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Final Report on Improved Cooking Stove (ICS) User Survey 2013/14

FINAL REPORT

ON

“IMPROVED COOKING STOVE (ICS) USER SURVEY 2013/14

Submitted to: Submitted by: Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC) Government of Nepal Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment PO Box: 14364, Khumaltar Height Lalitpur, Nepal Phone: +9771-5539390/5536843 Fax: 5539392 Website: www.aepc.gov.np

Sustainable Energy and Technology Management (SETM) Kamaladi, Kathmandu Nepal Phone: +9771-4412078 Email: [email protected] PO Box No: 7039

JULY, 2014


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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................. vi ABBREVIATION ........................................................................................................................................... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Objectives ................................................................................................................... 1 1.3. Scope of work .............................................................................................................. 2 CHAPTER-2 GENERAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 3 2.1. Study Approach ........................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Methodology ................................................................................................................ 4

2.2.1. Desk Study .................................................................................................................... 4 2.2.2. Survey Design and Implementation .................................................................................. 4

2.2.2.1. Monitoring of operational status ............................................................................. 4 2.2.2.2. NRB calculation .................................................................................................... 4 2.2.2.3. Water Boiling Tests (Efficiency calculations) ............................................................ 5 2.2.2.4. Community benefits .............................................................................................. 5

2.2.3. Sampling Design ............................................................................................................ 5 2.2.4. Survey Locations ............................................................................................................ 9 2.2.5. Data Collection and analysis .......................................................................................... 10

2.2.4.1. Questionnaire preparation ................................................................................... 10 2.2.4.2. Selection and Orientation of Enumerators ............................................................. 10 2.2.4.3. Pre-testing of the Questionnaire ........................................................................... 10 2.2.4.4. Field Survey ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2.4.5. Data Analysis ..................................................................................................... 10

2.2.6. Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) .................................................................... 10 2.2.7. Reporting ..................................................................................................................... 10

2.2.5.1. Inception Report ................................................................................................. 11 2.2.5.2. Draft Report ....................................................................................................... 11 2.2.5.3. Final Report ....................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER 3 ICS OPERATIONS ................................................................................................................. 12 3.1. Operational status ...................................................................................................... 12 3.2. Stove technology ....................................................................................................... 13

3.2.1. Stove before ICS .......................................................................................................... 13 3.2.2. Decision on ICS ........................................................................................................... 14 3.2.3. ICS installation ............................................................................................................. 14

3.3. Cooking fuel – source and consumption ....................................................................... 15 3.3.1. Primary source of cooking fuel ....................................................................................... 15 3.3.2. Consumption of fuel ...................................................................................................... 16 3.3.3. Saving of firewood after ICS .......................................................................................... 16 3.3.4. Fuel collection .............................................................................................................. 17

3.4. Operation, modification and repair ............................................................................... 18 3.4.1. Operations ................................................................................................................... 18

3.4.1.1. ICS design aspects ............................................................................................. 18


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3.4.1.2. Subsidy.............................................................................................................. 18 3.4.2. Modifications after ICS installations ................................................................................ 19 3.4.3. Repair and maintenance ............................................................................................... 19

3.4.3.1. Frequency of repair and maintenance ................................................................... 19 3.4.3.2. Arrangement for repair and maintenance .............................................................. 19

CHAPTER 4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF USER HOUSEHOLD ............................................................ 20 4.1. Gender ...................................................................................................................... 20 4.2. Ethnicity .................................................................................................................... 20 4.3. Family Size ................................................................................................................ 20 4.4. Education level .......................................................................................................... 21 4.5. Major occupation ........................................................................................................ 21 4.6. Main source of annual income ..................................................................................... 21 4.7. Land holding .............................................................................................................. 22 4.8. Food sufficiency ......................................................................................................... 22 4.9. Access to services/facilities ......................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 5 NON-RENEWABLE BIOMASS ASSESSMENT ........................................................................ 24 5.1. Change in forest cover ............................................................................................... 24 5.2. Time to reach forest ................................................................................................... 26 5.3. Time to collect firewood .............................................................................................. 27 5.4. Price of firewood ........................................................................................................ 27 5.5. Fuel mix .................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 6 WATER BOILING TEST RESUTLS ......................................................................................... 30 6.1. Protocol .................................................................................................................... 30 6.2. Analysis .................................................................................................................... 30 6.3. Results and discussions ............................................................................................. 30

6.3.1. Stove characteristics ..................................................................................................... 31 6.3.1.1. Burning rate ....................................................................................................... 31 6.3.1.2. Fire power .......................................................................................................... 31 6.3.1.3. Turn-down ratio .................................................................................................. 32

6.3.2. Stove performance ....................................................................................................... 33 6.3.2.1. Temperature-corrected time to boil ....................................................................... 33 6.3.2.2. Thermal efficiency ............................................................................................... 33 6.3.2.3. Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption .................................................. 34

CHAPTER 7 IMPACTS OF ICS .................................................................................................................. 36 8.1. Smoke reduction ........................................................................................................ 36 8.2. Incidences of diseases ............................................................................................... 36 8.3. Time saved ................................................................................................................ 36 8.4. Utilization of saved time .............................................................................................. 37 8.5. Reduction of drudgery ................................................................................................ 37 8.6. Beneficiary satisfaction ............................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 39 Annex-1: RAND Screenshots ............................................................................................................ 40 Annex-2: List of Selected Sample Households .................................................................................... 53 Annex-3: Questionnaire for Improved Cook Stove (ICS) Users’ Survey 2013/14 .................................... 56 Annex-4: Orientation and Training Schedule for Field Enumerators (7th -9th June 2014) .......................... 64 Annex-5: WBT Test Results of Individual ICS of Different Types .......................................................... 65


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List of Tables Table 1: Various factors considered during WBTs ................................................................................. 5 Table 2: Sampling process in different stages ....................................................................................... 7 Table 3: Household distribution by Stove Type in each VDC of each District ........................................... 8 Table 4: Sample distribution for WBTs ................................................................................................. 8 Table 5: Operational status of ICS ..................................................................................................... 12 Table 6: District-wise operational status of ICS ................................................................................... 12 Table 7: Different types of ICS installed .............................................................................................. 13 Table 8: Types of stoves used for cooking before installation of ICS ..................................................... 13 Table 9: Motivational factors for installation of ICS .............................................................................. 14 Table 10: Encouragement to install ICS ............................................................................................. 14 Table 11: Main person responsible to install ICS ................................................................................. 14 Table 12: Cost price of installation in cash, NRs .................................................................................. 15 Table 13: Dismantling of TCS after installation of ICS .......................................................................... 15 Table 14: Primary source of cooking fuel ............................................................................................ 15 Table 15: Region-wise average quantity of biomass used for cooking, kg/month .................................... 16 Table 16: District-wise average quantity of biomass used for cooking, kg/month .................................... 16 Table 17: Annual saving of firewood after installation of ICS, kg/year .................................................... 17 Table 18: Means of fuel collection ...................................................................................................... 17 Table 19: Primary source of firewood ................................................................................................. 18 Table 20: Share of fuel supplemented from primary source, percentage ............................................... 18 Table 21: Frequency of repair and maintenance compared to TCS ....................................................... 19 Table 22: Distribution of respondents based on sex ............................................................................ 20 Table 23: Average family size of the surveyed users ........................................................................... 21 Table 24: Educational level of surveyed households ............................................................................ 21 Table 25: Major occupation of the users ............................................................................................. 21 Table 26: Main source of annual income ............................................................................................ 22 Table 27: Average land holding of the households .............................................................................. 22 Table 28: Food sufficiency status of the studied area .......................................................................... 22 Table 29: Access to drinking water .................................................................................................... 23 Table 30: Average distance to collect drinking water, minutes .............................................................. 23 Table 31: Access to toilet facility ........................................................................................................ 23 Table 32: Access of lighting facility .................................................................................................... 23 Table 33: Trend in change of forest cover........................................................................................... 24 Table 34: Trend in time to reach forest ............................................................................................... 26 Table 35: Average time to reach forest, minutes ................................................................................. 27 Table 36: Trend in firewood collecting time ......................................................................................... 27 Table 37: Trend in price of firewood ................................................................................................... 28 Table 38: Price of firewood per kg, NRs ............................................................................................. 28 Table 39: Smoke reduction in kitchen ................................................................................................. 36 Table 40: Reduced incidences of diseases after installation of ICS, number of respondents ................... 36 Table 41: Time saved for cooking ...................................................................................................... 36 Table 42: Utilization of time saved, % ................................................................................................. 37 Table 43: Users’ satisfaction with the technology ................................................................................ 37


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List of Figures Figure 1: Study Approach Flow ........................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Locations of Surveyed Districts .............................................................................................. 9 Figure 3: Operational status of surveyed ICS ...................................................................................... 12 Figure 4: Region-wise average annual firewood consumption before and after ICS installation, kg/year ... 17 Figure 5: Ethnicity of the users .......................................................................................................... 20 Figure 6: Reasons for decrease in forest cover ................................................................................... 25 Figure 7: Indicators of the decrease in forest cover ............................................................................. 25 Figure 8: Reasons for the increase in forest cover ............................................................................... 26 Figure 9: Change in time to reach forest over the last two decades ....................................................... 27 Figure 10: Change in price of firewood ............................................................................................... 28 Figure 11: Reason for change in fuel mix ........................................................................................... 29 Figure 12: Preference for different fuel for cooking over the last 20 years .............................................. 29 Figure 13: Average burning rates of different stove types, g/min ........................................................... 31 Figure 14: Average fire power of different stove types, watts ................................................................ 32 Figure 15: Average turn-down ratio of different stove types .................................................................. 32 Figure 16: Average temperature-corrected time to boil in different stoves, minutes ................................. 33 Figure 17: Average thermal efficiency of different stoves, % ................................................................. 34 Figure 18: Average temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption of different stove types, g/liter ........ 35 Figure 19: Reasons for dissatisfaction with the technology ................................................................... 38


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Sustainable Energy Technology and Management (SETM) express our sincere gratitude to Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC) for entrusting us to conduct the Improved Cooking Stove (ICS) User Survey 2013/14. SETM would also like to express our genuine acknowledgement to Prof. Dr. Govind Raj Pokharel, erst-while Executive Director of AEPC and Mr. Ram Prasad Dhital, Officiating Executive Director of AEPC. Our special thanks and appreciation goes to Mr. Raju Laudari, Programme Manager and Mr. Neelam Sharma Rijal, Programme Officer of Climate and Carbon Sub-Component, AEPC/NRREP for giving their invaluable support and suggestions during whole study period.

This study is an outcome of numerous interactions with large number of professionals and individuals. All the surveyed IWM owners and their valuable users and key informants are highly acknowledged for their sincere responses and feedbacks. Without their valuable support and cooperation, the study could not have come to a logical conclusion.

SETM highly acknowledges and appreciates the untiring efforts of the Team Leader and all members of the study team for their hard work in accomplishing this assignment. Sharada Shrestha Managing Director, Sustainable Energy Technology and Management (SETM) Kamaladi, Kathmandu


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ABBREVIATION

AEPC Alternative Energy Promotion Center

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CER Certified Emission Reduction

