21st November 2013, Hotel Le Meridien, New Delhi,...
Transcript of 21st November 2013, Hotel Le Meridien, New Delhi,...
ICT for better GovernanceChallenges and Expectations
Microsoft Asia ICAPS Forum 201321st November 2013, Hotel Le Meridien,
New Delhi, INDIA
Sanjay Saxena
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World Bank (1992)Asian Development
Bank (1995)Canada Institute of Governance (2002)
United Nations Development Program (1997)
Governance is a method through which power is exercised in the management of a country’s political, economic, and social resources for development.
Governance is the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s political, social and economic resources for development
Governance is the process whereby societies of organizations make important decisions, determine whom they involve and how they render account.
Governance is the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a country’s affairs at all levels. It comprises the mechanisms, processes, and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences.
What is Governance
Governance Systems: Supply and Demand
• Capacities and organizational arrangements – leadership, skills, human resource and financial management systems – embodied in state institutions to deliver public goods and services
Supply side
• Institutions and accountability arrangements – elections, political parties, parliaments, judicial systems, free press, civil society organizations, accountable local governments – that enable citizens and firms to hold state institutions to account
Demand side
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Governance Systems: Actors, Capacities and Accountability
Executive-Central Govt
Cross-cutting Control Agencies (Finance, HR)
Service Delivery & Regulatory Agencies
Citizens / Firms
Citizens / Firms
Citizens / Firms
Citizens / Firms
Outcome
• Services,
• Regulations,
• Corruption
Political Actors & Institutions
•Political Parties
•Competition, transparency
Civil Society & Private Sector
•Civil Society Watchdogs
•Media
•Business Associations
Sub national Govt & Communities
Check & Balance Institutions
•Parliament
•Judiciary
•Oversight institutions
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Good Governance has many dimensions
Citizens / Firms
Citizens / Firms
Citizens / Firms
Citizens / Firms
Political Accountability
•Political competition, broad-based political parties
•Transparency & regulation of party financing
•Disclosure of parliamentary votes
Decentralization and Local Participation
•Decentralization with accountability
•Community Driven Development
•Oversight by associations & user groups
•Beneficiary participation in projects
Checks & Balances
•Independent, effective judiciary
•Legislative oversight (PACs, PECs)
•Independent oversight institutions (SAI, TRAI)
•Global initiatives: UN, OECD Convention, anti-money laundering. Counter terrorism, etc.
Civil Society & Media
•Freedom of press
•Civil society watchdogs
•Report cards, citizen surveys
Private Sector Interface
•Streamlined regulation
•Public-private partnerships &dialogue
•Industry Transparency
•Corporate governance
•Collective business associations
Effective Public Sector Management
•Ethical leadership: asset declaration, conflict of interest rules
•Cross-cutting public management systems: meritocracy, public finance, procurement
•Service delivery and regulatory agencies in sectors
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Governance: Goes beyond the Government
State
MarketCivil
Society
Mobilizing peoples
participation
Creating opportunity for people
Creating a favorable political, legal & economic environment
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Stakeholders in Governance
Stakeholders in Governance
Legislature
Judiciary
Media
Private Sector
Social Orgns.
Civil Society
Political parties
Executive
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Why Good Governance
Development Goals
• Better Lives – Improved health & education, better infrastructure
• Empowering poor, disadvantaged, disabled and marginalized citizens
• Improved Education and skills – e-learning
• Social and political participation of disadvantaged groups
Economic Growth
• Better and efficient services benefit enterprises
• Transparent systems and lack of corruption encourage investments
• Accountability improves quality of services enabled to private sector
• E-commerce, banking etc can promote trade8
Good Governance• Mechanisms for assuring good governance have three key elements: Internal rules and
restraints (internal accounting and auditing systems, independence of the judiciary and the central bank, civil service and budgeting rules); “Voice” and partnership (public-private deliberation councils, and service delivery surveys to solicit citizens feedback); and Competition (competitive social service delivery, private participation in infrastructure, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and outright privatization of certain market-driven activities). – WDR 1997.
• It is “… among other things participatory, transparent and accountable. It is also effective &equitable. And it promotes the rule of law.” – UNDP
It “… encompasses the role of public authorities in establishing the environment in which economic operators function and in determining the distribution of benefits as well as the relationship between the ruler and the ruled.” – OECD
• Good Governance is focusing on legitimacy (government should have the consent of the governed), accountability (ensuring transparency, being answerable for actions and media freedom), competence (effective policy making, implementation and service delivery), and respect for law and human rights – DFID
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Attributes of Good Governance
Good Governance
Accountable
Transparent
Responsive
Equitable and inclusive
Effective and Efficient
Follows the rule of law
Participatory
Consensus oriented
Source: United Nations10
E-Governance & Good Governance
Development Goals
Accountability To people
Transparency Information accessible to all
Responsiveness Make governance respond
Effectiveness and Efficiency People’s watch for more from less
Equitable and Inclusive ICT knows no socioeconomic divide
Participatory ICT empowers people to assert & exert
Consensus oriented Opportunities open to all for opinion
Follows the rule of law ICT cannot favour / disfavour anybody
E-governance can be defined as the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to promote efficient and cost-effective Governance; enhance efficiency of service delivery; allow greater public access to information; and make Governance accountable, transparent and responsive to citizens.
E-Governance and E-Government are both about delivering cost effective services that the public wants. Governance is the outcome as experienced by those on the receiving end, and Government is the formal apparatus for this objective.
