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Presentation of content

In the fist article we present, Development of cacao crop (Thebroma cacao L), in Úrsulo Galván,

by GARAY-PERALTA, Ignacio, DÍAZ-CRIOLLO, Alfredo and MEDINA-LAGUNES, Héctor Gabriel,

with adscription in the Tecnológico Nacional de México campus Úrsulo Galván, in the netx article we

present, Effect of central acceleration on the growth of a plant, by GOMEZ-LEYVA, Andrea, DEL

VALLE-DÍAZ, Gabriela, MUCIÑO-CRUZ, Damián and ESPÍNDOLA-HEREDIA, Rodolfo, with

adscription in the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco, in the netx article we

present, Intelligent conditioning for the intensive production of tilapia in the southern zone of the State

of Mexico, by DE ANDA-LÓPEZ, Rosa María, AGUIRRE-ARANDA, Rodolfo, SÁNCHES-SALINAS,

Agripín and JARAMILLO-PLATA, Horacio, with adscription in the Universidad Tecnológica del Sur

del Estado de México, in the netx article we present, Morphological characterization of seeds and

germination of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae), by RÍOS-PALMA, Nedvy,

CONTRERAS-TOLEDO, Aremi Rebeca, PICHARDO-GONZÁLEZ, Juan Manuel and RASCÓN-

AYALA, Jesús Manuel, with adscription in the Universidad Tecnológica de la Tarahumara, in the netx

article we present, Physico-chemical evaluation of three varieties of tejocote (Crataegus mexicana), by

SÁNCHEZ-HERRERA, Susana, RODRÍGUEZ-MARTÍNEZ, Nellybeth, RODRÍGUEZ-ORTEGA

Alejandro and PONCE-LIRA Brenda, with adscription in the Universidad Politécnica de Francisco I.

Madero, in the netx article we present, Weight gain in lambs, supplemented with a commercial food al

12% protein, by LUCIO, Rodolfo, SESENTO, Leticia, BEDOLLA, José Luis Carlos and CRUZ, Ángel

Raul, with adscription in the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo and the Colegio

Primitivo y Nacional de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.

Content

Article Page

Development of cacao crop (Thebroma cacao L), in Úrsulo Galván

GARAY-PERALTA, Ignacio, DÍAZ-CRIOLLO, Alfredo and MEDINA-LAGUNES,

Héctor Gabriel

Tecnológico Nacional de México campus Úrsulo Galván

1-5

Effect of central acceleration on the growth of a plant

GOMEZ-LEYVA, Andrea, DEL VALLE-DÍAZ, Gabriela, MUCIÑO-CRUZ, Damián and

ESPÍNDOLA-HEREDIA, Rodolfo

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco

6-14

Intelligent conditioning for the intensive production of tilapia in the southern zone of

the State of Mexico

DE ANDA-LÓPEZ, Rosa María, AGUIRRE-ARANDA, Rodolfo, SÁNCHES-SALINAS,

Agripín and JARAMILLO-PLATA, Horacio

Universidad Tecnológica del Sur del Estado de México

15-23

Morphological characterization of seeds and germination of Pseudotsuga menziesii

(Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae)

RÍOS-PALMA, Nedvy, CONTRERAS-TOLEDO, Aremi Rebeca, PICHARDO-

GONZÁLEZ, Juan Manuel and RASCÓN-AYALA, Jesús Manuel

Universidad Tecnológica de la Tarahumara

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias

24-30

Physico-chemical evaluation of three varieties of tejocote (Crataegus mexicana)

SÁNCHEZ-HERRERA, Susana, RODRÍGUEZ-MARTÍNEZ, Nellybeth, RODRÍGUEZ-

ORTEGA Alejandro and PONCE-LIRA Brenda

Universidad Politécnica de Francisco I. Madero

31-38

Weight gain in lambs, supplemented with a commercial food al 12% protein

LUCIO, Rodolfo, SESENTO, Leticia, BEDOLLA, José Luis Carlos and CRUZ, Ángel

Raul

Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

Colegio Primitivo y Nacional de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

39-42

1

Article Journal of Natural and Agricultural Sciences June 2019 Vol.6 No.18 1-5

Development of cacao crop (Thebroma cacao L), in Úrsulo Galván

Desarrollo del cultivo de cacao (Thebroma caca L), en Úrsulo Galván

GARAY-PERALTA, Ignacio †*, DÍAZ-CRIOLLO, Alfredo and MEDINA-LAGUNES, Héctor Gabriel

Tecnológico Nacional de México campus Úrsulo Galván. Carretera Cardel-Chachalacas km 4.5. Úrsulo Galván., Veracruz.

CP. 91667

ID 1st Author: Ignacio, Garay-Peralta / ORC ID: 0000-0003-3091-5255, CVU CONACYT ID: 209712

ID 1st Coauthor: Alfredo, Díaz-Criollo / ORC ID: 0000-0002-1995-2488, CVU CONACYT ID: 371777

ID 2nd Coauthor: Héctor Gabriel, Medina-Lagunes / ORC ID: 0000-0002-2025-0811, CVU CONACYT ID: 502591

DOI: 10.35429/JNAS.2019.18.6.1.5 Received March 21, 2019; Accepted June 30, 2019

Abstract

In areas where monocultures predominate, it is very

important to introduce species with agronomic

potential to diversify the crops and improve the

socioeconomic level of the producers, as well as to

provide more appropriate and suitable habitat for the

species found. For a long time, one error has been the

introduction of species without previous

investigation, in which their adaptation is validated

or evaluated, so in the Institute of Ursulo Galván a

research was carried out prior to the adaptation of

four Cacao varieties (Theobroma cacao L). The

tested materials were: Inifap 4, Inifap 8, Inifap 9 and

White Almond, obtaining so far in terms of the

variables: in plant height, stem diameter and number

of leaves there is no statistical difference, while for

the variable number of branches, the only difference

exists in the first sampling. The above is quite logical

because the care given to plants is homogeneous and

the adaptation is evaluated only after being

established for two years.

Research, adaptation, Cacao

Resumen

En las zonas o áreas donde predominan los

monocultivos, es de suma importancia introducir

especies con potencial agronómico para diversificar

los cultivos con los que se cuenta y mejorar el nivel

socioeconómico de los productores, así como

proporcionar habitat´s más apropiados e idóneos para

las especies que se encuentran. Uno de los errores ha

sido por mucho tiempo la introducción de estas

especies sin una investigación previa donde se valide

o evalúe la adaptación de las mismas, por lo que en

el Instituto de Úrsulo Galván se lleva a cabo una

investigación previa a la adaptación de cuatro

variedades de Cacao (Theobroma cacao L), los

materiales probados son: Inifap 4, Inifap 8, Inifap 9

y Almendra Blanca, obteniendo hasta el momento

que en cuanto a las variables: Altura de planta,

diámetro de tallo y número de hojas no existe

diferencia estadística, mientras que para la variable

número de ramas, solo se presenta diferencia en el

primer muestreo. Lo anterior es bastante lógico

debido a que el manejo que se le da, a las plantas es

homogéneo y solo se evalúa la adaptación que esta

tiene después de dos años de establecida.