GHG Green House Gas

ICS Improved Cooking Stove

MICS Metallic Improved Cooking Stove

NRB Non-Renewable Source of Biomass

NRs Nepalese Rupees

NRREP National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme

PDD Project Design Document

PoA Program of Activities

PSU Primary Sampling Unit

S.D Standard Deviation

SETM Sustainable Energy and Technology Management

TCS Traditional Cooking Stove

UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

VDC Village Development Committee

WBT Water Boiling Test


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The ICS User Survey (2013/14) has been conducted with the objective of making comprehensive assessment the monitoring parameters specified in the PDD and PaA DD required for the preparation of the monitoring reports and to assess the delivery of community benefits as envisaged in the project/programme formulation. This study has assessed the operational and functional status of installed ICS, displacement of TCS, efficiency of different types of ICS, quantity of woody biomass saved and fraction of woody biomass that can be termed as non-renewable biomass in the Hill and Terai regions of the country in order to prepare the monitoring report. The target population is the households using mud ICS and Metallic ICS, spread over Terai and High Hill regions and in the VDCs of Hill regions that are intersected by 2,000m contour or 1,500m contour in north facing slopes. For the purpose of sampling, the latest UNFCCC guidelines on sampling (Guidelines for Sampling and Surveys for CDM Project Activities and Programme of Activities Version 02, Annex 5, EB 69) have been used. Sample size has been calculated with the desired 90% significance level. The survey has been conducted in 70 different IWMs from 4 districts divided proportionately among ecological belts and strata as well as type of ICS. The districts selected for random sampling are Dolakha, Jhapa, Rautahat and Rupandehi. Out of the 70 IWMs surveyed, 18 belonged to Hills while the remaining 52 belonged to Terai. Different types of stoves have been included in the study including rocket, mud ICS and metallic ICS. 47 (67.1%) stoves were found to be operational out of the 70 stoves surveyed. The operational status of improved stoves in Rupandehi, Rautahat, Jhapa and Dolakha districts stood at 70%, 77%, 50% and 61% respectively. The operational ICS data shows that the reasons for non-use of ICS vary from religious causes to upgradation of cooking technology to LPG. Hence, all data analysis for this study is conducted on the total operational sample of 47 stoves. Since households in Rautahat predominantly use animal dung as fuel, the stoves from that district have been ignored to assess the trends on non-renewable biomass. It has been observed that tripod stoves have been used in the hills before the installation of ICS while mud stoves were predominantly used in the Terai. It has been witnessed that only 17% of the TCS have been dismantled after installation of ICS. The remaining 83% have not dismantled the traditional stoves due to religious reasons. The TCS has been seen to the installed outside the cooking area and is sometimes used for animal and livestock feed preparation and not used for household cooking. It is also seen that 59% of the sampled households use firewood as the primary source of cooking fuel while the remaining 41% use dung cakes in the Terai, especially in Rautahat district (100%). The fuelwood consumed in the households are mostly gathered from private forests while some gather it from the community forests. The annual consumption of firewood in the surveyed area was estimated to be 3.58 tons before installation of ICS while the average consumption after the installation of ICS is calculated to be 1.95 tons. Hence, the annual savings of firewood after intervention of ICS is 1.63 tons per household in the surveyed area. There is wide spread satisfaction among the users on design aspects of ICS. However, around a quarter of the households have done modifications on the improved stove since its installation mainly in chimneys, pot holes, furnaces and baffles. In general, repair and maintenance of ICS is not a very common. The users have expressed satisfaction that the frequency of repair and maintenance has greatly reduced as compared to TCS. Regarding the assessment of non-renewable biomass, it is seen that trend in change in forest cover has not decreased in the hills over the last two decades due to assigning protected areas as well as formation and proper management of community forest. The forest cover has also not decreased due to the migration of people from villages to urban centers thus reducing the users of local forests. To confirm the forest


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cover, the enumerators for the survey visited some forests and found that the condition of the forest was visibly good. Similarly, the time to reach the forest and time to collect firewood has also been in the decrease over the last two decades especially in the hills where the respondents are no more visiting community or government forests. Since the number of trees are in the ascendency in the private forest nearby, time to reach the forests have decreased. On the contrary, time to reach the forests in the Terai have either remained same or increasing. On the other hand, the price of firewood has increased 4.5 times from NRs. 2 per kg twenty years ago to NRs. 9 per kg at present. Water Boiling Tests have been conducted in 16 ICS/MICS using the standard testing protocol developed by University of California, Berkeley and The Shell Foundation and adopted by AEPC. The stoves were tested for all three phases – cold start and hot start (high power) tests and simmer test (low power). The WBT results have been clustered into two main aspects of stoves – stove characteristics and performance measures. The thermal efficiency calculated for the various stoves show the efficiency is in between 20% to 22% for all stoves in average. The average efficiency of the stoves mostly shows uniformity of results both in high power and low power tests. On the perception of users on the impacts, it can be deduced that the ICS has had a positively impact on the households. The smoke has reduced either drastically or to large extent in 100% households. Similarly, the incidences of diseases have seen to be greatly reduced especially in respiratory diseases, cough and eye infections. Regarding the reduction in drudgery, it is observed that the 79% households save time after installation of ICS which is mostly utilized in agriculture, household chores and studies. Similarly, the time required for house cleaning, cloth washing and dish washing are also greatly reduced. 81% of the surveyed households are satisfied with the technology. Some of the major reasons for dissatisfaction with the technology are inadequate time saving, inadequate room heating and inadequate for cooking roti.


S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y a n d T e c h n o l o g y M a n a g e m e n t ( S E T M )

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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC) is a national executing agency of renewable energy programme and projects in Nepal under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. With the mandate of policy and plan formulation, technology innovation, resource mobilization and coordination and quality assurance, the mission of AEPC is to make renewable energy a mainstream resource through increased access thereby, contributing for the improved living conditions of people in Nepal.

In July 2010, a Carbon and Climate Unit (CCU) was established in AEPC with responsibility to carry out the activities related to climate change and to tap carbon trade opportunities while promoting Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) in Nepal. From July 16, 2012 AEPC is executing a five years National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP) which has a single programme modality. The CCU is also an integral unit of AEPC/NRREP.

The energy sector of Nepal is primarily rely on the traditional sources of energy which mostly include fuel wood, agriculture residue and animal waste. The situation is worse in Nepal as large portion of Nepal’s population depend on solid biomass fuels for cooking. Improved Cooking Stove (ICS), as a simple cooking energy technology, has noteworthy socio-economic and environmental benefits, potentially attainment millions of rural poor, who are at low level of the energy ladder in Nepal.

Improved Cooking Stove (ICS) programmes have been promoted in Nepal since 1950s. In Nepal, the promotion of ICS became more popularly in rural areas day by day. Compared to the traditional cooking stoves (TCS) that are being commonly used in the country using firewood and other biomass fuel, ICS offers improved efficiency and helps reducing fuel wood consumption, workloads of women and children, indoor air pollution and smoke-related health disorders, risk of fire, and cooking time. Reduction in the green house gas emission by reducing the fuelwood consumption from non-renewable biomass or by proving a substitute for fossil fuels has a great advantage to the environment and this can also carry in the financial benefits to the country through clean development mechanism (CDM).

In this backdrop, this survey aims to assess the monitoring parameters envisaged during the project design through Improved Cooking Stove (ICS) Users’ Survey 2013/2014.

1.2. Objectives The objective of the assignment is to assess the monitoring parameters specified in the PDD and PoA DD required for the preparation of the monitoring reports and to assess the delivery of the community benefits as envisaged in the project/program formulation. More specifically the following objectives need to be addressed by the study.

Monitoring objectives related to CDM:

• Assessment of percentage of ICS disseminated that is operational • Assessment of displacement of Tradition Cooking Stoves (Tripod, Three stone fire, Odan, etc) • Assessment of efficiency of the different types of ICS disseminated under the CPA(s) of PoA through the

Water Boiling Test (WBT) • Assessment of quantity of woody biomass saved by the households after installation of ICS • Assessment of fraction of woody biomass used that can be established as non renewable biomass (trends

in distance travelled/time required for firewood gathering, trend in price of firewood, and trend in quality of biomass used by the households)



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Monitoring objectives related to the user benefits

• Assessment of general socio-economic status of the ICS user households • Assessment of operation and maintenance of ICS • Assessment of reduction in indoor smoke and associated incidence of diseases and fire related accidents. • Assessment of reduction in drudgery in collecting firewood due to use of ICS • Assessment of beneficiary satisfaction with the product and process

1.3. Scope of work The scope of work included the following:

• Review relevant documents, program, policies, etc. on ICS as well as current trends of the technology • Finalize methodology, questionnaires and details of the study and discuss with relevant AEPC staff • Prepare Inception Report incorporating all suggestions from AEPC • Conduct orientation program to familiarize the enumerators with the ICS Users’ Survey 2012/13 • Carry out the field data collection as per the calculated samples • Tabulate and analyze data from the survey • Produce draft report and present at stakeholders’ workshop • Prepare final report after incorporating inputs from the workshop



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Negotiation / Contract Agreement

Data Collection & Analysis Methodologies

Households Demographic

Socio-economic Gender & Age Segregated

Household Activities Motivation factor

Time saving and IGA O & M Skills

Preparation of • Selection of Sample

Methodology Questionnaires • Checklists

ICS

Multi-stage sampling

Preparation, Selection and orientation Training to Enumerators Pre testing of questionnaires

Inception report submission and incorporation of comments of AEPC

Field Survey Quantitative and qualitative data collection

Household Interviews Socio-economic characteristics; users’ perspectives (Women, children), NRB, daily operating hours, satisfaction with products and process, time saving, repair and maintenance works; overall performance

Qualitative Key informant Interviews, Institutional visits,

Focused group discussion, Case Studies Field observation and testing

Field data compilation, Entry and Process

Data Analysis and Interpretation Draft Report Preparation and Submission

FINAL REPORT, Incorporation of comments & suggestions, recommendations

Sampling

Planning

Field Work

Reporting

Stakeholder Consultation

CHAPTER-2 GENERAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 2.1. Study Approach

The study approach has been prepared based on four main components: planning (mobilization), field work, analysis and reporting. The approach has been thoroughly presented in the following figure.

Figure 1: Study Approach Flow



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2.2. Methodology The following methodologies were applied for the ICS Users Survey 2013/14.

2.2.1. Desk Study Desk study and interaction sessions were carried out to get valuable information related to ICS technologies and its benefits. The relevant stakeholders as AEPC, CRT/Nepal, and others were consulted on the project, its implementation issues and other specific issues like after-sales services, repair and maintenance, factors affecting the satisfaction of the users, etc. that was helpful in detail planning of this particular study including the preparation of user survey questionnaire.

2.2.2. Survey Design and Implementation Survey design and implementation process outlined the parameters that will be assessed and the methods used for their measurement. The survey required monitoring of operational status of the ICS disseminated under respective Programme of Activities (PoA), status of use of non-renewable biomass (NRB) by the households for ICS PoA, Water Boiling Test Assessment for the ICS disseminated under PoA and Assessment of deliverance of the community benefits for the ICS PoA.

2.2.2.1. Monitoring of operational status The survey was conducted to obtain the percentage of ICS operational status under PoA.

2.2.2.2. NRB calculation The assessment of use of non-renewable biomass by the project households was sought through the questionnaire. Indicators used to assess the use of non-renewable biomass were the time spent to collect firewood, distance travelled to reach firewood collection area, change in unit price of firewood purchased and changes in quality of biomass used by the households.

a) Trend in travel time and fuel wood collection

This information was collected through the household surveys. Users were asked for the time taken to travel and collect firewood in different three decades - 2013, 2000 and 1989. Based on this information, study team compared the average time spent to collect firewood at the three time periods, which demonstrates either an increasing or a decreasing trend.

b) Trend in Availability/Scarcity of firewood

There is a use of a variety of biomass for cooking such as hard wood, twigs and branches, agricultural residue, etc. During the ICS users’ survey, respondents were asked about the changing pattern of biomass over the years. This helped to establish whether there is a trend towards scarcity or plenty of hard wood in comparison to other inferior biomass sources such as soft wood, twigs and offshoots.

c) Trend in price of firewood

The trend in price of firewood over different time periods indicates whether there is a scarcity of firewood. Consequently information on the trend of firewood price in 3 different time periods - 2013, 2000 and 1989 was collected during this survey.



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2.2.2.3. Water Boiling Tests (Efficiency calculations) Efficiency of ICS was tested through Water Boiling Test (WBT). This experiment was performed to measure the thermal efficiency of stoves and to assess how well energy is transferred from the fuel to the cooking pot. The results of this test performed in different stoves are compared so as to better recognize the stove’s performance.

The study team has conducted a total of 16 WBTs. Only those ICS/MICS that have been operational consecutively for a minimum of six months and that were installed greater than a year prior to the study, was included for WBTs. The standard testing protocol developed by University of California, Berkeley and The Shell Foundation and adopted by AEPC, was followed to estimate the efficiency of stoves in the project area.

Table 1: Various factors considered during WBTs Other factors determining stove’s performance

Qualitative and quantitative factors to be considered for stoves, firewood, test location

Time to boil Burning rate Fire power Turn down ratio (ratio of stove’s high

power output to low power output) Thermal efficiency

Air temperature, Average dimensions of wood (length x width x height)

Wood moisture content (%-wet basis) Dry weight of standard pots Local boiling point of water determined by using the

same digital thermometer and sensor used in the testing

Instruments to be required for WBT: Weighing Scale (Top Loading) Thermometer Digital Moisture meter

2.2.2.4. Community benefits In addition to emission reduction, it is accepted that ICS dissemination would provide other benefits to the community. The study consequently accessed ICS benefits to the community in the following areas:

• Reduction in indoor air pollution and clean kitchen environment • Reduction in smoke related health problems • Reduction in fuel wood consumption • Time saved due to reduced fuel wood requirement

2.2.3. Sampling Design The multi stage sampling design was adopted for the survey sought to assess the operational status of ICS disseminated under PoA. The sample was taken from the ICS disseminated under Programme of Activities (PoA). The consultant team prepared a detailed randomly selected statistically representative list of ICS disseminated in Terai and Hills.

The consultant team grouped the sample ICS into different categories according to their type and geographical location. The following factors were considered for sampling design during preliminary steps of sampling design.

a) Objective and reliability

The survey was implemented with the objective to assess the operational status of ICS, trends in energy consumption pattern and trend of consumption of non-renewable biomass with a desired 90/10 confidence/precision.



