22-03-2018 Human Factors Integration Standards …...2018/03/22 · Human Factors Integration –...

Asset Standards Authority Human Factors Integration Standards Seminar| 1 February 2015

Human Factors Integration Standards Seminar Asset Standards Authority, 12 Help St, Chatswood

March 2018

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Framework and direction

Asset Standards Authority Human Factors Integration Standards Seminar| 3

An overarching strategy supported by a suite of plans to achieve a 40 year vision for our transport system


Problem solving through co-design and collaboration


Six outcomes


Seminar agenda

• ASA Human Factors team – who we are • Objectives of Human Factors for the ASA • What is Human Factors • AEO Requirements • HF examples • The ASA Human Factors Standards • Exercise • Q & A


Who we are?

The ASA SQER Human Factors (HF) team are:

• Gareth Hughes Manager HF • Airdrie Long Snr HF Specialist • Yvonne Hinch Snr HF Specialist


The ASA’s objective

• The Asset Standards Authority’s objective:

To develop standards to enable assets to be delivered that:

– are efficient and effective to operate and maintain (useable) – are safe to operate and maintain – deliver required performance

HF, by considering human interaction and usability, plays a significant role in this


What is Human Factors?

• It is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of the interactions among humans and other elements of a system and the profession, that applies: – theory, – principles, – data, – and methods

to design in order to optimise human well-being and system performance.

Source: International Ergonomics Association www.iea.cc


Human Factors

What does this mean in practice?

• Overall system performance improves when human needs, capabilities and limitations have been addressed in the design

• Users can perform their tasks safely, effectively and efficiently


Human Factors at the ASA is…

…about ensuring the delivered asset is efficient, effective and safe to operate and maintain, and delivers the required levels of performance

Key points: • delivered asset or service (lifecycle) • Safety + useability + performance

To achieve a good asset, HF should be incorporated at concept and throughout design


Human Factors in the asset lifecycle

Good asset performance

begins at design

Good design Leads to good asset

performance


HF in the Asset Lifecycle

• If human factors is not well considered in early design this is what happens in operations and maintenance: – time to perform tasks – fatigue & frustration – errors & violations – complexity of procedures and checking – staff required – incident potential = costs

Design it so that the easy way is the correct way.


Cost of fixes of poor design

Making the change at concept and design stage = $

Making the change post construction prior to delivery = $ x 10

Making the change once in service = $ x 100 Note: often the solution is less than ideal


Getting it right at concept and design


Getting it right at concept and design

• A fleet of new trains are too wide to fit many of France’s stations.

• The train operator SNCF and network owner RFF said about 1,300 of France's 8,700 railway platforms had to be trimmed to make way for the wider rolling stock.

• Cost about €50 million ($73.4 million AUD) to alter the platforms to fit the new trains by 2016, when they are delivered.


Aircraft wheel spacer

Just for one major airline this problem resulted in multi million dollar losses every year!


Operable, Maintainable and Operational issues

Operable issue: • The asset is difficult to use in the correct way

Maintainable issue: • The asset may perform well but is difficult to maintain

Operational issue: • The asset fails to perform as required on the day

operability and maintainability = operational issues – Can’t use it – Have to fix – Delays – Costs…


Example: Operability -> operational issue


Example: Not designing maintenance task

Asset might work but maintenance might be difficult!


Example

ATR - 42 ATR - 72


Result

35 Passengers and 4 Crew on board 14 Passengers and 2 Crew died.


Should not be interchangeable!

!


HF Examples

Perceived benefit • Lower manufacturing

costs – single production line – Fewer manufacturer staff

needed – Common sub-assembly

parts

• Displays the same way for pilots (end users)

End cost • Multiple loss of life • Criminal charges against

operator’s managers – 10 year jail sentences for

both pilots – Logistics manager jailed – Engineering manager jailed

• Financial and reputational costs


Speed Test!


HF Examples

What is the meter reading?


Tasks don’t always go to plan


Human Factors in the Rail environment


Human Factors and Engineering

Human Factors seeks to optimise the interactions between humans and other system elements to benefit overall system performance.