Investigación, Adaptación, Cacao

Citacion: GARAY-PERALTA, Ignacio, DÍAZ-CRIOLLO, Alfredo and MEDINA-LAGUNES, Héctor Gabriel.

Development of cacao crop (Thebroma cacao L), in Úrsulo Galván. Journal of Natural and Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 6-

18: 1-5

†Researcher contributing first author.

© ECORFAN-Bolivia www.ecorfan.org/bolivia

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ECORFAN® All rights reserved

GARAY-PERALTA, Ignacio, DÍAZ-CRIOLLO, Alfredo and MEDINA-LAGUNES, Héctor Gabriel. Development of cacao crop (Thebroma

cacao L), in Úrsulo Galván. Journal of Natural and Agricultural Sciences.

2019

Introduction

The cultivation of Cacao (Theobroma Cacao L)

could be considered from the Technological and

Industrial point of view as one of the crops with

slow development, possibly due to the genetic

incompatibility that characterizes it, as well as

being highly munifundist. In recent years,

producers are returning to the crop because it has

been subjected to genetic recombination in order

to obtain biclonal plants, better known as F1,

which seek to improve the characteristics of

reproduction, resistance to diseases, as well as

precocity and quality, which are obtained by

asexual reproduction.

Although this method of propagation is

expensive, it forces Research Centers as well as

the Chocolate Industry to look for or test more

appropriate technologies for massive

reproduction. One method used may be somatic

embryogenesis, which seeks to obtain a large-

scale production, with high precocity and higher

yields in shorter time lapses or cycles (Batista,

2009).

According to (HuamanI-Yupanqui et al,

2012) the highest demand regarding cacao crops

stems from the European markets (France,

England and Belgium), as well as the United

States. During the production cycle from 1999 to

2000, Mexico contributed 1.2% of cacao in

world production, with the states of Tabasco and

Chiapas being the main producers (Ávalos et al.

2001).

The Chontalpa region represents 97.24%

of the area dedicated to the production of this

crop, (INEGI, 1999). In addition, it constitutes

16.38% of the state area and contributes 17.4%

of the state’s agricultural production

(SAGARPA, 2000).

Another advantage of cacao cultivation

is that it becomes a generous forest because it is

a kind agroecosystem that provides many

resources at a really low cost, since not only do

we get the fruit, but also wood, shade, health and

shelter for many other species to which their

habitats or ecological niches have been removed,

(Larrea, 2008).

For these reasons, there is an

experimental piece of ground in the Úrsulo

Galván Technological Institute to determine

which or what are the materials best adapted to

the edaphoclimatic conditions of the area to

ensure better development, because there is no

literature regarding growth and development in

other areas, that is, it cannot be assumed that the

materials with maximum productive potential in

one area or region will perform the same in other

regions, hence the importance of knowing and

determining which of the materials tested is the

most beneficial for the area.

Methodology to develop

The present experimental work was carried out

in the citrus area of the Úrsulo Galván

Technological Institute, of Villa Úrsulo Galván,

Veracruz, geographically located at 19 ° 24

'48.91” north latitude and 96 ° 21' 09.10” west

longitude of the Greenwich meridian, with an

elevation of 9 meters above sea level, bordering

45 km to the southwest with the port of Veracruz

and 74 km to the Northeast with the city of

Xalapa, capital of the state.

Figure 1 shows the image of the

experimental area, located in the citrus region

within the facilities of the Úrsulo Galván

Technological Institute.

Figure 1 Location of the experimental area

Taken and modified from: Google Earth, 2017

Climatic characteristics

According to the classification of Koppen

modified by García (1973), in the municipality

of Úrsulo Galván prevails the subhumid warm

climate (AW2), with a temperature that

fluctuates between 24 and 25 °C, with a

maximum of 35 °C and a minimum of 16 °C

during the winter.

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The average rainfall is 1350 mm per

year; distributed in the months of June to

September and the dry season from January to

May. The relative humidity is 80% (De la cruz-

Rosete & Mazahua-Zacamecahua, 2017).

Edaphic Features

According to the soil classification of FAO

UNESCO, 1976, modified by the General

Directorate of Geography (DGG) the

predominant soils in the region of Úrsulo

Galván, Ver. correspond to the vertisol pelicus

type, the main characteristics of which are dark

colored clay soils that exhibit expression

contraction phenomenon, so there are deep

cracks some time of the year unless the soil is

watered. It has moisture retention capacity and,

in less proportion, those of silty sandy type, with

a pH ranging from 5 to 6.9 at a depth of 0.3 m

(De la cruz-Rosete & Mazahua-Zacamecahua,

2017).

Varieties of cacao used

– INIFAP 4 (T3)

– INIFAP 8 (T1)

– INIFAP 9 (T2)

– White almond (T4)

Treatment distribution. The

experimental design was a completely

randomized approach, with 4 treatments and 10

repetitions, having a total of 64 experimental

units. In Figure 2 the distribution of the

experimental design represented in the field can

be observed.

Figure 2

Source: Prepared by the authors

Distribution of cacao plants (Theobroma

cacao L)

The distribution of stakes was made to determine

the place where the plants would be planted with

the method of three rolls at a distance of 3 x 3 x

3 between plants, having a population density of

1,277 plants * ha-1.

Variables to cosinder for the cacao plants

(Theobroma cacao L)

a. Plant height

b. Plant diameter

c. No. of leaves

d. No. of branches

Plant height:

We used a 5 m flexometer to measure from the

base of the stem to the terminal apex, expressing

the reading in cm; the measurements taken were

collected from October 5 to December 21, 2017.

Stem Diameter:

It was determined with the help of a digital

vernier, the measurement started 5 cm high from

the stem base and the reading was expressed in

millimeters; the data were collected from

October 5 to December 21, 2017.

No. of leaves:

For the determination of this variable, all the

leaves of the plant were counted, the first

readings date from December 7 to 21, 2017.

No. of branches:

To obtain the following variable, all the branches

of each experimental unit were counted, the

sampling dates were from December 7 to 21,

2017.

Crop management:

At the beginning, 1 kg of compost was added to

the holes where each of the cocoa plants were to

be planted.

Additionally, after 30 days, 50 g of Dap

(18-46-00) was applied to each plant, in addition

to copper oxychloride being supplied to prevent

fungal diseases.

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Other activities that were carried out

include manual cleaning, as well as uniform

irrigation to all the plants of the experiment. One

of the main limitations was irrigation because, at

that time, there was no irrigation system;

therefore, approximately 2 lt were supplied to

each plant twice a week.