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b) Target Population

The target population is the households using mud ICS and Metallic ICS, spread over Terai and High Hill regions and in the VDCs of Hill regions that are intersected by 2,000m contour or 1,500m contour in north facing slopes. For both the parameters (ICS efficiency and number of ICS in operation), the households using the ICS of the programme recorded in the database were the target population.

c) Sampling Method

A multi-stage sampling method was used for the study. Multi-stage sampling combines the cluster and simple random sampling approaches in a two stage sampling scheme which enables to randomly selected some groups (districts) and then randomly sample some units (ICS user households) within those groups (districts). In this method, districts from High Hill and Terai region were selected and then ICS were randomly sampled from each selected districts. PP opted to use the multi-stage sampling approach in order to have better representation of different types of ICS from different ecological zones. In addition, the multi-stage sampling approach also helps in cost-effective and reliable comparison of different scenarios.

d) Sample size

The sample size was determined using the Guidelines for Sampling and Surveys for CDM Project activities and Programme of Activities Ver. 3.0 (EB75, Annex 81 ). As required by AMS II.G Ver 5, for annual surveys, the level of precision of 10% and a confidence level of 90% was assessed for the following parameters- efficiency of ICS, number of ICS in operation and displacement of traditional stoves. Two different formulas for calculating the required sample size (n) was used for these parameters because the parameters number of ICS in operation and displacement of traditional stoves are binary in nature (proportions/percentage) and the efficiency of the stove is a continuous variable (mean value).

In order to calculate the required sample size for binary values (i.e. the number of ICS in operation and displacement of tradition stoves), value of proportion (p) is required. Similarly, to calculate the sample size for continuous variable (efficiency of the ICS), the mean value and standard deviation (SD) are required.

For the first monitoring period, the values as described below were applied. For the following monitoring periods, the estimates were adjusted taking the results of the previous monitoring period(s) into account.

The minimum sample size to determine number of ICS in operation and displacement of tradition stoves using the procedure is outlined in Para 41 of appendix 1, EB 75 Annex 8, Guidelines for Sampling and Surveys for CDM Project activities and Programme of Activities Ver. 3.0.

Where:

c= Number of districts that should be sampled M = Total number of districts in the population (75 districts)

1 Guidelines for Sampling and Surveys for CDM Project activities and Programme of Activities Ver. 3.0 (EB 75, Annex 8)



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u = Number of households (ICS users) within each district (pre specified as 10 households) N = Average ICS user households per district (2,2002 ) SDb2 = Unit variance (variance between districts) SDw2 = average of the district variance (average within district variation) p = overall proportion 1.645 = represents the 90% confidence required 0.1 = represents the 10% relative precision (0.1x0.5=0.05 = 5% points either side of p)

From Calculation, c=3.13 rounded up to 4 districts.

For the purpose of survey, a statistically representative sample size requires drawing samples from a finite universe using a standard sampling procedure which clearly outlines the statistical reliability of the survey findings. The calculated sample size was 70. Among 70 sampled households; 16 households including at least one from each type of ICS was selected for WBTs while all 70 households was covered for users’ perception survey.

The required sample size that represented the population of ICS users HHs was designed first. Special care was taken to have a proportionate representation of samples of varying sizes and types of ICS disseminated under PoA. The final sample size determined for the survey purpose was allocated to each type and each particular region on a proportionate basis according to the distribution of total population. As mentioned in the above method; multi-stage sampling was applied for the selection of samples after determining the required sample size.

Firstly, 4 districts were selected using simple random sampling technique to choose three districts from Terai ecological belt and one district from Hills based on the proportionate number of ICS. The snap-shot is provided in Annex-1. Secondly, the VDCs were selected from each of the selected district randomly. From this random selection process in each district, there was only one VDC. The sample that was determined earlier is 70. On proportionate basis, 18 samples were taken from hills whereas 52 samples were taken from the Terai region. At least sample number of 10 or more in each VDC was selected for the survey purpose. For this, the sample size for each VDC was adjusted so that each VDC had 10 or more sample size. The adjustments are shown in the following table with other allocations too.

Table 2: Sampling process in different stages District MICS/ICS VDC MICS/ICS Final sample Dolakha 214 Thulopatal 95 18 Rupandehi 275 Karahiya 23 10 Rautahat 12,190 Khesrahiya 380 30 Jhapa 774 Satasidham 116 12

Total samples 70

Based on the final sample, household heads were selected randomly in each VDC. If a VDC was chosen instead of ward, there was a possibility of selection of various types of ICS/MICS since the VDC has larger coverage than a ward. After this sample design, it was easy to plan for data collection in each VDC. Representation of stove type is dependent on the sample selection performed based on development region, ecological belt, districts and VDCs. The number of stoves was selected in proportion randomly from the each selected VDC. The selected households are attached in Annex-2 of this report.

2 The total number of ICS per CPA is 22,000. It has been assumed that a CPA would be implemented in households of 10 districts so it was assumed that the average ICS per district is 2,200.



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Table 3: Household distribution by Stove Type in each VDC of each District District VDC Type Number of samples Total number Dolakha Thulopatal Metallic stoves 2 18

3-pot hole metallic stove 16 Rupandehi Karahiya Rocket 7 10

1-pot hole 1 2-pot hole 1 2-pot raised 1

Rautahat Khesrahiya Rocket 30 30 Jhapa Satasidham Rocket 4 12

Rocket octagon 8 Total samples 70 70

Details of all selected households are provided in annex of this report.

Table 4: Sample distribution for WBTs District VDC Type Number of samples Total number Dolakha Thulopatal Metallic stoves 2 4

3-pot hole metallic stove 2 Rupandehi Karahiya Rocket 2 5

1-pot hole 1 2-pot hole 1 2-pot raised 1

Rautahat Khesrahiya Rocket 3 3 Jhapa Satasidham Rocket 2 4

Rocket octagon 2 Total samples 16 16



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2.2.4. Survey Locations Altogether 4 districts will be surveyed in accordance with the sampling frame designed for the survey. The sample districts are dispersed in the Terai and Hill regions of Nepal. The sampled survey districts are presented in Figure 2 below:

Figure 2: Locations of Surveyed Districts



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2.2.5. Data Collection and analysis Data collection process entailed activities like selection and orientation of the enumerators, pre-testing of questionnaire and field work. Subsequent to these, the data gathered from the field was analyzed. The following sections offer information on the various stages of data collection and analysis.

2.2.4.1. Questionnaire preparation Based on the study objectives, the questionnaire/checklist was prepared. It mainly focused on the monitoring parameters required for CDM. In addition to that, the factors in direct relation to ICS user benefits were of prime concern. The final version of the questionnaire is attached in Annex-3 of this report.

2.2.4.2. Selection and Orientation of Enumerators Field enumerators were selected for survey purpose assessing their qualifications and experiences in similar kinds of studies in the past. Three days’ orientation training was conducted to familiarize the enumerators with the questionnaire, survey methods and procedures. The training schedule is attached in Annex-4 of this report.

2.2.4.3. Pre-testing of the Questionnaire The questionnaire was pre-tested for complete understanding of the survey guidelines and identifying the foreseeable problems that may occur during field visit. A field visit to Kavre was carried out for pre-testing questionnaire as well conducting a pre-test on Water Boiling Test. a final version of questionnaire/checklist was prepared for the field survey after incorporating the suggestions received from AEPC/NRREP.

2.2.4.4. Field Survey After finalization of all tools/methodologies, the survey team conducted the field survey in each of the selected districts. Following the acceptance of the survey questionnaires by AEPC/NRREP, an extensive field visit was organized in the sampled households. Furthermore, 16 WBTs was conducted in 16 selected households. Any discrepancies noted during the survey were reviewed at the end of the day to avoid addition of mistaken information while compiling the data.

2.2.4.5. Data Analysis After completion of field survey, the collected information and data was entered systematically in database. The data obtained from the field work was also reviewed to avoid problems of duplications and ambiguities. All the quantitative data collected from the field was encoded in SPSS and then analyzed. Based on the findings, the team drew out some conclusions and recommendations.

2.2.6. Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) Efforts were made to ensure quality of the data collected from the field. QA/QC measures were implemented to attain the desired 90/10 confidence/precision for the parameters under consideration. In order to assure quality of data collected, the questionnaire and WBT were pre-tested prior to their introduction in the field. Similarly, a thorough check of the questionnaires filled up by the enumerators was done during the field survey and any inconsistency was corrected immediately.

2.2.7. Reporting Progress reporting was done at different stages of the study.



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2.2.5.1. Inception Report Before proceeding to the fieldwork, the study team submitted an Inception Report containing sample selection, site allocation, and tentative format of ToC of the draft report. The field enumerators for the survey were also fixed and detail work plan/timeline was prepared.

2.2.5.2. Draft Report Based on all data obtained during the fieldwork and study, a Draft Report along with all of the findings was prepared and submitted to AEPC within the given time schedule. The draft report was shared among relevant stakeholders at the central level through a stakeholders’ consultative meeting organized in Kathmandu. The draft report was presented at the meeting and detailed discussions were held on each outputs of the study. The comments/feedback were received from the relevant stakeholder and, with the incorporation of those comments/feedbacks, the report has been finalized.

2.2.5.3. Final Report Bases on the feedbacks received from AEPC and the stakeholders’ consultation, the final report is prepared adhering to strict quality standards. As per the discussion held during the consultation, few additional information has been collected and incorporated in the final report while improving the consistency.



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CHAPTER 3 ICS OPERATIONS 3.1. Operational status

As discussed in the previous chapter, the ICS user survey 2013/14 was conducted on 70 samples from four districts of Nepal spread across both the hilly and terai regions of Nepal. Out of the 70 surveyed households, 18 belonged to hilly district of Dolakha while the remaining 52 were distributed among Jhapa, Rautahat and Rupandehi districts belonging to the Terai region.

Out of the 70 households visited, 47 improved cooking stoves were observed to be operational while the remaining 23 households had abandoned the use of this technology and were found to be non-operational. The operational status of ICS in the terai districts shows that 71% of the ICS are in operation while the figure of operational ICS in the hilly district of Dolakha is only 61%. The distribution of the operational status of the promoted ICS is provided in Table 5 and Figure 3 below.

Table 5: Operational status of ICS

Terai Hills Total

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Operational 36 69.2 11 61.1 47 67.1 Non-operational 16 30.8 7 38.8 23 32.9 Total 52 100 18 100 70 100

Source: Field Survey, SETM 2013/14

Figure 3: Operational status of surveyed ICS


Regarding the operational status of ICS in the surveyed districts, it is observed that 50% of surveyed stoves in Jhapa are non-operational. As shown in the table below, Rautahat has 77% operational stoves while Rupandehi has 70% operational status.

Table 6: District-wise operational status of ICS

Operational status Rupandehi Rautahat Jhapa Dolakha Total No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent

Yes 7 70 23 77 6 50 11 61 47 67 No 3 30 7 23 6 50 7 39 23 33 Total 10 100 30 100 12 100 18 100 70 100


Considering the large number of non-operational stoves, the respondents were asked for reasons for non-operations. Some of the reasons furnished by the respondents are:



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• Upgraded to cemented houses and there is no space to install the cooking space • Need to perform regular religious activities • Converted to LPG cooking • Installed stove broken down

3.2. Stove technology As only 47 ICS have been found to be operational during the survey, all proceeding analysis is conducted on the operational ICS only. Different types of ICS were found to be installed in the surveyed areas. The number of different types of stoves that were surveyed during this study is presented in Table 7 below. Almost half of the operational ICS in the survey was found to be fixed type rocket stove. Similarly, 23% of the cook stoves were observed to be 3-pot hole metallic stove. Altogether, 7 different types of ICS/MICS were found to exist in the surveyed households.

Table 7: Different types of ICS installed Types of ICS Number Percentage 1-pot hole plain ICS 0 0 1-pot hole raised ICS 4 9 2-pot hole plain ICS 1 2 2-pot hole raised ICS 1 2 3-pot hole plain ICS 0 0 3-pot hole raised ICS 0 0 Portable rocket ICS 7 15 Fixed Rocket ICS 22 47 1-pot hole Metallic ICS 0 0 2-pot hole Metallic ICS 0 0 3-pot hole Metallic ICS 11 23 Others 1 2 Total 47 100


3.2.1. Stove before ICS The user survey revealed that 80% of the households in the Terai previously used mud stove while all 100% households in the hill used traditional tripod stoves for cooking purpose prior to the installation of ICS. Interestingly, one user in the Terai previously used biogas and LPG for cooking purpose before ICS.

Table 8: Types of stoves used for cooking before installation of ICS

Type of stove before ICS Terai Hill Total Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage

Kerosene 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tripod 1 3 11 100 12 26 Three Stove 4 11 0 0 4 9 Mud Stove 29 80 0 0 29 61 Biogas 1 3 0 0 1 2 LPG 1 3 0 0 1 2 Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100




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3.2.2. Decision on ICS Various factors were attributed for the installation of ICS/MICS in the households. Users had concerns about kitchen smoke, incidences of diseases and large consumption of fuel/firewood in using traditional cooking technologies. Interestingly, around 40% of the households decided to install ICS to try out new option for cooking. More than one-third of the households have considered kitchen smoke as one of the main reasons for installation of ICS in the households.