Source: T MU HF 00001 GU AEO Guide to Human Factors Integration Version 2.0


Everyday HF Example (our building’s lifts!)

5 lifts – 3 different button configurations – frequent users, frequently select the wrong floor!


Other examples

Where would you find similar examples in transport?


The ASA HF Standards


ASA HF approach

• To develop a short usable standard. Not exhaustive but useful and usable, focusing on process – HFI with some key topics for transport projects

• Applicable to all projects – multimodal, scalable • Information, assistance and guidance, increasing

awareness and value of HF for bid managers and project managers.

• To reinforce that HF must be considered early in the lifecycle, even before the design process. HF is not just a review and retrofit process.

• To provide functional requirements not prescription - think of users and tasks.


ASA HF Standards

• T MU HF 00001 ST Human Factors Integration – General Requirements In the process of adopting AS 7470 Human Factors Integration in Engineering Design (published 21 Nov 16)

• T MU HF 00001 GU AEO Guide to Human Factors Integration

• T HR HF 00001 ST Human Factors Integration – Rolling Stock

Other ASA standards may contain specific HF content.

All TfNSW projects need to comply with these standards.


HF Document Structure

T MU HF 00001 ST Human Factors Integration - General Requirements

T MU HF 00001 GU AEO Guide to Human Factors Integration

T HR HF 00001 ST Human Factors Integration - Rolling Stock


HF Process



V-cycle: HFI activities

CMAAC Gates

Gate 1Reqmnts complete

Gate 3 For

Construction

Gate 0Initiation (Need)

AcceptNeed Concept Specify Procure Design Build Integrate Operate and Maintain Dispose

Concept Development Production Utilisation and Support Retirement

Verification (System)

Verification (System Interfaces)

Material Procurement, Fabrication / ManufacturingConstruction / Installation

Unit Level Inspection

& Test

Unit Level Design,

Final Design

OCD/MCD, Service Design

Define Need, early Con Ops,

draft T/T

Subsystem Integration

& Test

System Integration

& Test

Disposal planning & executionSystem Validation

Verification (Subsystem Level)

Verification (Unit Level)

System Validation & Acceptance

Subsystem Design

Sys Design, Physical

Architecture

Ref Design, SRS, Funct Architecture

Operate & Maintain(Replace, Refurbish,

Renew, Upgrade)

Plan Acquire Operate/Maintain

Gate 2 Initial

Design

System Definition

Gate 4 Ready to

Test

Gate 6 Asset

Review

Syst

em In

tegr

atio

n/Re

alis

atio

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Gate 5 Accept Assets

Dispose

Feasibility, Business

Case, BRS

Exploratory

Evolve

System ReqtsValidation

System DesignVerification

Subsystem DesignVerification

Unit DesignVerification

Build Verification

Demand/Need

Establish context of use/users

Identify Human Factors Issues

Human Factors Analysis

Human Factors Assessments

Solution/design testing

HF evaluation

Verification and Validation

testing


Points of note

• Human Factors Integration (HFI) is an essential part of the engineering/design process

• “Stakeholder” is not the same as “end users” • End users need to be consulted as they are the ones who

carry out tasks • End users need current and relevant experience • Business requirements are not the same as HF/User

requirements


Individual Human Factors efforts need to be integrated into the other system elements in the overall project

Sys 1 Sys 3 Sys 2

Work station

Operating network

Control centre HF activities


HFI in Design

End user tasks


HFI in Design

End user examples:

• Operations staff

• Drivers/crew

• Maintainers/Cleaners

• Emergency workers

• Fare paying passengers

• General public

Safety Assurance

Safety In

Design

CPTED

WHS

DSAPT & Premises

Engineering

End user tasks


Scalability

• More complex HF projects can result in specific HF: – Concept of Operations – User requirements – HF Integration Plan – HF Issues Register – HF Assurance Reports – Lessons Learned

Always consider these aspects. Projects with smaller HF requirement may incorporate these documents into the engineering plans etc.