Basically, there were no pest control and

diseases, due to the fact that these types of crops

were not native to the region, so they did not

have problems related to diseases or insects.

The management provided to all the

plants was the same, since the purpose of the

investigation was to evaluate how the plants

developed according to the edaphoclimatic

conditions of the area and not so much to

different levels of nutrition.

Statistic analysis

The results obtained were analyzed with the SAS

program.

Contribution

Based on the results obtained and after having

carried out an analysis of variance (ANOVA

95%), we can say that for the height of plants, no

statistical difference was found, which was

verified with the mean comparison test.

However, treatment one presents a better height

over the rest of the treatments.

No Treatment Plant height in cm

5 oct 2 Nov 16 Nov 30 Nov 7 Dec 14 Dec 21 Dec

1 INIFAP 8 19.62 20.05 20.29 21.02 21.62 21.81 22.63

2 INIFAP 9 17.42 17.91 18.70 18.86 18.92 19.20 22.30

3 INIFAP 3 16.95 17.30 18.30 18.70 18.82 19.53 21.50

4 White

almond

16.26 16.99 17.84 18.61 18.90 19.10 21.10

Table 1 Statistical comparison of means of the plant

height variable

For the variable stem diameter of cacao

plants, there is no statistical difference.

No Treatment Stem diameter in mm

5 oct 2 Nov 16 Nov 30 Nov 7 Dec 14 Dec 21 Dec

1 INIFAP 8 68.90 69.10 69.50 70.10 70.70 72.49 72.80

2 INIFAP 9 63.30 63.50 63.70 64.00 64.10 65.00 65.43

3 INIFAP 3 61.00 61.70 62.10 63.00 63.10 64.50 65.10

4 White

almond

49.80 50.20 51.30 52.00 52.40 60.40 60.90

Table 2 Statistical comparison of means of the stem

diameter variable

For the variable number of leaves, we

found that for the first sampling, performed in

ANOVA, the best treatment is INIFAP 3, which

is statistically superior to white almonds, but for

the other two samples there is no statistical

difference.

No Treatment Number of leaves in cocoa plants

7 Dec 14 Dec 21 Dec

1 INIFAP 8 82.00 a 92.00 98.00

2 INIFAP 9 49.00 ab 51.00 73.00

3 INIFAP 3 42.00 ab 50.00 53.00

4 White almond 38.00 b 41.00 46.00

Table 3 Statistical comparison of means of the number of

leaves variable

For the last variable evaluated, which is

the number of branches, we find that there is no

statistical difference in any of the samplings.

No Treatment Number of branches in cocoa plants

7 Dec 14 Dec 21 Dec

1 INIFAP 8 12.00 14.00 15.00

2 INIFAP 9 9.00 10.00 10.00

3 INIFAP 3 7.00 8.00 8.00

4 White almond 6.00 6.00 6.00

Table 4 Statistical comparison of means of the number of

branches variable

Conclusion

Based on the statistical analysis, we could state

that only for the variable number of leaves in the

first statistical sampling, a greater quantity of

leaves was obtained, but for the rest of the

variables, the statistical difference is null.

This is quite interesting, because the

homogenous results reflect the same

management provided to all the plants. It will be

interesting to continue evaluating these plants, at

least for a period of 5 years, collecting the same

variables and adding some more to evaluate the

morphology of the fruits, with the purpose of

observing how they will behave in the future.

As well as which materials are more

premature and produce greater content of fruits,

as well as conducting studies on these.

References

Álvarez, C., Tovar, L., García, H., Morillo, F.,

Sánchez, P., Girón, C., & De Farias, A. (2010).

Evaluación de la calidad comercial del grano de

cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) usando dos tipos

de fermentadores. Revista Científica UDO

Agrícola, 10(1), 76-87.

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Ávalos, V. C., Hernández, M. S., Chulím, N. G.

E., Layalle, A. M., Castro, E. S., Saldaña, T. M.,

& García, C. F. O. (2001). Factores que afectan

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(KVL). 77 p.

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Agropecuario y Forestal.

Beer, JW; Harvey, C; Ibrahim, M; Harmand,

JM; Somarriba, E; Jiménez, F. 2003. Servicios

ambientales de los sistemas agroforestales.

Agroforestería en las Américas 10(37/38):80-

87.

De la Cruz-Rosete, C y Mazahua-Zacamecahua,

J. 2017. Establecimiento de una parcela

diversificada en la planicie costera del estado de

Veracruz. Tesis de licenciatura en Ingeniería en

Agronomía. Instituto Tecnológico de Úrsulo

Galván. 53 p.

Girón, C.; P. Sánchez, A. Castillo, R. González.

y A. Valera. 2007. Selección y rescate de cacao

en Barlovento, Estado Miranda, Venezuela.

Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter. 152 p.

Graziani de Fariñas, L.: L. Ortiz, N. Álvarez y

A. Trujillo de Leal. 2003. Fermentación del

cacao en dos diseños de cajas de Madera.

Agronomía Trop. 53 (2): 175-187.

INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e

Informatica). 1999. Tabasco hoy. Informacion

basica del sector agropecuario. Gobierno del

Estado de Tabasco. 1a ed. INEGI y Gobierno del

Estado de Tabasco, 55 p.

HuamanI-Yupanqui, H. A., ángel Huauya-

Rojas, M., Mansilla-Minaya, L. G., Florida-

Rofner, N., & Neira-Trujillo, G. M. (2012).

Presencia de metales pesados en cultivo de cacao

(Theobroma cacao L.) orgánico. Acta

agronómica, 61(4), 339-344.

Larrea, M. (2008). El cultivo de cacao nacional:

Un bosque generoso. Quito: CORPEI-

ECOCIENCIA.

Liendo, R. J. y C. R. Marin. 2006 Practicas

poscosecha y de almacenamiento del cacao

(Theobroma cacao L.) en el estado Miranda.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ) 23: 342-355.

Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganaderia Pesca y

Alimentos (SAGARPA). 2000. Analisis de la

situacion comercial del cacao en Tabasco.

SAGARPA. Delegacion Estatal de Tabasco.

Villahermosa, Tabasco, 16 p.

Somarriba, E., Beer, J. 1999. Sistemas

agroforestales con cacao en Costa Rica y

Panamá. Agroforestería en las Américas

6(22):7-11.

Somarriba, E., Domínguez, L., & Harvey, C.

(2004b). ¿ Cómo evaluar y mejorar el dosel de

sombra en cacaotales. Agroforestería en las

Américas, 41(42), 120-128.

Somarrimba, E; Harvey, C; Samper, M;

Anthony, F; González, J; Staver, C; Rice, R.