Table 9: Motivational factors for installation of ICS

Motivational factor Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Kitchen Smoke 13 29 6 55 19 33 Incidence of disease 4 9 3 27 7 13 Difficulty in managing fuel/firewood 6 13 1 9 7 13 Trying out new option(s) 21 47 1 9 22 39 Others 1 2 0 0 1 2 Total responses by 47 respondents 45 100 11 100 56 100


Regarding the decision to install ICS, it has been revealed that more than two-thirds of the households have been encouraged by promoters and local partner organizations to install the technology. Similarly, almost 25% of the households installed the improved cooking technology through self-motivation within the family including the female members who are the main beneficiaries of the technology. Complimenting the notion of ICS reducing kitchen smoke, encouragement from within the family members has played an important part in the promotion of the technology among the surveyed households.

Table 10: Encouragement to install ICS

Encouragement to install ICS Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Self (within the household) 5 14 6 55 11 23 Promoters and Local Partner Organizations 27 75 5 45 32 68 Promotional Materials 1 3 0 0 1 2 Neighbors/ Friends/ Relatives 3 8 0 0 3 6 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100


3.2.3. ICS installation After the decision for installing ICS is made, it is seen that trained promoters have been mobilized in most cases (79%) for installation. It is observed that 21% of the households have informed that the stoves have been self installed through trained stove masters within the households. In the case of metallic ICS in the hills, it is seen that 55% of the installations have been done by the promoter while the remaining by the family members. Although the basic initial installation was carried out by family members in some households, as stated, the stove companies (promoters) have played an important role in checking and modifying the installations to adhere to technical standards and correctness after the initial installation was done.

Table 11: Main person responsible to install ICS

Main person to install ICS Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Self (family members) 5 14 5 45 10 21 Trained Promoter 31 86 6 55 37 79 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100




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Regarding the cost of installation, the study has taken into account only the cash transactions during the process and not considered cost of materials and resources that the household had to arrange for the installation.

The survey also revealed that the cost of installation per household in the Terai was NRs. 50 while the installation cost NRs. 2,429 per household. The average cost of installation in the surveyed areas was calculated to be NRs. 488 primarily because the installations in the Terai did not warrant much cash during the installation process.

Table 12: Cost price of installation in cash, NRs

Cost price of installation Terai Hill Total

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD 50 62 2,429 1,298 488 1,072


Out of the surveyed ICS users, it has been seen that only about one-in-five households have actually dismantled the traditional cook stoves existing before the installation of ICS. The majority of the users have still not dismantled the TCS primarily due to religious purposes. It has also been observed that some of the TCS are installed outside the kitchen for the preparation of animal and livestock feed when necessary but not used for household cooking purposes.

Table 13: Dismantling of TCS after installation of ICS Terai Hill Total Dismantle of traditional stoves Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Yes 4 11 4 36 8 17 No 32 89 7 64 39 83 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100


3.3. Cooking fuel – source and consumption

3.3.1. Primary source of cooking fuel The survey has shown that the primary source of cooking fuel vary according to the specific geographic location of the surveyed households. The trends in Terai and the hills are found to be distinctly different. While the people from the hills practically use only firewood as the source of cooking fuel, the households in the Terai use other sources of cooking fuel too in the ICS. The households in inner Terai as in the surveyed district of Rautahat predominantly use agricultural and animal waste as their primary source of cooking fuel like cow dung. Readily available waste resources in addition to the scarcely available firewood (expensive to purchase) mean that the households are attracted to use dung cakes. However, other areas of Terai like Jhapa and Rupandehi still use firewood while animal and agricultural wastes are not so common in the hills.

Table 14: Primary source of cooking fuel

Primary source of cooking fuel Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Firewood 16 46 11 100 27 59 Agricultural residue/ dried grass 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dung cakes 19 54 0 0 19 41 Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 35 100 11 100 46 100




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3.3.2. Consumption of fuel When analyzing the information gathered on the average monthly quantity of cooking fuel used in the households, it is observed that dung cakes are most common fuel consumed in the Terai like discussed previously. It is estimated that a household in Terai, in an average, use 286 kg of dung cakes per month while using 115 kg of wooden logs and 111 kg of twigs and branches. However, the households in the hilly district consumed 227 kg of firewood in a month and other fuel use is observed.

Table 15: Region-wise average quantity of biomass used for cooking, kg/month

Biomass Terai Hill Total Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D.

Wooden logs 115 96 227 67 171 99 Wooden twigs and branches 111 74 0 0 111 74 Agricultural residue/dried grass 36 22 0 0 29 23 Dung cakes 286 144 0 0 274 153 Others 11 9 0 0 11 9


Upon analyzing the biomass use according to the districts, dung cakes are used in Rautahat district only. The surveyed households of the district consumed all 286 kg of dung cakes per month. Firewood (wooden logs) is utilized in all four districts in different proportion and quantities as evident from Table 16 below. The data also shows that the Rautahat used all different biomass sources for cooking purpose.

Table 16: District-wise average quantity of biomass used for cooking, kg/month

Biomass Rupandehi Rautahat Jhapa Dolakha Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D.

Wooden logs 98 78 167 161 90 14 227 67 Wooden twigs and branches 40 57 100 0 150 68 0 0 Agricultural residue/dried grass 0 0 36 22 6 4 0 0 Dung cakes 0 0 286 144 0 0 0 0 Others 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0


3.3.3. Saving of firewood after ICS The study has shown that there is perceived savings in firewood consumption after installation of ICS technology. Figure 4 below both depicts the average annual savings of firewood according to geographical regions. It is seen that average savings of firewood in the Terai is 1.61 tons per year per household while the savings is a little higher in the hill (1.66 tons per year per household). The total average firewood savings per household in the surveyed area is 1.63 tons per annum. Considering the increasing cost of firewood in Nepal, this could significant economically as well as environmentally. At the district level, it is observed from Table 17 that the average consumption of firewood before installation of ICS in the surveyed area is 3.58 tons per annum while the average consumption after installation is only 1.95 tons per year which gives a savings of 1.63 tons annually. The average household firewood saving is estimated to be 1.41 tons, 1.68 tons, 1.8 tons and 1.63 tons for Rupandehi, Rautahat, Jhapa and Dolakha respectively.



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Figure 4: Region-wise average annual firewood consumption before and after ICS installation, kg/year


Table 17: Annual saving of firewood after installation of ICS, kg/year Firewood Rupandehi Rautahat Jhapa Dolakha Total

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Before 2,563 1,172 3,480 2,113 3,360 1,029 4,378 766 3,578 1,325 After 1,149 854 1,800 1,625 1,560 736 2,722 808 1,948 1,115 Saving 1,414 336 1,680 490 1,800 313 1,656 183 1,630 318 Source: Field Survey, SETM 2013/14

3.3.4. Fuel collection On the query regarding the means of fuel collection, it has been configured that 74% of the households gather the necessary fuelwood. Such a trend is highly seen in the hills where 91% go out to collect fuelwood. Similarly, it is observed that some 28% of the Terai households buy required fuelwood from other collectors and/or sellers.

Table 18: Means of fuel collection

Fuelwood collection process Terai Hill Total Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage

All gathered 25 69 10 91 35 74 Mostly gathered 1 3 1 9 2 4 Mostly bought 4 11 0 0 4 9 All bought 6 17 0 0 6 13 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100


Regarding the primary source of firewood for consumption, the study has gathered information that private forests are the main area used for firewood collection. 100% of the respondents from the hill attributed their firewood to private



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forest while only few households in Terai collect firewood from such forests. 28% of the households in Terai gather their firewood from community forests while remaining gather firewood from other sources like vendors or other collectors.

Table 19: Primary source of firewood

Source of biomass Terai Hill Total Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage

Community forest 5 28 0 0 5 17 Private forest 3 17 11 100 14 48 Public forest 0 0 0 0 0 0 Others 10 56 0 0 10 34 Total 18 100 11 100 29 100


Information of the share of fuel supplemented from the primary source suggests that almost 100% of household requirements of firewood come from the primary source. However, the average share in the case of Terai is close to 75% only which translates that one-fourth of the fuelwood requirements are being managed from other secondary and tertiary sources.

Table 20: Share of fuel supplemented from primary source, percentage Region Mean S.D. Minimum Maximum Terai 74 38 0 100 Hill 98 6 80 100 Total 86 29 0 100


3.4. Operation, modification and repair

3.4.1. Operations

3.4.1.1. ICS design aspects The user survey has attempted to get feedbacks from the users regarding the appropriateness of design in the ICS installations. On whether the pot hole(s) matches the available size of pots and utensils at the household, 100% users provided information that the pot holes matched exactly with the size of the pots and utensils. Hence, there were no complaints in this aspect of ICS from any of the users.

Similar results have been observed in designed chimney height of the ICS installation. The users found the designed chimney height as appropriate to their installations. However, in practice there were three users from the Terai region who felt that the chimney removed smoke only partially while all other users responded that the chimney removed smoke fully.

Likewise, regarding the baffle height, it has been observed that 95% of the users consider it to be appropriate. Only one user each in the Terai region considered the baffle height to be either short or long.

However, there were some different opinions observed in case of distance between pot holes. Although 61% of the respondents believed that the distance between the pots were appropriate, the remaining 39% felt that the distance was too narrow and would be better to increase the distance for comfortable and efficient operation of the installed ICS.

3.4.1.2. Subsidy On the query whether the households received subsidy for installation of ICS, it was observed that 100% of the users received subsidy on technical support for installation. Similarly, the average amount of subsidy that was provided in the



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Terai region was NRs. 200 while the average subsidy was estimated to be NRs. 5,636 as informed by the respondents. The subsidy amount received by the hilly households surveyed ranged from NRs. 4,000 to NRs. 6,000. However, the exact source of the subsidy could not be verified in the field.

3.4.2. Modifications after ICS installations The user survey has shown that after installation of ICS, 22% of the stoves has undergone some sort of modification. The need for modification is seen more in the Terai region households (26%) while only 9% of the households needed modification the hilly district. The modifications have been required mostly in chimney, pot hole, furnace and baffle. It has also been revealed that the modifications are either done by skilled person from the village or by oneself within the family.

3.4.3. Repair and maintenance

3.4.3.1. Frequency of repair and maintenance On the aspect of repair and maintenance of installed ICS, it is seen that the cases for repair and maintenance is not very common in general. It is observed that an ICS installation normally required repair and maintenance two times annually with a minimum figure of one extending up to five in some cases. The incidences of repair and maintenance in the Terai were seen to be four times a year which is a little above average.

In comparison to the traditional stoves, 86% of the users have disclosed that the frequency of repair and maintenance has greatly reduced while only one user from the Terai felt that the repair and maintenance works had increased. Similarly, three users felt that there was no difference in the frequency of repair and maintenance.

Table 21: Frequency of repair and maintenance compared to TCS

Frequency Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

More 1 3 0 0 1 2 Less 29 81 11 100 40 86 Same 3 8 0 0 3 6 I don’t know 3 8 0 0 3 6 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100


3.4.3.2. Arrangement for repair and maintenance The survey has shown that repair and maintenance of the installed ICS is carried out primarily by skilled person in the vicinity. It is observed around 67% of the repair and maintenance works on the installed ICS have been carried out by such skilled persons. Simple repair and maintenance works have seen to be conducted by oneself.

Interestingly, it has also been observed that 86% of the user households were not provided with ICS users’ manual, which contained the operation and maintenance guidelines, by the promoters after installation of ICS. Only six users in the Terai were provided with the manual/guidelines by the promoter.



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CHAPTER 4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF USER HOUSEHOLD 4.1. Gender

The user survey was conducted on 70 sample households in four districts of Nepal. However, as discussed earlier, the installed ICS is operational in 47 households only. Hence, the user profile is elaborated only for those 47 households.

The sex of the respondents has been presented in the table below:

Table 22: Distribution of respondents based on sex

Sex Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Male 32 89 8 73 40 85 Female 4 11 3 27 7 15 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100


4.2. Ethnicity Of the surveyed households, 43% belonged to the Madhesi community. Considering three out of four districts surveyed lie in the Terai region of Nepal, it is obvious that the majority of the respondents belonged to the Madhesi community who are the predominant community in the region. Similarly, the hilly area surveyed is resided predominantly (91%) resided by the Tamang community. Dalit community is spread throughout the country and it is observed that 17% of the participants of this survey belong to community, all in Terai region. Other indigenous communities of Nepal including Gurungs, Magars and Newars are also represented in the survey albeit only few.

Figure 5: Ethnicity of the users


4.3. Family Size The average family size of the users was found to be 6 with minimum family size of 3 up to a maximum of 22. The average family size of users in hilly region (5) is less than the total average while the average family size of Terai (7) was found to be more than the average.



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Table 23: Average family size of the surveyed users Average family size No of observations Mean SD Minimum Maximum Hills 11 5 1 3 6 Terai 36 7 4 3 22 Total 47 6 4 3 22


4.4. Education level The education level of 227 people of the surveyed households was analyzed for the study. The data has shown that 21% of the people from the surveyed households are illiterates. The figure, individually, from the two regions does not vary much and are comparable. Similarly, another quarter of the total persons are just literates. The percentage of literates in the Terai is little more than the hill. On the same note, the persons completing SLC or higher are comparatively observed to be more in the Terai.

