important because biogas and energy can be obtained from sewage
sludge. The generation of energy from sludge method is really good implemented in
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the Berlin’s waste water treatment plants and gives quite good results. The Berliner
plant of Ruhleben is a real example how such water works should run to prevent the
environment and to be useful for the population from one side and on the other to
increase the efficiency by decreasing the operational costs of the plant itself.
Pilot Surface Water Treatment Plant for Phosphorus removal in OWA -
Tegel
OWA (Oberfläsche Wasseraufberetungsanlage) Tegel is treating the water of
Tegeler See. The plant is in operation since 1985.
A part of an interesting project is being realised at the moment - a pilot plant, that
has to find the most efficient treatment method for anthropogenic impurities removal
(phosphorus removal).
The plant is built in an old chlorination plant at OWA Tegel, that is no longer in
operation.
The method is illustrated on the photo below:
Figure 5. Pilot Surface Water Treatment Plant scheme
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In the main stream can be dosed Powdered Activated Carbon suspension or/and a
Precipitant, which are being mixed in a Static Mixer. Then the water is being taken to
a three stage Mixing Cascade in whose last chamber can also be dosed a
Flocculant. The surplus sludge from the chemicals is being removed by a Pump.
From there the water is being taken to a Settling Cyclone. By a Recirculation Pump
part of the settled sludge can be pumped back to the Cascade`s inlet. The final stage
of treatment is the double layer Rapid Sand Filters. The two layers could be
Anthracite- Sand, Pumice - Sand, also it is possible to be used Granular Activated
Carbon.
This way by combining different treatments and control of the system the most
efficient method will be chosen.
Figure 6. Rapid Sand Filters
The Control and Information System for Waste Water (LISA)
The sewer network in the city centre of Berlin is a mixed system as it collects both
rain water and waste water, but outside the capital it is a separated system. The
sewer network transports all the waste water to the pumping stations and therefore
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everything is pumped to the waste water treatment plants because there is no
channelling system that leads water directly to these plants. The length of Berlin’s
sewer network is of about 1.100 km.
The project of the Control and Information System for the Waste Water started in
2001 and in 2008 all the pumping stations began working.
All the pumping stations are equipped with a control informatical system which helps
connect them to the WWTPs and it gives the possibility to control the amount and
the direction of waste water towards the plants. There are 13 main pumping stations
connected to 13 servers through a telephone line.
There are 360 pumping stations in Berlin and a few special ones for rain water when
there is an excess of rain water that direct it to special rain water tanks. The sewer
network and the pumping stations are managed by the operator Berliner
Wasserbetriebe.
The control centre is able to collect all the data from all the pumping stations and to
have an overview of the entire network. One of the main advantages of this centre is
that in case of heavy rain fall the operators can see clearly where the free capacities
are and restore the water level into the sewer network.
Over the years they increased the rotation speed of the pumps which gives the
possibility to transfer the waste water the same way they take it from customers. This
is why the pollution in the sewer system has decreased and even the smell of the
waste water has been reduced. Also, they optimized the monitoring system for
failure and breakdowns.
During the implementation process of this project, the company has encountered a
few problems and challenges. In the beginning, they had to change one machine at
a time while the others were running. Also, many of the machines were old and there
were huge differences between the documentation and the reality. Then, the most
difficult point was the software because they had to buy a new software system from
another company and in the beginning it didn’t work at all. After the company
managed to solve these problems they had another one with the machines as they
began to clog. The problem was solved only by dissembling the machines
completely. In this context, the company started a joined project with the Technical
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University of Berlin and the producer of these pumps through which they tried to find
a solution to overcome the problem. They had different approaches: one idea was to
change the production design of the rotating part; other idea was to adjust the
speeds of pumping the water.
At present, 300 employees are working at the Control Centre to ensure the
monitoring process and the maintenance and cleaning services.
Summary
The DWA is a really well working association, with over 14.000 members from 55
countries. The great number of its members and the special expertise and
competence makes the DWA an important partner for transferring the efficiency and
high standards in water treatment and management to any region in the world that
needs help solving the present and future water problems, including those caused or
aggravated by climate change, population growth and desertification.
The example of the DWA shows us how important it is to make networks in our
home country and all around the world. It is important between companies,
manufacturers, universities, governments and in our personal level as well. The days
we spent in Berlin for the Young Water Professionals programme have been a
perfect opportunity to make friendships, to base and increase future business
contacts and to come to know a lot of new German and foreign companies working
on the water and waste water sector.
At last, we would like to thank the DWA and the sponsor companies for the invitation
and the organisation of the programme; it was indeed a unique opportunity to meet
other young professionals and achieve a lot of experience.