2004a. Biodiversity in neotropical Coffea

arabica plantations. In Schroth, GA; Fonseca,

G; Harvey, C; Gascon, C; Vasconcelos, HL;

Izac, AMN. eds. Agroforestry and biodiversity

conservation in tropical landscape. Washington,

DC, US, Island press. p. 198-226.

6


Effect of central acceleration on the growth of a plant

Efecto de la aceleración de carácter central sobre el crecimiento de una planta

GOMEZ-LEYVA, Andrea†, DEL VALLE-DÍAZ, Gabriela, MUCIÑO-CRUZ, Damián and

ESPÍNDOLA-HEREDIA, Rodolfo*

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences UNAM

ID 1st Author: Andrea, Gomez-Leyva / ORC ID: 0000-0003-0679-4246, CVU CONACYT ID: 1000612

ID 1st Coauthor: Gabriela, Del Valle-Díaz / ORC ID: 0000-0002-8710-9679, CVU CONACYT ID: 1000611

ID 2nd Coauthor: Damián, Muciño-Cruz / ORC ID: 0000-0003-4559-5792, CVU CONACYT ID: 1000607

ID 3rd Coauthor: Rodolfo, Espíndola-Heredia / ORC ID: 0000-0002-3641-5801, CVU CONACYT ID: 40866


Abstract

In 2013, NASA conducted a series of experiments to study

the growth of plants in microgravity. The interest of

replicating the experiment is to study the relation of

acceleration with plant growth, which is achieved by the

construction of an accelerometer and the germination of

different plants under certain conditions. In this paper we

present the effects of different gravity values on the

growth of a plant. To make the changes, the basic concepts

of central acceleration (centripetal acceleration) are

considered, with the help of a centrifuge any gravity value

is simulated, for this, it is necessary to place the seeds at

different distances from a rotation axis which is rotated

continuously for several days. Two different systems were

considered: a) placing the axis of rotation vertically, with

this, the growth of the plants over the course of days will

be observed, along with the effects on the auxins, which

are responsible for geotropism, that is, the extraction of

auxins from the plants placed in the centrifuge will

determine the influence of rotation on the concentration of

auxins; and b) the growth in the direction of gravity is

affected according to the distance taken from the center of

the axis of rotation. We also compare the natural growth

of plants and the growth affected by the central force.

Mechanics, Plant growth, Auxin concentration,

Central field

Resumen

En el año 2013 la NASA realizo una serie de experimentos

para estudiar el crecimiento de plantas en microgravedad.

El interés de replicar el experimento es para estudiar la

relación de la aceleración con el crecimiento de plantas. El

cual se logra mediante la construcción de un acelerómetro

y la germinación de distintas plantas, bajo ciertas

condiciones. En este trabajo se presenta el efecto que tiene

diferentes valores de gravedad sobre el crecimiento de una

planta. Para realizar los cambios, se toman en cuenta los

conceptos básicos de aceleración de carácter central

(aceleración centrípeta), con ayuda de una centrífuga se

simula cualquier valor de gravedad, para ello, es necesario

situar las semillas a distintas distancias de un eje de

rotación el cual se hace girar continuamente durante varios

días, se consideran dos diferentes sistemas: a) colocar el

eje de rotación de manera vertical, con esto se observará

su crecimiento en el transcurso de los días, donde se

observarán los efectos sobre las auxinas, que son las

responsables del geotropismo, es decir, se realiza la

extracción de auxinas de las plantas colocadas en la

centrifuga, determiando la influencia del efecto de la

rotación en la concentración de auxinas y b) el crecimiento

en dirección de la gravedad es afectado según la distancia

tomada desde el centro del eje de giro. También se realiza

la comparación del crecimiento de dichas plantas en un

estímulo natural y aquellas afectadas por la fuerza de

carácter central.

Mecánica, Crecimiento de plantas, Concentración de

auxinas, Campo central

Citacion: GOMEZ-LEYVA, Andrea, DEL VALLE-DÍAZ, Gabriela, MUCIÑO-CRUZ, Damián and ESPÍNDOLA-

HEREDIA, Rodolfo. Effect of central acceleration on the growth of a plant. Journal of Natural and Agricultural Sciences.

2019, 6-18: 6-14

*Correspondence to Author ([email protected])

†Researcher contributing first author.


7


GOMEZ-LEYVA, Andrea, DEL VALLE-DÍAZ, Gabriela, MUCIÑO-

CRUZ, Damián and ESPÍNDOLA-HEREDIA, Rodolfo. Effect of central acceleration on the growth of a plant. Journal of Natural and Agricultural

Sciences. 2019

ISSN: 2410-356X


Introduction

The conditions under which a plant develops on

planet Earth are null in space, factors such as an

atmosphere that can provide carbon dioxide

(𝐶𝑂2), water (𝐻2𝑂) and the effect of gravity for

the existence of geotropism are nonexistent,

unless introduced artificially. The relevance of

the present paper is: to understand the conditions

for the germination of plants in order to grow

them in space so that it is feasible to obtain

natural resources and oxygen, in pusuit of the

development of life in space, in the future.

Plants were subjected to a circular

motion to produce different accelerations,

considering small accelerations to simulate

microgravity. It was decided to vary the radius

to observe the behavior at different accelerations

and test 4 different types of plants because some

tend to be more delicate than others.

In the methodology section (I), the

process to plan and assemble the experiment is

explained, as well as the measurement of the

plants; in the result section (II), an average of the

results obtained is presented, the explicit results

are shown in tables; in the conclusion section

(III), the experiment with theoretical

foundations is explained; and in the references

section (IV), the bibliography consulted can be

found.

Theoretical framework.

Circular Motion.

In Physics, the linear motion of a particle is

described by Newton's second law, even if the

particle performs a uniform circular motion; for

that case the equation of motion is described by

the following equation:

��𝑅 = 𝑚��𝑅 (1)

Where ��𝑅 and 𝑎𝑅 are the force and radial

acceleration, respectively.

The vectors of a uniform circular motion

are of constant magnitude, but with different

directions; acceleration is constant, even though

the speed is also constant, and it is defined as:

�� =𝑣2 −��1

∆𝑡 =

∆��

∆𝑡 (2)

By taking an infinitely small time ∆t,

such that it approaches zero, we get:

�� = 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 (3)

in this way, the magnitude of the radial

acceleration is given by the following equation:

𝑎𝑅 =𝑣2

𝑟 (4)

Auxins

One of the factors involved in the growth of

plants is growth hormones, such as auxins.

These are part of a group of compounds that

induce the elongation of the bud cells; their main

function is the elongation of certain parts of the

plant, but in excessive amounts they can be

growth inhibitors.

They are mainly synthesized at the apex

of the stem, known as the terminal meristem, and

in young tissue. The distribution of auxins

throughout the plant is generated through a

gradient which starts from the apex, where the

highest concentration is found, until it reaches

the root, where the lowest concentration is

found.