Table 24: Educational level of surveyed households

Education Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Illiterate 37 21 11 23 48 21 Literate 43 24 8 17 51 23 Primary 30 17 12 26 42 19 Lower Secondary 24 14 8 17 32 14 Secondary 28 16 7 15 35 16 Higher Secondary 11 6 0 0 11 5 Above Higher Secondary 4 2 1 2 5 2 Total family size out of 47 households 177 100 47 100 224 100


4.5. Major occupation The table below depicts the major occupation of the surveyed households. Not surprisingly, more than half the user household users are dependent on agriculture. All surveyed households from the hilly district are farmers. Similarly, labour works and business are also major occupations for some of the households in the Terai. 11% of the users from the Terai have been found to be in government service.

Table 25: Major occupation of the users

Occupation Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Agriculture 15 42 11 100 26 55 Business 6 17 0 0 6 13 Labour Works 10 28 0 0 10 21 Government Service 4 11 0 0 4 9 Others 1 3 0 0 1 2 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100


4.6. Main source of annual income The main source of annual income in the surveyed households is found to be agriculture with nearly 50% depending on it. With major occupation being agriculture for more than half of the users, it is obvious that major source of annual



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income would be agriculture. Apart from agriculture, business, wages and remittances also provide annual income to the users mostly in the Terai region.

Table 26: Main source of annual income

Main source of annual income Hills Terai Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Agriculture 13 36 9 82 22 47 Business 7 19 1 9 8 17 Wages 8 22 1 9 9 19 Remittances 6 17 0 0 6 13 Others 2 6 0 0 2 4 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100


4.7. Land holding The average land holding of the users from both the terai and hills was calculated to be 1.63 hectares3 (32 ropani) which is also estimated to be the average in the hill and Terai regions too. However, the land holding in terms of arable land shows that the land holding in the Terai is almost double compared to the hill.

Table 27: Average land holding of the households

Land Holdings (hectare) Hills Terai Total Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D.

Arable land 1.07 0 1.93 0 1.68 0 Total Land 1.63 0.97 1.63 2.09 1.63 1.83


4.8. Food sufficiency The food sufficiency status of the studied area is provided in Table 28 below. The comparison between the surveyed area in hill and Terai show that the situation in the hill is relatively better than that of Terai in terms of least food sufficient households with almost 37% of the households produce food that will last only up to 3 months in the Terai. Most (more than half) households in the hill have sufficient for 9-12 months while none of the households have enough food to last for the whole year. However, the situation in Terai is little different with 20% having enough for 9-12 months and additional 37% having enough food to last for the whole year.

Table 28: Food sufficiency status of the studied area

Food Sufficiency Status Hills Terai Total Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage

Up to 3 months 0 0 11 37 11 27 3 to 6 months 2 18 2 7 4 10 6 to 9 months 3 27 0 0 3 7 9 to 12 months 6 55 6 20 12 29 Whole year 0 0 11 37 11 27 Total 11 100 30 100 41 100


3 1 hectare=19.66 ropanis



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4.9. Access to services/facilities The user households were analyzed based on their access different modern services and facilities including drinking water, toilet and lighting facilities, which define the well-being and standard of living of the user community.

The access to drinking water figures show that all ICS users in the surveyed hilly district get the drinking water facility from drinking water pipeline. The situation is different in the Terai where 94% of the users access drinking water through deep well or tube well.

Table 29: Access to drinking water

Access to drinking water Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Drinking water pipeline 1 3 11 100 12 26 Well/tube well 34 94 0 0 34 72 Others 1 3 0 0 1 2 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100


Regarding travelling distances to collect drinking water, it is observed that the average distance is 4 minutes in the Terai while it is 14 minutes in the hill. It shows that it is safe to assume that deep well or tube well are readily available in the Terai while drinking pipelines in the hill are located at community centers rather than for individual private use.

Table 30: Average distance to collect drinking water, minutes

Distance to collect drinking water Terai Hill Total

Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. 4 2 14 16 6 9


The survey also reveals the fact that almost two-thirds of the surveyed users have permanent toilet facilities at home. Another 19% have temporary toilets while remaining 17% have no toilets. The entire “no toilet” households are observed to be in the Terai area.

Table 31: Access to toilet facility

Access to toilet facility Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Temporary Toilet 5 14 4 36 9 19 Permanent Toilet 23 64 7 64 30 64 No Toilet 8 22 0 0 8 17 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100


The study showed that 96% of the households of the surveyed area have access to modern form of electrical supply from the national grid or mini-grid. The only other two households in Terai that are not connected with the national grid are also electrified by solar home systems.

Table 32: Access of lighting facility

Access to lighting facility Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Grid or Mini Grid Electricity 34 94 11 100 45 96 Solar Home System 2 6 0 0 2 4 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100




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CHAPTER 5 NON-RENEWABLE BIOMASS ASSESSMENT

As mentioned in the chapter detailing out the methodology of the study, non-renewable biomass assessment is an important criteria to assess the monitoring parameters specified in the PDD and PoA DD required for the preparation of the monitoring reports and to assess the delivery of the community benefits as envisaged in the project/program formulation. The key object of this is to assess of fraction of woody biomass used that can be established as non renewable biomass with indicators including trends in distance travelled/time required for firewood gathering, trend in price of firewood, and trend in quality of biomass used by the households.

The study data analysis in the other chapters has been conducted based on 47 user households that have operational ICS. However, it has been observed that Rautahat district in the Terai do not have a forest source and is using dung cakes for the purpose of cooking in all the households. Hence, 21 samples from Rautahat have been discarded for NRB assessment in this chapter only and hence, all calculations and results are based on 26 samples unless specifically stated.

5.1. Change in forest cover The trends in changed forest cover over a period of two decades have been tabulated in Table 33. Two-third of the users perceives that the forest cover has increased over the last decade or two. However, 23% feel that forest cover has actually decreased with another 12% does not believe that there has been significant noticeable change in forest cover. Interestingly, all 11 households of hilly district of Dolakha think that the forest cover has increased in their vicinity. As per the information provided by the users, this is mainly due to the formation and proper management of community forests. In addition, the migration from the village to urban centers is also contributing to the preservation of the local forests. To confirm the forest cover, the enumerators for the survey visited some forests and found that the condition of the forest was visibly good.

Table 33: Trend in change of forest cover

Status of forest coverage Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Increased 6 40 11 100 17 65 Deceased 6 40 0 0 6 23 Same 3 20 0 0 3 12 Total 15 100 11 100 26 100


On enquiring about the possible reasons for the decrease in forest cover, it has been disclosed that household firewood collection, commercial fuelwood sale, household timber collection and commercial timber sale were some of the possible reasons for the decrease. Figure 6 illustrates the average ranking of the possible reasons for the decrease. The rankings have been tabulated for average ranking for each possible reason and presented in the graph. Closer to the center of the polygon mean higher ranked reason. As illustrated in the figure, household fuelwood collection, commercial fuelwood sale and commercial timber sale were the main reasons attributed to the decrease.



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Figure 6: Reasons for decrease in forest cover


When asked for their indicators of forest decrease based on their experience, it is seen that loss of big trees in the forests is one of the major indicators to prove decrease of forest cover. Similarly, both reduction in forest density and increae in time required to reach forest are some very important indicators to the users. In addition, respondents also preferred to analyze decrease in forest cover through increase in time needed to collect required quantity of firewood.

Figure 7: Indicators of the decrease in forest cover


On the contrary, some possible reasons for the increase in forest cover over the years have been shared by the respondents. Proper management by the authority and handing over the management of the forest to the local community are the most preferred reasoning for the increase by the survey respondents. Other possible reasons include assigning protected area, rise in awareness of people and use of alternatives to firewood as illustrated in the figure below.



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Figure 8: Reasons for the increase in forest cover


5.2. Time to reach forest The time to reach the forest has decreased over the last two decades. This is the opinion of around 50% of the respondent of the survey. Again, all 100% of respondents in the hills believe the time to reach the forest have decreased. Similarly, 38% of the respondents think that the time to reach forest has remained same over the last two decades. Only a minority 15% genuinely feel that the time to reach forest has increased. It has been seen that due to increased number of trees in the private land, the surveyed users of Dolakha seldom need to reach the forests for fuelwood.

Table 34: Trend in time to reach forest

Time to reach forest Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Increased 4 27 0 0 4 15 Decreased 1 7 11 100 12 46 Same 10 67 0 0 10 38 Total 15 100 11 100 26 100


The average time required to reach forest is presented in both table 34 and Figure 9. The table below shows the mean time to reach forest and the standard deviation while the figure depicts graphically the comparative time over the last two ten year period. The presentations confirm that the time to reach forest has actually decreased from 88 minutes 20 years back to the present day 55 minutes. This trend is also observed in both hilly and Terai regions surveyed.



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Table 35: Average time to reach forest, minutes

Region At Present Before 10 Years Before 20 Years Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D.

Terai 68 71 106 91 113 92 Hill 35 11 51 16 52 16 Total 55 57 83 75 88 77


Figure 9: Change in time to reach forest over the last two decades


5.3. Time to collect firewood The trend in firewood collecting time show that 46% of the respondents feel that there has been decrease in time needed to collect firewood. Conversely, 31% of the respondents think the time to collect firewood has increased over the last 20 years while the remaining 23% perceive that time has not changed and remains the same. As mentioned in the earlier section, the users from Dolakha district are collecting firewood from their private land nearby and do not need to frequently travel to the forests for firewood collection.

Table 36: Trend in firewood collecting time

Trend to collect fuelwood Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent



5.4. Price of firewood There is uniformity regarding the trend in price of firewood. Only one household from Terai, out of the surveyed 26 households in both hill and Terai region, considers that the price of firewood has decreased while the remaining 25 households agree that price has increased since the last 20 years.



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Table 37: Trend in price of firewood

Trend of firewood price Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent



Regarding the actual prices of firewood, it has been calculated that the average price has increased from NRs. 2 per kg twenty years ago to presently NRs. 9 per kg, which is an increase of 4.5 times. Table 38 and Figure 10 show the trend is price of fuelwood in the surveyed area.

Table 38: Price of firewood per kg, NRs

Price of firewood per kg

Region At Present Before 10 years Before 20 years Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D.

Terai 10 2 6 1 3 1 Hill 7 0 2 0 1 0

Total 9 2 5 2 2 2 Source: Field Survey, SETM 2013/14

Figure 10: Change in price of firewood


5.5. Fuel mix All but two respondents from the Terai agree that there have been distinct changes in cooking fuel mix over the past years. The probable reasons for the change in fuel mix show that almost two-thirds of the people attribute the change other reasons while 25% believe that increased distance to accessible forest have compelled to look for other options for cooking fuel. Similarly, retricted access to forest and increase in price of fuelwood are also some other reasons for change in fuel mix.



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Figure 11: Reason for change in fuel mix


The figure below depicts the preference of different cooking fuel over the last two decades and also shows the comparative position of individual fuel over the years. While zero in the graph denotes “not considered”, lesser the positive value it signifies more preference for the fuel in the energy mix for cooking. On analysis of the data presented, it is seen that firewood (wooden logs and twigs) have been the mainstay of the cooking fuel mix of Nepal over the last 20 years which is very much relevant at this present stage too. The preference of agricultural waste is decreasing since the last couple of decades. Regarding dung cake, it is seen that although the preference is still better than the one 20 years back, however, it had been seen to be better in the last 10 years. One of the reasons for the decreasing inclination towards animal waste could probably be the reducing proactive of animal husbandry in Nepal.

Figure 12: Preference for different fuel for cooking over the last 20 years




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CHAPTER 6 WATER BOILING TEST RESUTLS

As mentioned in earlier section on methodology, efficiency of ICS was tested through a Water Boiling Test (WBT). This experiment was performed to measure different parameters including thermal efficiency of stoves and to assess how well energy is transferred from the fuel to the cooking pot. For the purpose of the study, WBTs were conducted on 16 different sampled ICS/MICS. Only those ICS/MICS that have been operational consecutively for a minimum of six months and that were installed greater than a year prior to the study, had been included for WBTs. The standard testing protocol developed by University of California, Berkeley and The Shell Foundation and adopted by AEPC, was used to conduct the Water Boiling Tests. Protocol Version 4.1.2 has been used for the WBTs.

As the WBTs are carried out in comparatively controlled environment, it only provides an approximate estimation on stove characteristics and performances. Although, actual performance of the stove in actual cooking by users will significantly be different, it gives an important insight on the stove and its functioning.

6.1. Protocol The individual WBT consists of three phases that immediately follow each other. The three phases are briefly described in below:

1. Cold Start (high power) test: A measured quantity of water at room temperature is brought to boil using a pre-weighed bundle of fuel in a standard pot and cold stove at room temperature.