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E-Governance and Development Goals
Development Category
ICT-based Initiatives Specific Development Goal
Better lives for the poor
• Health information systems• Telecentres• Mobile phones
• Improved health care• Access to information for better freedom of choice• Better economic and social opportunities
Improved Government services
• Computerised back-end administrative systems
• E-government direct services• Use of GIS
• More efficient services to citizens• Visible direct services• Better planning and implementation of
infrastructure
Enhanceinternal economic activity
• Internet banking and e-commerce • Adoption of ICTs in private sector
companies• ICT in agricultural supply chains
• Better financial services to citizens and business • More efficient enterprises• Improved efficiency in the key sector of agriculture
Improved civil society
• Computerised records in land reform• Empowering slum dwellers and other local
communities through information and ICTs• Provision of broader information an civil
society
• Increased efficiency and reduced corruption • Improved social and political participation of
disadvantaged groups• Information as means to affect negative attitudes
such as apathy and indifference
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Attributes of Good E-GovernanceAccountable
Governance
• Described as being “at the heart of governance”.
• Holding public officials responsible for their actions
• Horizontal (internal) and vertical (external) accountability
E-Governance
• Databases on government services, channels of service delivery and responsibilities of decision makers
• Citizen centers facilitating application for services, tracking information and lodging complaints, Call Centers, City Dashboard, File Management Systems, etc.
Issues
• Does more data equals more accountability?
• Does mere flow of information (G2C or C2G) automatically ensure accountability?
• Is the use of information which is critical, given top priority?
• Can you have accountability without open data?
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Attributes of Good E-GovernanceTransparent
Governance
• Free flow of information
• Accessibility of information to those affected by decisions taken in governance process
E-Governance
• Citizen records such as benefits entitlements, land titles, etc. and information on benefits provided under government projects and programmes
• Automation of Government BUT with Business Process Re-engineering
Issues
• Is open data really open, available and usable?
• Is open data an extractive or exploitative process?
• Who has access to which data?
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Attributes of Good E-GovernanceResponsiveness
Governance
• Citizen orientation, citizen friendliness
• Timely delivery of services
• Redressal of citizen grievances
E-Governance
• MIS, web-portals to apply for Government approvals, certificates and services
• E-payment of bills, taxes, charges etc.
• Tele-centers, IVRS, mobile / sms / phone services to address grievances and citizens engagement
Issues
• Does new technology create parallel reporting and structures?
• Can Public Private Partnerships paradoxically improve interface with Government?
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Attributes of Good E-GovernanceEffectiveness and Efficiency
Governance
• Optimum use of resources
• Competency and performance of civil servants
• Result orientation
E-Governance
• Computerised back-end administrative systems, Decision Support Dashboards
• Business Process Re-engineering
• Learning Systems
Issues
• Efficient vs transformational- incrementally improve a poorly working system or look at a fundamental paradigm shift for ALL processes?
• Do we plan for deeper capacity building (at organisational level), beyond just training.
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Attributes of Good E-GovernanceRule of Law
Governance
• Fair legal framework
• Impartial enforcement machinery
• Independent judiciary
E-Governance
• Judicial database and case management systems, digitization of court and criminal records
• Use of GIS to maintain land records, tracking systems such as traffic and vehicles
• Grievance redressal mechanisms through websites, social media platforms,
Issues
• Are there major privacy and security risks from citizens point of view?
• Is Big Data more vulnerable to manipulation by external sources?
• What is an acceptable tradeoff between ‘secure’ systems and ‘user friendly’ systems & privacy
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Attributes of Good E-GovernanceParticipation
Governance
• Opportunities for citizens to participate in decision making,
• implementation and monitoring of Government activities
• Freedom of expression and association, organized civil society
E-Governance
• Websites with feedback pages, online consultations, tele-consultations with remote villages
• Information dissemination on Government services, programmes and policies through tele-centers, citizen service centers, websites and social media platforms, City Service Portals
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Issues
• How do you define and measure participation?
• Who is supposed to participate?
• Is participation a goal in itself?
Attributes of Good E-GovernanceEquity and Inclusiveness
Governance
• All groups, particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well being
• Equal opportunities for participation in decision making process
E-Governance
• Computerisation of records of poor for identification (eg. UIDAI), use of e-banking for direct cash transfers to those below poverty line, computerisation of safety net programmes such as Public Distribution System (PDS)
• Branchless banking for rural areas
• Citizen service centers and kiosks can facilitate information for farmers on prices and farming technologies and or facilitate buying of products the poor, city service portals
Issues
• How do we know what works?
• Monitoring & Evaluation of e-governance programmes have limitations - no counter-factual?
• How critically does digital divide impact equity and inclusiveness?
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Attributes of Good E-GovernanceConsensus OrientationGovernance
• Mediation of different interests in society to reach a broad consensus on
• What is in the best interest of the whole community
E-Governance
• Social Media Sites like Twitter, Facbook, etc. help influence and shape public opinion
• Blogs and interactive portals, public grievance websites help governmental agencies gather public opinion and how projects and programmes are doing
Issues
• Can new ICTs weaken helpful traditional / cultural structures or systems by removing intermediaries
• Can openness create fear, paralyze political systems and hinder decision making?
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How do we make it work?
Building the enabling
environment
The will to change
Political Support
Incentives Awareness
Overcoming resistence to
change
Training and Capacity Building
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