Geotropism

This phenomenon occurs in plants, where the

orientation of the different organs that constitute

multicellular plants is determined by the action

of gravity.

Geotropism is classified as: negative,

which refers to the stems that grow away from

the center of the ground; positive: growth is

determined by the elongation of the organ

towards the center of the ground; diagetropism:

the orientation of the organ forms a right angle

with the vector that defines the gravitational

field; plagiotropism: the orientation of the

organs forms angles, different from 90°, with the

gravitational field.

Methodology

The experiment was carried out in the

Mechanics Laboratory at the Science Faculty of

the National Autonomous University of Mexico

(UNAM).

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For the construction of the device in

which the plants were subjected to a uniform

circular motion, a fan motor and a sheet of paper

were used, from which a circle of 30 cm radius

was cut. On it, 4 marks of 9, 19 and 25.2 cm (±∆

0.1 cm) were made, distributed along the

circumference. In each mark, a test tube was

placed with the plant to germinate.

Finally, the circular paper base was

attached to the fan motor.

We used 12 glass test tubes, with a

capacity of 15 ml (can be larger), cotton, water,

a syringe, 6 to 20 seeds (for each test tube) of

chia, birdseed, lentil and flaxseed, plastic straps

(as needed), transparent kitchen plastic and a

marker pen.

For the preparation of each tube, a cotton

base of a thickness of 3 cm was placed at the

bottom and moistened with water completely.

Then, chia seeds were introduced, 2 to 3 more

drops of water were added, the tube nozzle was

sealed with the plastic and the tube was labeled

with the name of the plant and the radius to

which it was placed.

This process was repeated for the

remaining tubes, so that there were 3 tubes for

the same seed, with different radii.

Once the 12 tubes were prepared and

placed in their respective radius, they were

attached to the shell paper with the help of straps.

For the preparation of the jars, in which the

plants will germinate out of the circular motion,

4 bottles of wide and capless nozzle, cotton,

water, and 1 tablespoon of the 4 seeds were used.

For the preparation of a jar: a 1.5 cm thick cotton

base was placed, the cotton was completely

moistened, and the spoonful of seeds was added.

This process was repeated for the remaining 3

jars.

The fan was on for 7 days, without

stopping its movement, as plants in normal

conditions are always subject to geotropism,

without interruption.

Since some seeds such as chia need a few

more days to soak in order to begin the

germination process, it was decided to extend the

experiment for 7 days instead of 5. It should be

mentioned that the fan and the 4 jars were placed

at the same time.

At the end of the 7 days, with the help of

a ruler and protractor, the angle of inclination of

the plant was measured, as well as the length of

the stem of all the plants that were subjected to

the circular motion. For germinated plants

outside the movement, only the length of the

stem was measured, since they do not have an

inclination angle. With the Tracker program, the

speed values corresponding to each radius were

obtained, as well as the acceleration value from

equation 4.

Results

The experiment was carried out 4 times, of

which only one was developed properly. The

first session was conducted at room temperature

that ranged between: 20 °C -25 °C and

subsequent sessions were conducted at room

temperature that ranged between: 28 °C -34 °C.

The experiment is subject to the room

temperature, because, at low temperatures, the

cotton remains moist during the 7 days in which

the plant will need water for its growth; in the

opposite case, since the tube is sealed, the heat is

concentrated inside it and the plant will

requiremore water than initially provided, which

hinders its growth.

The results obtained in the first session

with respect to the chia plant were the following:

the seeds germinated outside the circular motion

(Figure 1-a) did not have an inclination angle,

the average length of the stem was 6.2 cm; the

seeds with respect to the 9 cm radius (Figure 1-

b) did not germinate, so there is no angle of

inclination or length; the seeds with respect to

the 19 cm radius (Figure 1.c) had an average

angle of inclination of 2° and their length was 2

cm; the seeds with respect to the 25.2 cm radius

(Figure 1-d) had an average angle of inclination

of 4° and its length was 3.5 cm, (see Table 1.1).

With respect to the birdseeds, the seeds

outside the circular motion (Figure 2-a) did not

present an angle of inclination, the average

length of the stem was 17.4 cm; the seeds with

respect to the 9 cm radius (Figure 2-b) had an

average angle of inclination of 6° and their

length was 4.3 cm; the seeds with respect to the

19cm radius (Figure 2-c) had an average angle

of inclination of 4° and its length was 4.9 cm; the

seeds with respect to the 25.2 cm radius (Figure

2-d) had an average angle of inclination of 5°

and their length was 9.9 cm (Table 1.2).

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With respect to the flaxseeds, the seeds

outside the circular motion (Figure 3-a) did not

show an angle of inclination and the length of the

plant was an average of 8.3 cm; the seeds with

respect to the 9 cm radius (Figure 3-b) had an

average angle of inclination of 6° and their

length was 4.9 cm; the seeds with respect to the

19 cm radius (Figure 3-c) had an average angle

of inclination of 2° and their length was 2.8 cm;

the seeds with respect to the 25.2 cm radius


of 12° and their length was 6.7 cm, (Table 1.3).

For the lentil seeds, the seeds outside the

circular motion (Figure 4-a) did not show an

inclination angle and the length of the plant was

an average of 12.10 cm; the seeds with respect

to the 9 cm radius (Figure 4-b) had an average

angle of inclination of 3° and their length was

3.9 cm; the seeds with respect to the 19 cm

radius (Figure 4-c) had an average angle of

inclination of 12° and their length was 6.9 cm;

the seeds with respect to the 25.2 cm radius


of 47° and their length was 10.2 cm (Table 1.4).

The acceleration corresponding to the

radius of 25.2 cm is the closest to the value 𝑔 =

9.81𝑚

𝑠2 (Table 2), where the indicated

uncertainty was obtained through:

𝑍 = 𝑃0±𝛿𝑃

𝑄0±𝛿𝑄 = 𝑍0 ± 𝛿𝑍 (4)

where 𝛿𝑍 is the uncertainty, which was

obtained with the following equation:

𝛿𝑟𝑍 =𝛿𝑄

𝑄0 +

𝛿𝑃

𝑃0 (5)

Radius cm (±0.1

cm)

Length cm (±0.1

cm)

Inclination angle °

(±1°)

Out of the circular

motion.

7.6

7.8

6.3 6.2

4.5

6.1 6.7

6.8

5.1 6.0

4.8

6.5

There is no inclination

angle.