2. Hot Start (high power) test: This phase of the test is conducted after the cold start phase while stove is still hot. A pre-weighed bundle of fuel is used to boil a measured quantity of water in a standard pot. This phase helps to identify differences in performance of the stove when it is cold and when it is hot.

3. Simmer test (low power): A measured quantity of water is maintained at simmering temperature (just below the boiling point) for 45 minutes to obtain the amount of fuel required for long cooking practices.

These three tests provide approximate stove performance measures incorporating common cooking practices.

6.2. Analysis The data generated in the individual WBTs were manually entered into the available WBT data entry form. The calculations were conducted using the available WBT data calculation sheet version 4.1.2. The output results have been tabulated from different stove types tested.

6.3. Results and discussions WBTs provide many results that could be of significance to various target groups and analysts. Although the WBTs provide significant information on various parameters and indices of the tested stoves, two major common results have been presented in this section of the report. The results have been clustered into two aspects of the stoves.

1. Stove characteristics (burning rate, fire power and turn-down ratio)

2. Efficiency and performance measures (temperature corrected time to boil, thermal efficiency and temperature corrected specific fuel consumption)

The results obtained from all 16 WBTs conducted for the purpose of this study has been attached in Annex-5 of this report. This section presents the average values from different samples for each type of stove tested.



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6.3.1. Stove characteristics

6.3.1.1. Burning rate Burning rate is the measure of average grams of wood burned per minute during the tests. This measure indicates how rapidly the stove consumes fuel.

Figure 13 below shows the average burning rates of different stoves tested in the field. The data shows that the burning rates of the low power (simmer) tests were lesser than the higher power tests either cold start or hot start. Largest variations were observed in 3-pot metallic stove where in the different test showed varied burning rates from 27g/min during hot start to 11g/min in the simmer test. Similarly the max burning rate was seen in the 1-pot rocket stove from the Terai region that used cow dung cakes as the fuel rather than firewood. On the other hand, the average burning rates in high power tests (hot and cold start) were found to be similar as in the case of 1-pot rocket, 1-pot rocker octagon and 2-pot raised stoves.

Figure 13: Average burning rates of different stove types, g/min


6.3.1.2. Fire power Firepower is a measure of how quickly fuel is burning and reported in watts (joules per second). It is affected by both the stove (size of fuel entrance/combustion chamber) and user operation (rate of fuel feeding). Generally, it is a useful measure of the stove’s heat output. A higher or lower value is not necessarily preferable, but rather is an indicator of the size of the stove.

The figure presented below depicts the average fire power of different stoves in both high power (cold and hot starts) and low power (simmer) tests. The test results show that most of the stoves represented in the survey have an average fire power in between 3-5 kW in both tests – high power and low power. However, in case of 3-pot metallic stoves, the average fire power from the 4 samples was obtained to be lot more with up to 8.3 kW in the simmer test. It is also observed that 2-pot raised and 1-pot rocket stoves experienced the least recorded average fire power. Generally, the measured fire power was seen to be higher in the high power tests while being significantly lower in the low power tests.



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Figure 14: Average fire power of different stove types, watts


6.3.1.3. Turn-down ratio Turndown ratio is also another important parameter to gauge the performance of stoves. It tells the ability of the stove to adjust to various fire powers. Turn-down ratio indicates how much the user adjusted the heat between high power and low power phases. A higher value indicates a higher ratio of high power to low power, and could signal a greater range of power control in the stove.

The observed turn-down ratio from the different types of stoves does not show any significant dissimilarity. The data generated shows that the 1-pot rocket octagon stove has the lowest turn-down ratio of 1.34 while majority of the stoves hover around turn-down ratio of 1.6. However, the ratio of 3-pot raised metallic stove is comparatively on the higher side among the five different stove types surveyed with a figure of over 2.02.

Figure 15: Average turn-down ratio of different stove types




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6.3.2. Stove performance

6.3.2.1. Temperature-corrected time to boil The stoves tested are also compared by the amount of time it took for pot #1 to reach boiling temperature, corrected to reflect a temperature rise of 75°C from start to boil. This measure can be compared across stoves to determine the “speed” of the stove at high power, often an important factor to users.

The data obtained from the different stove samples that underwent WBTs show that the time required for boiling water is significant lower in hot start tests compared to cold start tests. In general, the there is a savings of around 20% on the time to boil when comaparing cold and hot start tests. It was found that 1-pot rocket octagon stove was the only stove without significant difference in the water boiling time in these two high power tests. The 2-pot raised stove took the maximum (22 minutes) time to boil water from the first pot in cold start while the 1-pot rocket stove with dung cakes as fuel took the least amount of time to boil (14 minutes) in hot start tests..

Figure 16: Average temperature-corrected time to boil in different stoves, minutes


6.3.2.2. Thermal efficiency Thermal efficiency is a measure of the fraction of heat produced by the fuel that made it directly to the water in the pot. The remaining energy is lost to the environment. So a higher thermal efficiency indicates a greater ability to transfer the heat produced into the pot.

The data obtained from WBT samples reveal that the average thermal efficiency of the surveyed stoves is in between 20% to 22%. The average data obtained from the different stove samples mostly show uniformity of results both in the high power and low power tests. However, the average hot start test results of the 1-pot rocket stove with dung cake show the thermal efficiency in that particular test to be 38% which seems a bit over the top. In most cases, the thermal efficiencies of stoves in hot start were observed to be greater than the cold start. Likewise, the thermal efficiency calculated for the simmer test has been seen to be the least among the different tests in WBT. However, while analyzing individual samples, in few cases, this generalization does not hold true.



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Figure 17: Average thermal efficiency of different stoves, %


6.3.2.3. Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption This is a measure of the amount of fuel required to boil (or simmer) 1 liter of water. This is the measure, also corrected as if the temperature rise from start to boil was 75°C, in order to easily compare different tests that may have had different starting or boiling temperatures. It is best to always look at the temperature corrected value rather than the uncorrected value. Higher temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption indicates more fuel required to complete the same task of producing a liter of boiled (or simmered) water. While thermal efficiency is a well-known measure of stove performance, a better indicator may be specific consumption, especially during the low power phase of the WBT. This is because a stove that is very slow to boil may have a very good looking TE because a great deal of water was evaporated.

Figure 18 below depicts the average temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption of different sampled stoves. The data illustrates that the specific fuel consumption is comparatively very low in the high power tests while it significantly increases around threefold in the simmer tests. Unlike other measures, the specific fuel consumption is slightly higher for cold start than the hot start for all WBTs. The 1-pot rocket octagon stove was seen to have highest specific fuel consumption during the simmer tests while 2-pot raised stove had the lowest specific fuel consumption among all other types of stoves.



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Figure 18: Average temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption of different stove types, g/liter




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CHAPTER 7 IMPACTS OF ICS

8.1. Smoke reduction The ICS users participating in the survey has confided that there has been reduction of kitchen smoke in the households. While 40% of the respondents feel that smoke in the kitchen has reduced drastically, 60% of the users said that kitchen smoke has reduced to some extent. The satisfaction level with the technology with regards to smoke reduction in the the kitchen is seen to be prominent in the hilly region with 91% of the households feeling that smoke has reduced drastically while only 25% are fully satisfied with the smoke reduction.

Table 39: Smoke reduction in kitchen

Smoke reduction in the kitchen Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Has reduced drastically 9 25 10 91 19 40 Has reduced to some extent 27 75 1 9 28 60 No reduction 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 36 100 11 100 47 100


8.2. Incidences of diseases Analyzing the data collected to perceive whether incidences of diseases have been reduced in the household members, it has been revealed that 42 households out of 47 sampled have had reduced incidences of respiratory diseases and cough related ailments. The incidences of other diseases like eye infection, diarrhea and dysentery have also reduced significantly. However, some households still feel that cases of diseases like parasites and dysentery are not related with ICS installation. The total responses received under each disease occurrence are provided in Table 40 below.

Table 40: Reduced incidences of diseases after installation of ICS, number of respondents Reduced incidence of diseases after ICS Yes No Total Respiratory Diseases 42 0 42 Eye Infections 39 0 39 Cough 42 1 43 Diarrhea 33 6 39 Dysentery 24 15 39 Parasites 27 13 40


8.3. Time saved On the query whether installation of ICS have saved time for household cooking, 79% have agreed that ICS does indeed save time for cooking. The response is 100% positive in the surveyed area in the hills while only 73% of the users feel that cooking time have been saved due to ICS.

Table 41: Time saved for cooking

Time saving after ICS installation Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Yes 26 73 11 100 37 79 Source: Field Survey, SETM 2013/14



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8.4. Utilization of saved time As majority of the users have responded that installation of ICS have saved cooking time in the households, the survey attempted to figure out how users utilized the saved time. Since, most of the households are into agriculture for their living, 50% of the households utilized saved time working in the fields for agriculture. Similarly, around 20% each revealed that they are helping children with their studies and doing household activities like cleaning. Few respondents have had time to carry out income generating activities, social work as well as other activities one wishes to carry out.

Table 42: Utilization of time saved, % Utilization of saved time Terai Hill Total

Helping Children with their studies 26 0 20 Working in the field 35 91 46 Cleaning house 26 9 22 Income generating activities 7 0 6 Social activities 2 0 2 Others 5 0 4 Total responses 100 100 100


8.5. Reduction of drudgery In terms of reduction of drudgery, the respondents have disclosed many benefits through the promotion of this technology. Some of the major reduction of drudgery that have been witnessed at most households are lesser time required for house cleaning, lesser time required for cloth-washing, carrying out multiple activities simultaneously, etc. In addition, some 29 households have also mentioned easier for dish washing as one major reduction of drudgery at the household level.

8.6. Beneficiary satisfaction The study conducted showed that 81% of the users of the ICS installed households are satisfied with the ICS technology. The satisfaction level was found to be 100% in Dolakha district of the hilly region while the satisfaction level stood at 75% in the three districts surveyed from the Terai.

Table 43: Users’ satisfaction with the technology

Satisfaction with ICS technology Terai Hill Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Yes 27 75 11 100 38 81 Source: Field Survey, SETM 2013/14

The discussions in the previous section of this report have already elaborated on the possible reasons for the users to be satisfied with the technology. However, there still seems to be some users, around 25% from the Terai, that are still not convinced with the technology; hence, their dissatisfaction. The study has also attempted to figure out the reasons for their dissatisfaction. Figure 19 below have presented some reasons with their priorities among the unsatisfied users. The users have mentioned the technology’s non-suitability to prepare cattle meal as the most prioritized reasons. Similarly, inadequate time savings, inadequate room heating and inadequate for cooking roti are some other the prioritized causes. Since most people in the Terai have roti as their staple meal, inconvenience in preparing such a meal with ICS is one of the major setbacks for the users in Terai. However, known notions of smoke reduction as mentioned by some households, play a role in the dissatisfaction but the cases are few in numbers. It is likely the cause of faulty installations or incompetent technicians rather than a widely accepted demerit of the technology as some households have perceived to be.



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Figure 19: Reasons for dissatisfaction with the technology


Regarding the users’ satisfaction on the performance of the ICS installed, 41% are highly satisfied. As in the previous discussions, it was found that users from the hills are all highly satisfied which is why the total level of satisfaction seems to be pushed higher. In case of the Terai, 21% were found to be highly satisfied while 75% were only satisfied with the performance. One user from the Terai was not satisfied with the performance of the ICS installed in the household.



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CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION

The ICS User Survey (2013/14) has been conducted with the objective of making comprehensive assessment the monitoring parameters specified in the PDD and PaA DD required for the preparation of the monitoring reports and to assess the delivery of community benefits as envisaged in the project/programme formulation. The study has attempted to assess the monitoring objectives related to CDM such as assessment of operational status, assessment of displacement of TCS, assessment of efficiency of different types of ICS disseminated, assessment of quantity of woody biomass saved and assessment of woody biomass that can be established as non-renewable biomass. Similarly, the study has also looked into monitoring objectives related to user benefits such as assessment of general socio-economic status of user households, assessment of operation and maintenance, assessment of reduction in drudgery, assessment of reduction in smoke and associated incidence of diseases and assessment of beneficiary satisfaction.

Although the operational status of the ICS disseminated was found to be lower than expected due to various reasons, the satisfaction of the users have been observed to be pretty high. The users have been impacted positively with the installation of ICS. On the other hand, the technology itself is observed to be satisfactory with the efficiency above 20% in all stove samples under consideration. There are also significant savings in firewood after installation of ICS. However, the study of the trends as part of assessment of non-renewable biomass has shown mixed results primarily due to the specific samples selected for the survey. Although some trends show firewood to be non-renewable in nature, some results show the contrary. There have been general improvement of the rural situation with regards to firewood and forests; however, future study incorporating more samples from wider areas could be beneficial to confirm the assessment of NRB.