Some projects require more complex HFI than others…

For example: Rolling Stock • high levels of complex human

interactions • interaction with multiple user

groups – Operations and

maintenance staff (crew controllers, cleaners…)

– Range of customers – Management

• lots physical design requirements


Some projects require simpler HFI than others…

For example: Car Parks • Simple human-interactions

– Customers – Security and maintenance

staff • Standardised configurations

(refer T MU HF 00001 ST & GU for further information)


Practical Considerations

• Simple HF projects: a ‘Safety in Design’ (SiD) process that considers the efficiency and effectiveness of people carrying out their tasks alongside the safety element would be normally be sufficient.

• COTS – still need to assure suitability for context, meeting safety, operational and maintenance performance requirements

• Like-for-like – remember the wheel spacer…


Example An elevator is required to be added to an existing design. To facilitate this feature the only space this can installed will require the cleaners room to be demolished. This will also create more floor area in the upper level concourse.

Will end-users need to be consulted?

If so, who??


ASA HFI - General Requirements

• HFI process

• HFI requirements applicable to most transport projects (not just heavy rail).


HF topics in ASA Standard

• Design requirements • Anthropometric data • Controls and displays • Information content • Audibility and intelligibility of messages • Alarms and alerts • Workspace and task design • Seating • Glare and reflections • Customers and the public specific

(this is a non exhaustive list)


Design requirements

Include: • Human variability, capabilities, limitations, needs • Using relevant and valid data • Normal, degraded, maintenance, cleaning and emergency situations • Human error analysis • ‘easy way is correct way’ - violations • Foreseeable mis-use • Workload and distraction • Overall environment – climate, acoustic, visual, vibration • Design review with end users and stakeholders • Impact of design decisions on operations and training


Requirements Exercise

• Think of a current project you are working on or a past project that you have been involved in.

• Identify one of the HF topics from the list in the ASA standard that you think would be most relevant to the project

• Review the HF requirements in the standard and consider: – How the project met or did not meet the requirement – What you had to do to meet the requirements – What you would have to do in the future to meet the requirements

• Be prepared to discuss on your table and in the group


Contents of ASA HFI Guide

• Information for bid and project managers: – Defining HF within asset life cycle – What is HFI – Goals of HFI in asset life cycle – Why include HF

• HFI process – more detail about how could implement the requirements of the Standard

• Common HF topics • Common HF analyses terms


Current AEO requirement

Human Factors Integration

An Authorised Engineering Organisation shall manage all human factors relevant to the scope of the authorised engineering services

Source: T MU MD 00009 F2 AEO Self Assessment Checklist, Version 2.0


ASA HF Rolling Stock Standard

• Additional HFI requirements for both: – procurement of new rolling stock – alterations to existing rolling stock

• Includes: – Driver compartment and cab design – Crew workstations, controls and displays – Passenger and crew comfort and safety – Simulators and emulators – Other users that interact with the rolling stock asset


Lessons learnt - from AEO assessments

• HF is not your WHS • HF is not your Human Resources • Lack of appreciation HF is scalable – some

complex and some less so (not dependent on the size of the project)

• SiD (Safety in Design) or Safe Design, including a focus on operations and maintenance in addition to safety

• CHAIR (Constructability Hazard Assessment Implication Review) is focused on construction hazards

• BRS & SRS ≠ end user consultation at detailed design


Lessons learnt – Human Factors Integration and Safety in Design • For simpler HF projects, broadening the Safety in Design (SiD) process

can be sufficient for Human Factors Integration (HFI) – Safe Design (under the WHS Act 2011) requires consideration

of the safety of people during: Construction Maintenance Operations Disposal

– Broadening the process to include: Operability Maintainability (the ease with which the asset can be operated and maintained)

Note: CHAIR is often provided as evidence of SiD. (Developed 2001, heavily biased towards construction, no longer on WorkCover NSW website)

(see T MU HF 00001 GU for further information)


Case Study – Applying ASA HF Standards

Hint: ID the users and tasks


HF Process



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