9.0 Did not

germinate

There is no inclination

angle

19.0

1.5

1.8 1.2

2.0

2.6 3.1

2.5

2.2 0.5

10°

2° 1°

1°

1° 2°

6°

2° 0°

3.3

1.6

1.7

1°

1°

2°

25.2

3.8

3.6 4.5

4.2 4.6

3.5

4.0 2.8

3.7

3.0 2.6

2.1

4°

1° 2°

6° 2°

7°

5° 7°

4°

5° 1°

4°

Table 1 Prepared by the authors. Measurements belonging

to the Chia plant, where the inclination angle and length

are shown

Figure 1.a Prepared by the authors. Photo of chia seeds

germinated out of the circular motion

Figure 1.b Prepared by the authors. Photo of germinated

chia seeds in a 9 cm radius

Figure 1.c Prepared by the authors. Photo of chia seeds

germinated in a radius of 19 cm

Figure 1.d Prepared by the authors. Photo of chia seeds

germinated within a 25.2 cm radius

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ISSN: 2410-356X


Radius cm (±0.1

cm)

Length cm (±0.1

cm)

Inclination angle °

(±1°)

Out of the circular

motion

19.0

16.6

13.2 19.6

20.1 18.8

19.8

19.3 16.7

14.7

17.0 15.1

There is no

inclination angle

9.0

9.9

9.5

7.7 10.4

1.7

3.0 1.5

1.8

1.0

1.7

2.2

1.4

11°

10°

8° 11°

3°

4° 2°

6°

3°

6°

1°

1°

19.0

8.0

9.9

10.5 10.5

3.0

3.0 4.9

2.5

2.0 2.7

1.2

1.0

4°

3°

4° 13°

2°

2° 3°

2°

3° 8°

4°

4°

25.2

12.9

12.2

13.5 13.1

15.0

11.6 11.5

11.1

8.9 7.9

11.1

3.9

5°

3°

7° 8°

4°

11° 7°

5°

5° 2°

2°

1°

Table 1.2 Prepared by the authors. Measurements

belonging to the birdseed plant, where the inclination

angle and length are shown

Figure 2.a Prepared by the authors. Photo of the birdseed

seeds germinated out of the circular motion


birdseed seeds within a radius of 9 cm

Figure 2.c Prepared by the authors. Photo of germinated

birdseed seeds within a radius of 19 cm

Figure 2.d Prepared by the authors. Photo of germinated

birdseed seeds within a radius of 25.2 cm

Radius cm (±0.1

cm)

Length cm (±0.1

cm)

Inclination angle

° (±1°)

Out of the circular motion

6.7 10.2

9.6 8.0

8.8

9.0 9.2

6.1

8.5 7.7

8.3

7.5

There is no inclination angle

9.0

2.9 5.1

4.0

5.5 6.5

6.1

4.9 3.4

4.6

5.1 7.6

3.6

6° 5°

3°

15° 7°

5°

5° 10°

5°

7° 10°

2°

19.0

7.0 2.2

3.0

3.2 5.5

3.4

2.3

2° 5°

2°

6° 5°

2°

2°

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3.8

2.3

1.6

- -

1°

3°

4°

- -

25.2

6.8

7.9 6.7

6.1

7.0 6.5

5.5

7.8 6.9

6.6

7.2 5.7

11°

5° 3°

5°

5° 2°

3°

15° 90°

3°

7° 3°


belonging to the flaxseed plant, where the inclination

angle and length are shown

Figure 3.a Prepared by the authors. Photo of flaxseed

seeds germinated out of the circular motion


flaxseeds in a radius of 9 cm


flaxseeds in a radius of 19 cm

Figure 3.d Prepared by the authors. Photo of the seeds of

flaxseed germinated in a radius of 25.2 cm

Radius cm (±0.1

cm)

Length cm (±0.1

cm)

Inclination angle

° (±1°)

Out of the circular

motion

15.0

1.0 13.9

16.4

15.7

12.6

13.0

11.5 10.6

13.0

10.8 11.8

There is no

inclination angle

9.0

7.3

8.6 6.7

4.5

4.0 3.2

4.7

2.5 2.2

2.0

2.1

-

3°

7° 4°

6°

4° 1°

3°

4° 1°

3°

1° -

19.0

5.5

6.5 2.0

5.9

4.8 4.2

5.7

14.2 10.6

9.4

8.0 7.0

5º

6º 11º

1º

4º 1º

5º

7º 4º

10º

90º 11º

25.2

14.0

5.7

7.5 7.1

13.8

14.0 12.5

10.7

6.7 7.5

12.7

10.2

1º

3º

90º 90º

90º

2º 8º

90º

5º 90º

90º

13º


belonging to the lentil plant, where the inclination angle

and length are shown

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Figure 4.a Prepared by the authors. Photo of germinated

lentil seeds outside the circular motion


lentil seeds in a radius of 9 cm


lentil seeds within a radius of 19 cm

Figure 4.d Prepared by the authors. Photo of germinated

lentil seeds in a 25.2 cm radius

Radius cm (±0.1 cm) Aceleration 𝑚

𝑠2 (±0.1)

9.0 3.48

19.0 6.36

25.2 8.16

Table 2 Prepared by the authors. Obtaining accelerations

of each radius through the equation (3)

The data obtained with the Tracker

program on the circular motion in the 9 cm

radius was the speed (Table 3.1). For the radius

of 19 cm (Table 3.2) and for the radius of 25.2

cm (Table 3.3).

T (S) X (m) Y(m) V (𝒎

𝒔𝟐)

0.873

0.944

1.015

1.086

1.157

1.229

1.300

1.371

1.442

1.513

1.584

1.655

6.042

3.056

-1.258

-4.446

-7.209

-0.102

-0.131

-0.147

-0.142

-0.115

-0.11

-7.003

-0.131

-0.138

-0.145

-0.141

-0.129

-0.104

-6.543

-1.918

3.434

8.606

8.678

0.126

0.271

0.521

0.528

0.434

0.481

0.606

0.675

0.705

0.773

0.427

0.422

0.959

Table 3.1 Prepared by the authors. Speed values

associated with the 9 cm radius, obtained with Tracker

T (s) X (m) Y (m) V (𝒎

𝒔𝟐)

1.352

1.423

1.494

1.565

1.636

1.707

-0.396

-0.399

-0.390

-0.377

-0.306

-0.215

-2.513

2.881

9.253

0.126

0.225

0.291

0.719

0.828

0.704

1.103

1.622

1.610


associated with the 19 cm radius, obtained with tracker

T (s) X (m) Y (m) V (𝒎

𝒔𝟐)

2.295

2.366

2.437

2.509

2.580

2.651

2.722

2.793

-111.4

-175.3

-225.3

-271.5

-287.9

-262.6

-190.6

-64.49

-267.2

-230.2

-179.6

-88.67

13.44

123.1

221.6

282.8

1.037

1.010

1.201

1.425

1.492

1.613

1.787

1.892


associated with the 25.2 cm radius, obtained with Tracker

Conclusions

The seeds placed in the 25.2 cm radius were the

ones that presented a better development;

compared to those placed within a radius of 9.0

cm, the growth of which was minimal. The chia

seed presented the most notable result, since it

did not germinate.