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Annex-1: RAND Screenshots 1. Hilly district selection



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VDC selection of Dolakha district



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Metallic Stoves are distributed over wards 1, 2, 3 and 4. There are no wards with 10 or more MICS. All the wards are considered for selection of two metallic stoves. However, there are two wards, 1 and 4 with 10 or more MICS. These two wards are considered for selection of 16 Three Pot Hole Metallic Stoves. Household selection along with their stove types is given below in screenshot:



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2. Terai district selection

A. VDC selection of Rupandehi district



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Household selection of Kahariya VDC of Rupandehi district



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B. VDC selection of Rautahat district



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Household Selection of Khesrahiya VDC, Rautahat



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C. VDC Selection of Jhapa district



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Selected Households in Jhapa district



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Annex-2: List of Selected Sample Households 1. Dolakha

SN Users Name Ward VDC District ICS Type 1 Ghal Bahadur Tamang 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 2 Jalmaya Tamang 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 3 Sher Bahadur Tamang 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 4 Nabin Pakhrin 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 5 Som Bahadur Tamang 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 6 Reli Maya Tamang 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 7 Kami Tamang 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 8 Lase Man Tamang 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 9 Som Bahadur Tamang 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 10 Shanti Tamang 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 11 Ratna Bahadur Tamang 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 12 Man Bahadur Tamang 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 13 Bish Maya Tamang 4 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 14 Purna Bahadur Tamang 4 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 15 Mangale Bahadur Tamang 4 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 16 Sher Bahadur Tamang 4 Thulopatal Dolakha Three Pot Hole Metallic Stove 17 Tika Bahadur Shrestha 3 Thulopatal Dolakha Metallic Stoves 18 Tej Bahadur Tamang 1 Thulopatal Dolakha Metallic Stoves

2. Rupandehi

SN Users Name Ward VDC District ICS Type 1. Phabisara Ale 7 Karahiya Rupandehi Rocket Stoves 2. Dhan Kumari B.K. 7 Karahiya Rupandehi Rocket Stoves 3. Bimala Gurung 7 Karahiya Rupandehi Rocket Stoves 4. Nirajan Gurung 7 Karahiya Rupandehi Rocket Stoves 5. Sumitra Gurung 7 Karahiya Rupandehi Rocket Stoves 6. Mina Kunwar 7 Karahiya Rupandehi Rocket Stoves 7. Amrit Gurung 7 Karahiya Rupandehi Rocket Stoves



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8. Dhan Kumari B.K. 7 Karahiya Rupandehi 2 Pot hole 9. Siddhartha Gumba 7 Karahiya Rupandehi 2 pot raised 10 Mina Kunwar 7 Karahiya Rupandehi 1 pot hole

3. Rautahat

SN Users Name Ward VDC District ICS Type 1 Ram Adhar Chaurasiya 1 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 2 Sobidhan Ram 3 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 3 Shyam Giri 8 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 4 Nagendra Raya Yadav 4 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 5 Ram Sohag Ray Yadav 9 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 6 Harindra Sah 1 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 7 Jagilal Ray Yadav 2 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 8 Birendra Shah Teli 3 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 9 Sanjaya Kumar Ray Yadav 8 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 10 Nandu Paswan 4 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 11 Subnarayan Shah Turaha 4 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 12 Kisnandan Ram 3 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 13 Nanda Kishor Ray Yadav 9 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 14 Suresh Thakur Lohar 2 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 15 Niranjan Shah Teli 6 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 16 Kisori Raya Yadav 4 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 17 Chauti Teliu 4 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 18 Sikindra Raya Yadav 4 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 19 Tilak Baitha 8 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 20 Binod Ram 3 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 21 Shreenarayan Raya Yadav 3 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 22 Rajdev Raya Yadav 4 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 23 Krishana Sah 5 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket



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24 Prakash Sahani 1 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 25 Ram Asis Baitha 8 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 26 Dukha Ram 3 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 27 Siyaram Sah 5 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 28 Shovi Sah 4 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 29 Jagdish Sah 2 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket 30 Jitan Baitha 9 Khesrahiya Rautahat Rocket

4. Jhapa

SN Users Name Ward VDC District ICS Type 1 Mandira Paudel 6 Satasidham Jhapa Rocket Octagon 2 Oma Mahat 6 Satasidham Jhapa Rocket Octagon 3 Goma Siwakoti 6 Satasidham Jhapa Rocket Octagon 4 Saradha Ghimire 6 Satasidham Jhapa Rocket Octagon 5 Sabina Adhikari 6 Satasidham Jhapa Rocket Octagon 6 Kashinath Chaudhari 6 Satasidham Jhapa Rocket Octagon 7 Maya Devi BK 6 Satasidham Jhapa Rocket 8 Susma Nepali 6 Satasidham Jhapa Rocket 9 Bimala Nepali 6 Satasidham Jhapa Rocket

10 Januka Raut 6 Satasidham Jhapa Rocket 11 Bishnu Maya Pathak 7 Satasidham Jhapa Rocket Octagon 12 Rajan Neupane 5 Satasidham Jhapa Rocket Octagon



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Annex-3: Questionnaire for Improved Cook Stove (ICS) Users’ Survey 2013/14 IDENTIFICATION District VDC/ Ward No. Village/ Tole Section I. Introduction 1.1 Full Name of the Respondent (must

be primary cook, unless and otherwise unavailable, secondary cook)

………………………………………………………… (1=Male 2=Female)

Sex ……

1.2 Contact number (in case he/she has to contacted after the survey)

1.3 Full Name of the Household Head ……………………………………………………….... (1=Male 2=Female)

Sex ……

1.4 Interviewed by 1.5 Date of the interview (dd/mm/yyyy) 1. 6 Entered by 1.7 Type of ICS 1.8 Date of installation (dd/mm/yyyy) 1.9 Have you been using ICS since its

installation? 1. Yes [GO TO 2.1] 2. No

1.9.1 If “No” for 1.9, the reason for abandoning

……………………………………………………………………………..

(Discontinue survey) Section II. Socio-Economic Status of User Household 2.1 What is your ethnicity? 2.2 How many people are there in your

family? Total Male Female Male Child <6 Female Child <6

2.3 How is the education level do you and family have completed?

Education Level Male Female Infant Illiterate (0) Literate only Primary Level (1-5) Lower Secondary Level (6-8) Secondary Level (9-10) Higher Secondary Level (11-12) Above Higher Secondary Level (>12)

2.4 What is your main occupation? 1. Agriculture 2. Business 3. Labour works 4. Government service 5. Private 6. Secretariat/professional



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7. Others (specify) ……………………. 2.5 What is main source of annual

income of the household? 1. Agriculture 2. Business 3. Wages 4. Remittances 5. Others (specify) …………………

2.6 What is your household’s land holding? (in convertible local units)

Arable land (Ropani) Total Land Area (Ropani)

2.7 How is the food sufficiency (own food production) status in your household?

1. Enough for up to 3 months 2. Enough for 3-6 months 3. Enough for 6-9 months 4. Enough for 9-12 months 5. Whole year

2.8 What source do you access for drinking water?

1. Drinking water pipeline 2. River 3. Spring 4. Pond 5. Well/tubewell 6. Others (specify)………………………………….

2.9 How long does it take for you to fetch drinking water?

……………………. mins

2.10 Toilet facility in the household 1. Temporary toilet 2. Permanent toilet 3. No toilet 4. Others (specify) ……………………………….

2.11 Lighting Facility 1. Grid or Mini grid Electricity 2. Solar Home System 3. Kerosene 4. Solar Tuki or Lantern 5. Others (specify)…………………………..

Section III. Stove Technology 3.1 What type of ICS do you have?

(check with the ICS users’ booklet and direct observation)

1. 1-pot hole plain ICS 2. 1-pot hole raised ICS 3. 2-pot hole plain ICS 4. 2-pot hole raised ICS 5. 3-pot hole plain ICS 6. 3-pot hole raised ICS 7. Portable rocket ICS 8. Fixed rocket ICS 9. 1-pot hole Metallic ICS 10. 2-pot hole Metallic ICS 11. 3-pot hole Metallic ICS 12. Others (specify) ……………………….



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3.2 How long have you been using ICS? (verify with user’s booklet)

…………………………..months

3.3 Why have you selected the particular installed ICS?

………………………………………………………………..

3.4 What type of stove did you use before installation of ICS?

1. Kerosene 2. Tripod 3. Three Stone 4. Mud Stove 5. Biogas 6. LPG 7. Others (specify) ………………………………

3.5 What motivated you to install ICS in your household?

1. Kitchen smoke 2. Incidence of diseases 3. Difficulty in managing fuel/firewood 4. Trying out new option(s) 5. Others (specify) …………………………..

3.6 Who motivated you to install ICS in your home? 1. Self (within the household) 2. Promoters and Local Partner Organizations 3. Promotional Materials 4. Neighbors/ Friends/ Relatives 5. Others (specify) …………………………………

3.7 Who was main person in installation of ICS? 1. Self (family members) [GO TO 3.8] 2. Trained Promoter 3. Wage Laborer

3.7.1 If “Promoter” or “Wage Laborer” for 3.7, how much did you pay in cash for installation?

Rs………………………..

3.8 Did you dismantle the traditional stove in the kitchen after installation of ICS?

1. Yes [GO TO 4.1] 2. No

3.8.1 If “No” for 3.8, why? 1. Still in use 2. For religious reasons 3. For specific purposes (specify) ………………….

Section IV. Fuel Consumption and Source 4.1 What is the primary source of fuel for cooking in

ICS? 1. Firewood 2. Agricultural residue/dried grass 3. Dung cakes 4. Others (speciy)

4.2 Can you estimate the quantity of firewood in 1 Bhari in your village?

1 Bhari = ……….. kg

4.3 What is current average cost of one Bhari of firewood?

1 Bhari = NRs………..

4.4 Quantity of different fuels used for cooking per month after installation of ICS? (convert all units to kg with reference to 4.2)

1. Wooden logs ……………… kg 2. Wooden twigs and branches ………………… kg 3. Agricultural residue/dried grass ………………. kg



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4. Dung cakes ………………. kg 5. Others (specify) ……………………… kg

4.5 Can you specify the amount of firewood (wooden logs and wooden twigs) used per month for cooking before ICS?

…………………… kg

4.6 Is your main fuel gathered or bought? 1. All gathered 2. Mostly gathered 3. Mostly bought 4. All bought 5. Others (specify)

4.7 What types of fuel do you purchase and can you estimate the amount of money spent to purchase?

1. Firewood, NRs……………………….. 2. Agricultural residue/dried grass, NRs……………… 3. Dung cakes, NRs………………. 4. Others (specify) ………………………

4.8 Where do you primarily collect your firewood from?

1. Community forest 2. Private forest 3. Public forest 4. Others

4.9 What alternate forest do you access apart from the one responded above to meet your firewood requirement?

1. Community forest 2. Private forest 3. Public forest 4. Others

4.10 What share of your firewood demand is supplemented by the primary forest that you source?

………..%

4.11 How much time do you need to travel to collect firewood?

……… minutes

Section V. Trends and Changes 5.1 How has the forest land coverage changed over

past years in the area where you collect firewood from?

1. Increased [GO TO 5.1.3] 2. Decreased [GO TO 5.1.1 and 5.1.2] 3. Same [GO TO 5.2]

5.1.1 If “Decreased” for 5.1, how do you rank the given reasons? (For ranking of the reasons, please rank 1 for the reason that the respondent thinks is the most likely cause of forest decrease and so on)

Reasons Ranking 1. Household firewood collection 2. Commercial Fuelwood Sale 3. Household Timber Collection 4. Commercial Timber Sale 5. Natural Disasters 6. Livestock Grazing 7. Forest Fire 8. Others (specify)

5.1.2 If “Decreased” for 5.1, what have you observed as the indicator(s) of the forest decrease according to your experience? (Please rank)

Indicators Ranking 1. Reduction in forest density 2. Loss of big trees 3. Loss of pole size trees



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4. Increase in time required to reach forest 5. Increase in time required to collect

required quantity of firewood

6. Others (specify) 5.1.3 If “Increased” for 5.1, what do you feel the

reasons are? (For ranking of the reasons please rank 1 for the reason that the respondent thinks is the most likely cause of forest increase and so on)

Reasons Ranking 1. Proper Management by authority 2. Responsibility handling to community 3. Assigning the protected area 4. Rise in the awareness level of local

people

5. Use of other alternatives to firewood 6. Others (specify)

5.2 How has the time required reaching forest changed over past years in your surrounding?

1. Increased 2. Decreased 3. Same

5.3 What changes have you observed between different time scales for time required to reach forest?

Time Period Time required (in mins) to reach forest

At present Before 10 Years Before 20 Years

5.4 Has the time required collecting firewood changed over past years in your surrounding?


5.5 Has the price of firewood or the charge of paid labors changed over past years in your area?


5.6 Please mention the past trends of firewood prices and charge for paid labor? (Please note that a firewood price means the market price). For firewood unit mention local unit.