In this way, the accelerations closest to

9.81 𝑚 𝑠2⁄ are suitable for plant development.

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Due to the circular motion to which the

plants were subjected, each radius corresponds

to a centripetal acceleration; in the case where

the acceleration is closer to 9.81 𝑚 𝑠2⁄ , the

plants will develop in a more normal way. When

the acceleration was different from 9.81 𝑚 𝑠2⁄ ,

the plants did not grow normally, because the

acceleration vector is always directed to the

center, it influenced the fixation of auxins and

their distribution; when plants are growing, the

acceleration did not allow auxins to travel

through the gradient and be distributed

throughout the plant, creating a concentration of

auxins in the base. Let us remember that auxins

are also inhibitors, so the plant stopped its

growth.

As mentioned earlier, the experiment is

directly related to temperature. This relation can

be solved by maintaining the temperature-

controlled conditions during the experiment.

Another solution is to place the water necessary

to properly hydrate the plants, noting that the

time interval in which the movement will stop

has to be very small, to avoid skewing the data.

In general, although there are basic

conditions for all plants, it is important to study

different species to see if their reactions are the

same; if so, it is relevant to establish a set of

general characteristics for all plants or by

species, thus achieving their cultivation in

environments other than usual.

Other parameters that can be measured

are: how the visible light spectrum affects the

development of plants, this can be achieved by

covering the tubes with yellow, red or blue

cellophane paper and perform an extraction and

quantification of AIA (indolacetic acid), to

measure the concentration of auxins in plants

outside the motion and compare them with those

found within the movement.

References

Alonso, M., Finn, J., E., 1967, Física Vol.1:

Mecánica, Massachusetts, E.E. U.U: Sitesa.

“Anonimo”, El descubrimiento de la Ley de la

Gravitación Universal, retrieved from

http://www.sc.ehu.es/sbweb/fisica/celeste/keple

r4/kepler4.html

Benzack, Hormonas reguladoras del crecimiento

vegetal, simulación del desarrollo bajo

influencia de la microgravedad, XX Concurso

Universitario Feria de las Ciencias, retrieved

from

https://feriadelasciencias.unam.mx/anteriores/fe

ria20/feria155_01_hormonas_reguladoras_del_

crecimiento_vegetal_simul.pdf

Bidwell, R.G.S, 1990, Fisiología Vegetal,

primera edición en español, Mexico City,

Mexico: AGT editor S.A.

Córdoba, Vicente., (1976), Fisiología vegetal,

Madrid, Spain, H. Blume.

Devlin, Robert M., 1982, Fisiología vegetal, 4th,

Barcelona: Omega S.A.

Garay Arroyo, Adriana., Sanchez, Maria de la

Paz., Garcia Ponce, Verenice., Álvarez Buylla,

Elena R. y Gutiérrez, Crisanto., (2014). La

Homeostasis de las Auxinas y su importancia en

el desarrollo de Arabidopsis Thaliana. Reb

33(1): 13-22. Retrieved from:

http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/reb/v33n1/v33n1

a3.pdf

Giancolli, Douglas C. 2006, Física: principios

con aplicaciones, volumen I, 6th, Mexico:

Pearson educación.

Gill, Inma (16 de Mayo de 2013), ¿Cómo crecen

las plantas en el espacio?, BBC Mundo,

retrieved from

https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2013/05/

130516_plantas_nasa_crecimiento_ig

Kovo, Yael (1 de Marzo de 2013), NASA, E.E

U.U, Seedling Growth-1 (SpaceX-2), retrieved

from

https://www.nasa.gov/ames/research/space-

biosciences/seedling-growth-1-spacex-2

Las mommie´s, Influencia de la gravedad en

crecimiento de las plantas, XXI Concurso

Universitario Feria de las Ciencias, la Tecnologí

y la Innovación, retrieved from

https://feriadelasciencias.unam.mx/anteriores/fe

ria21/feria122_01_influencia_de_la_gravedad_

en_el_crecimiento_de_las.pdf

Oda Noda, Berta., 2013, Introducción al análisis

grafico de datos experimentales, 3th, Mexico, las

prensas de ciencias.

http://www.sc.ehu.es/sbweb/fisica/celeste/kepler4/kepler4.html

http://www.sc.ehu.es/sbweb/fisica/celeste/kepler4/kepler4.html

https://feriadelasciencias.unam.mx/anteriores/feria20/feria155_01_hormonas_reguladoras_del_crecimiento_vegetal_simul.pdf



http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/reb/v33n1/v33n1a3.pdf

http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/reb/v33n1/v33n1a3.pdf

https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2013/05/130516_plantas_nasa_crecimiento_ig

https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2013/05/130516_plantas_nasa_crecimiento_ig

https://feriadelasciencias.unam.mx/anteriores/feria21/feria122_01_influencia_de_la_gravedad_en_el_crecimiento_de_las.pdf



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Raven, Peter., Evert, Ray., Eichhorn, Susan,

(2004), Evert Biology of plants, 7th, U.S.A,

W.H Freeman.

Tippens, Paul E.,2011, Física, conceptos y

aplicaciones, 7th., Mexico. Mc Graw Hill.

Wolpert, Lewis., Jessell, Thomas., Lawrence,

Peter., Meyerowitz, Elliot., Robertson,

Elizabeth., Smith, Jin., (2007), Principios del

Desarrollo, 3th, Spain, Editorial Médica

Panamericana.

15


Intelligent conditioning for the intensive production of tilapia in the southern zone

of the State of Mexico

Acondicionamiento inteligente para la producción intensiva de tilapia en la zona Sur

del Estado de México

DE ANDA-LÓPEZ, Rosa María†*, AGUIRRE-ARANDA, Rodolfo, SÁNCHES-SALINAS, Agripín

and JARAMILLO-PLATA, Horacio


ID 1st Author: Rosa María, De Anda-López / ORC ID: 0000-0003-3326-252, Researcher ID Thomson: C-7103-2019, CVU

CONACYT ID: 596793

ID 1st Coauthor: Rodolfo, Aguirre-Aranda / ORC ID: 0000-0002-2968-9732, CVU CONACYT ID: 990003

ID 2nd Coauthor: Agripín, Sánches-Salinas

ID 3rd Coauthor: Horacio, Jaramillo-Plata


Abstract

Fish farming is a fundamental sector of the economy for several

communities. Traditionally, the processes inherent to this

activity, such as the feeding of the fish, the replacement of water,

the control of temperature, the level of ammonium, are carried

out manually and empirically; However, in recent years they

have begun to incorporate technological tools for their

automation. In the present work we seek to integrate intelligent

and separate control systems that exist in the market to generate

a single intelligent control system, with the ability to control

temperature, ammonia, water clarity, food, in such a way that is

presented as a flexible and integrated production process, that

meets the requirements of aquaculture health, this system should

provide, to small producers in the southern area of the State of

Mexico, the certainty that your product meets specifications and

standards for human consumption. With this study new

opportunities for the application of technologies, especially those

of low cost, are envisaged, so that they are accessible to the

greatest number of fish farmers and their use guarantees the

improvement in the processes carried out. It also highlights the

importance that the use of alternative energies can have, to make

the most of natural resources and minimize the environmental

impact.