Time Period Unit of Purchase

Firewood price (Rs./ Unit)

At present Before 10 Years Before 20 Years

5.7 Has the fuel mixture you are using changed over past years?

1. Yes 2. No [GO TO 5.8]

5.7.1 If “Yes” for 5.7, please mention the fuel mixture for different periods? (for fuel type please use the following abbreviations) WL=Wood logs, TW=Twigs, AR=Agriculture residue, DC=Dung cake, SD= Saw Dust, CC=Charcoal, OT=Others

Time Rank of different fuels used in past 1 2 3

At present Before 10 years Before 20 years

5.8 Reasons of your fuel composition change 1. Restricted access to forest 2. Increased distance to accessible forest 3. Increase in price of fuelwood 4. Others (specify) …………………………………….



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Section VI. Operation and Maintenance 6.1 Have you ever modified the ICS after installation 1. Yes

2. No [GO TO 6.2] 6.1.1 If “Yes” for 6.1, which part did you modify? 1. Chimney

2. Pot hole 3. Furnace 4. Baffle 5. Others

6.1.2 If “Yes” for 6.1, please give reasons for modification? Please specify……………………. 6.1.3 If “Yes” for 6.1, who did the modification? 1. Oneself

2. Promoter 3. Skilled person from village 4. Technician 5. Others (specify)

6.2 Are you completely satisfied with the present performance of your ICS?

1. Yes [GO TO 6.3] 2. No

6.2.1 If “No” for 6.2, what are you dissatisfied with? (Please rank 1 for the highest)

Reasons Ranking Inadequate fuel wood saving Inadequate time saving Inadequate room heating Inadequate for cooking Roti Prevalence of smoke inside kitchen

Frequent repairing and/or breakage

Not suitable to prepare cattle meal Others (Specify)

6.3 How often ICS need repair and maintenance? …………..times a year

6.4 How do you repair your ICS? 1. Oneself 2. Skilled person from village 3. Technician 4. Others (specify)

6.5 How frequent does ICS need repairing compared to traditional?

1. More 2. Less 3. Same

6.6 Did promoter provide guideline on O&M after installing ICS?

1. Yes 2. No

6.7 Did promoter provide ICS user’s manual? 1. Yes 2. No

6.8 Does pot hole match size of utensils normally used? 1. Exact 2. Large 3. Too large 4. Small 5. Too small



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6.9 What do you think about distance between pot holes? 1. Appropriate 2. Narrow 3. Broad

6.10 What do you think about baffle height? 1. Appropriate 2. Short 3. Long

6.11 What do you think about chimney height? 1. Appropriate 2. Short 3. Long

6.12 How much of the smoke is removed by the chimney? 1. Full 2. Partial 3. Not at all

6.13 Did you receive subsidy for the installation of ICS 1. Yes 2. No

6.14 What was the subsidy? (Multiple Answer)

1. Technical support for installation 2. Cash subsidy

6.15 What was the amount of cash subsidy NRs. ………………. 6.16 Was your ICS dysfunctional or did it broke down? 1. Yes

2. No [GO TO 6.17] 6.16.1 If “Yes” for 6.16, How many days did it take to repair? Number of Days ___ ___ ___ 6.17 Are you satisfied with the performance of ICS? 1. Highly satisfied

2. Satisfied 3. Not satisfied

Section VII: Beneficiary Satisfaction 7.1 Do you think ICS installation has reduced smoke in the kitchen? 1. Has reduced drastically

2. Has reduced to some extent 3. No reduction

7.2 Do you think ICS installation has reduced the incidence of following diseases among your household members?

YES NO Respiratory diseases 1 2 Eye infections 1 2 Cough 1 2 Diarrhea 1 2 Dysentery 1 2 Parasites 1 2

7.3 Do think ICS installation has reduced the firewood consumption? 1. Yes 2. No

7.4 Can you estimate by how much firewood consumption has been reduced after the ICS installation?

Bhari per month ……………………..

7.5 Do you think due to ICS installation the time required for you to collect firewood has decreased?

1. Yes 2. No

7.6 Do you think due to ICS installation the time required for you to cook has decreased?

1. Yes 2. No [GO TO 7.7]

7.6.1 If “Yes” for 7.6, how do you or your family members utilize saved time?

1. Helping children with their studies 2. Working in the field



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3. Cleaning house 4. Income generating activities 5. Social activities 6. Recreational activities 7. Others

7.7 Are there other benefits regarding reduction of drudgery by using ICS? (Multiple Answers)

1. Easier for dish washing 2. Lesser time for house cleaning 3. Lesser time for clothes washing 4. Simultaneous multiple uses 5. Others (specify) …………………

7.8 Do you perceive any disadvantages of using ICS? Please specify ……………………………………………



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Annex-4: Orientation and Training Schedule for Field Enumerators (7th -9th June 2014)

Activities Key responsibility Time DAY I Introduction session Introduction among the surveyors and trainers Introduction, objective and purpose of ICS Users Survey Enumerators experience in field survey

BRP/MM/BKN 10.00-11.30

General Information Status of ICS in Nepal ICS Technology Scope and its types WBT concepts

MM/SS 11.30- 12.30

Tea Break 12.30-13.15 Detailed presentation on questionnaires Team 13.15-15.00 Orientation of pre-testing of questionnaire BKN 15.00-15.30 DAY II Field Visit (Practical Exercise ) for the pre-survey (10 households) including WBT Team 08.00-16.00

DAY III Recap of the previous day Team 10.30-12.00 Introduction to CDM, ICS CDM project, key monitoring parameters for CDM. (Short presentation in CDM approach) Short presentation on past experience, scope of the study, essential data or information, problems etc

AEPC/NRREP 12.00-13.30

Separation of Clusters (Site allocation to field Enumerators) Short presentation regarding the field visits on particular sites, data collection techniques/tools, data entry and coding

RMS/BKN 13.30-14.00

Final discussion on problems and solutions on trip SS/RMS/BKN 14.00-15.00 Summarization of orientation (Whole training) Team 15.00-16.00 Team:

BRP – Bharat Raj Poudel (Team Leader) MM – Muhan Maskey SS – Sharada Shrestha RMS – Rajendra Man Shrestha BKN – Bibek Kanta Neupane AEPC representative



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Annex-5: WBT Test Results of Individual ICS of Different Types

1. Dolakha District Test Parameters

Unit Shanti Tamang Sher B Tamang Tej B Tamang Tika B Shrestha

3-pot MICS 3-pot MICS 3-pot MICS 3-pot MICS

1. HIGH POWER TEST (COLD START) units Time to boil Pot # 1 min 16.53 18.47 16.53 17.50 Temp-corrected time to boil Pot # 1 min 16.98 18.47 16.75 18.23 Burning rate g/min 20.79 18.80 25.52 20.25 Thermal efficiency % 22.3% 19.6% 20.4% 25.7% Specific fuel consumption g/liter 107.39 134.86 151.38 81.95 Temp-corrected specific consumption g/liter 110.33 134.86 153.42 85.36 Firepower watts 6,380.02 5,770.41 7,832.25 6,213.34 2. HIGH POWER TEST (HOT START) units

Time to boil Pot # 1 min 13.61 16.53 12.64 13.61 Temp-corrected time to boil Pot # 1 min 13.98 16.53 12.81 14.18 Burning rate g/min 24.93 23.77 26.75 33.10 Thermal efficiency % 21.4% 22.7% 21.9% 18.1% Specific fuel consumption g/liter 120.21 119.58 132.51 107.36 Temp-corrected specific consumption g/liter 123.50 119.58 134.30 111.83 Firepower watts 7,651.65 7,294.77 8,209.66 10,158.21 3. LOW POWER (SIMMER) units

Burning rate g/min 8.94 14.67 9.44 11.38 Thermal efficiency % 19.1% 18.6% 18.3% 21.1% Specific fuel consumption g/liter 272.13 606.55 690.08 321.25 Firepower watts 2,743.14 4,501.64 2,898.15 3,492.01 Turn down ratio -- 2.33 1.28 2.70 1.78

2. Jhapa District Test Parameters Unit Bimala Nepali Mandira Chaudhari Rajan Neupane Susma Nepali

1-hole rocket 1-hole rocket octagon 1-hole rocket 1-hole rocket octagon

1. HIGH POWER TEST (COLD START) units Time to boil Pot # 1 min 20.42 19.64 19.44 18.47 Temp-corrected time to boil Pot # 1 min 20.42 19.64 19.19 19.51 Burning rate g/min 14.69 17.04 18.24 14.01 Thermal efficiency % 22.5% 20.9% 15.1% 24.7% Specific fuel consumption g/liter 162.89 195.03 229.16 179.70 Temp-corrected specific consumption g/liter 162.89 195.03 226.14 189.82 Firepower watts 4,507.62 5,229.96 5,598.98 4,299.14 2. HIGH POWER TEST (HOT START) units

Time to boil Pot # 1 min 17.50 17.50 17.50 15.56 Temp-corrected time to boil Pot # 1 min 17.50 18.49 17.98 17.68 Burning rate g/min 15.28 14.34 16.60 15.36 Thermal efficiency % 24.8% 22.6% 20.4% 28.2% Specific fuel consumption g/liter 144.45 138.69 194.68 174.28 Temp-corrected specific consumption g/liter 144.45 146.51 200.01 198.05 Firepower watts 4,689.05 4,402.46 5,093.79 4,713.84



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3. LOW POWER (SIMMER) units Burning rate g/min 11.08 13.05 11.05 10.23

Thermal efficiency % 20.8% 21.2% 17.9% 20.9% Specific fuel consumption g/liter 493.20 699.79 624.55 752.63 Firepower watts 3,401.43 4,005.70 3,390.98 3,140.20 Turn down ratio -- 1.33 1.31 1.65 1.37

3. Rautahat District Test Parameters Unit

Bishwo N Sahani Jitan Daitha Mandu Paswas

1-hole rocket Rocket (dung) Rocket (dung)

1. HIGH POWER TEST (COLD START) units Time to boil Pot # 1 min 23.33 21.39 15.56 Temp-corrected time to boil Pot # 1 min 23.65 22.28 15.35 Burning rate g/min 17.04 33.07 24.25 Thermal efficiency % 18.7% 27.0% 25.5% Specific fuel consumption g/liter 222.77 201.64 226.18 Temp-corrected specific consumption g/liter 225.78 210.04 223.21 Firepower watts 5,230.10 6,768.46 4,963.82 2. HIGH POWER TEST (HOT START) units

Time to boil Pot # 1 min 13.61 16.53 11.67 Temp-corrected time to boil Pot # 1 min 13.98 17.22 11.51 Burning rate g/min 17.77 33.04 14.54 Thermal efficiency % 25.4% 35.5% 40.4% Specific fuel consumption g/liter 128.22 156.36 93.28 Temp-corrected specific consumption g/liter 131.74 162.88 92.06 Firepower watts 5,452.77 6,761.42 2,975.13 3. LOW POWER (SIMMER) units

Burning rate g/min 11.92 24.18 13.42 Thermal efficiency % 18.5% 25.9% 23.8% Specific fuel consumption g/liter 459.35 532.12 558.28 Firepower watts 3,658.05 4,948.79 2,747.50 Turn down ratio -- 1.43 1.37 1.81

4. Rupandehi district Test Parameters Unit Amrit Gurung Devi M Gurung Dhan K BK Mina Kunwar Siddhartha Gumba

1-hole rocket 1-hole rocket 2-pot rocket 2-pot rocket 2-pot rocket

1. HIGH POWER TEST (COLD START) units Time to boil Pot # 1 min 16.53 18.47 17.50 18.47 24.31 Temp-corrected time to boil Pot # 1 min 20.32 20.08 18.75 20.37 25.67 Burning rate g/min 13.04 15.02 20.01 11.01 14.04 Thermal efficiency % 20.8% 23.1% 22.3% 22.6% 22.8% Specific fuel consumption g/liter 126.73 262.65 118.95 121.69 109.33 Temp-corrected specific consumption g/liter 155.82 285.49 127.44 134.22 115.49 Firepower watts 4,000.54 4,608.12 6,141.89 3,378.45 4,309.32 2. HIGH POWER TEST (HOT START) units Time to boil Pot # 1 min 13.61 11.67 16.53 16.53 15.56 Temp-corrected time to boil Pot # 1 min 16.87 12.68 17.84 18.23 16.43 Burning rate g/min 13.94 20.68 17.43 11.88 14.58



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Thermal efficiency % 21.1% 23.8% 27.8% 22.0% 26.3% Specific fuel consumption g/liter 98.17 214.46 97.74 110.12 81.63 Temp-corrected specific consumption g/liter 121.70 233.11 105.48 121.46 86.23 Firepower watts 4,278.66 6,346.72 5,350.54 3,645.98 4,475.84 3. LOW POWER (SIMMER) units Burning rate g/min 8.75 7.94 8.52 10.17 9.90 Thermal efficiency % 19.0% 23.2% 20.2% 25.3% 21.6% Specific fuel consumption g/liter 287.54 789.59 271.59 542.35 370.79 Firepower watts 2,684.68 2,438.31 2,613.87 3,122.62 3,038.02 Turn down ratio -- 1.49 1.89 2.35 1.08 1.42

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