Intelligent system, Systems automation, Fish farming

Resumen

La piscicultura es un sector de la economía fundamental para

varias comunidades. Tradicionalmente, los procesos inherentes a

esta actividad, como la alimentación de los peces, el recambio de

agua, el control de la temperatura, el nivel de amonio, se realiza

de forma manual y empírica; no obstante, en los últimos años se

han comenzado a incorporar herramientas tecnológicas para su

automatización. En el presente trabajo se busca integrar sistemas

inteligentes y por separado de control que existen en el mercado

para generar un solo sistema inteligente de control, con la

capacidad de controlar la temperatura, el amonio, la claridad del

agua, la alimentación, de tal forma que se presente como un

proceso flexible e integrado de producción, que cumpla con los

requisitos de sanidad acuícola, este sistema deberá de

proporcionar, a los pequeños productores de la zona Sur del

Estado de México, la certeza de que su producto cumple con

especificaciones y normas para el consumo humano. Con este

estudio se vislumbran nuevas oportunidades de aplicación de

tecnologías, en especial aquellas de bajo costo, para que sean

accesibles a la mayor cantidad de piscicultores y su uso garantice

la mejora en los procesos realizados. También se resalta la

importancia que puede tener el uso de energías alternativas, para

aprovechar al máximo los recursos naturales y minimizar el

impacto ambiental.

Sistema inteligente, Automatización de sistemas, Psicultura

Citation: DE ANDA-LÓPEZ, Rosa María, AGUIRRE-ARANDA, Rodolfo, SÁNCHES-SALINAS, Agripín and

JARAMILLO-PLATA, Horacio. Intelligent conditioning for the intensive production of tilapia in the southern zone of the

State of Mexico. Journal of Natural and Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 6-18: 15-23


†Researcher contributing first author


16


DE ANDA-LÓPEZ, Rosa María, AGUIRRE-ARANDA, Rodolfo, SÁNCHES-SALINAS, Agripín and JARAMILLO-PLATA, Horacio.

Intelligent conditioning for the intensive production of tilapia in the

southern zone of the State of Mexico. Journal of Natural and Agricultural

Sciences. 2019

ISSN: 2410-356X


Introduction

Worldwide, the production of fish in ponds for

human consumption plays an important role

both for the food autonomy of the communities

and for their economic sustainability (Merino, et

al., 2013). For example, in countries such as

Colombia there are several regions that

historically specialize in the reproduction and

consumption of species and base their activities

on this work (Esquivel, et al., 2014).

There is a global trend towards the

intensification of aquaculture systems, however

a large part of the world's production is still

obtained from small-scale "rural type"

aquaculture and extensive systems. The real

potential of the activity is found in small- and

medium-scale aquaculture, which depends

primarily on the participation of the government

in its development (Ponce, et al., 2006).

The term rural aquaculture has been used

to distinguish from other production systems, the

cultivation of aquatic organisms by family

groups through extensive or semi-intensive

breeding systems for self-consumption or partial

commercialization (Edward and Demaine,

1997). The use of the denomination ARPE

(Rural Aquaculture in Small Scale) arises in

1999 in the Rural Aquaculture Workshop,

organized by FAO and the Catholic University

of Temuco, Chile (FAO, 2002).

Studies carried out in various regions of

Mexico have suggested that rural tilapia

aquaculture is a production alternative capable

of attenuating demand and reducing pressure on

natural resources. The production of tilapia is

important as an alternative in the generation of

jobs, the roots in the communities and the

production of food of high nutritional quality for

the human being (Amador del Ángel, et al.,

2006).

Research has been found that allows us

to know that work has been done constantly and

continuously to improve the environmental

conditions of the fish that are cultivated,

depending on the species to be planted, but these

works are focused in a very timely manner on the

large factories that they produce very large

quantities of products, and do not focus on the

small producers that are the ones that really

represent the sustenance and economy of the

country.

Currently, in areas of our country, the

cultivation of tilapia is carried out without any

control producing diseases caused by some

factors, first by not having an acceptable water

exchange in the production tanks, so it is

important to maintain the habitat of the fish

suitable for its best development with water

exchanges, maintaining adequate oxygen levels,

temperature is also important because it directly

affects the environment in which it develops

(Lagos & Mera, 2015).

In the State of Mexico there is a great

tradition in the consumption of sweet-fish fish

such as charales, white fish and juiles. This has

been increased by the introduction of

allochthonous fish, such as Chinese carps and

tilapia, which have reached 3,311 tons and 400

tons respectively (SEMARNAP, 2007).

In this order of ideas, it is important to

highlight that in our country, in the topic of

tilapia farming, aquaculture health occupies a

very important place, according to research

carried out on this subject, diseases are the cause

of important economic losses limiting the

production and product quality and are also

responsible for massive mortalities. Faced with

this situation, studies are underway to automate

tilapia farms, in such a way that production

increases and the economy of the producers

improves.

It is important to highlight that, despite

being in the era of the use of ICTs, of the

technological revolution, there are often fish

farms that perform artisanal tasks and do not

have technological tools that allow them to

automate processes and maximize their profits,

for which reason they stop perceiving valuable

economic resources (Gutiérrez, 2010).

However, in recent years and gradually

have begun to automate the processes of fish

farming (Merino, et al., 2013). The

technological tools allow access to information

in real time, regardless of distances, which

allows saving time and costs and reducing

systematic errors (González, et al., 2012). This

advantage must be taken advantage of to

implement processes that keep updated, real and

accurate information on the status of the factors

that should be monitored in fish production.

Some of these factors are the identification and

feeding of the fish, the monitoring of the

physical-chemical characteristics of the water

and the regulation of the levels of the ponds.

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The problem is that, they have not been

applied to ponds for small producers, where they

carry out the work of raising and fattening tilapia

in an artisanal way, in many cases in an

experimental manner, resulting in serious losses,

discouraging the producer and abandoning this

work.

According to the literature reviewed

several publications and development have been

found that aim to control critical variables in the

breeding and fattening of fish, but it has only

been carried out experimentally or applied to

large producers, so it can be seen that the project

it is viable, since it will provide an opportunity

for technology development with mechatronics

students to be able to provide a service to the

community, close to them and that as an

additional product they are given the opportunity

to have system maintenance or improvements

according to the observations made.

Methodology

The study was developed within the facilities of

the Technological University of the South of the

State of Mexico, located in the southern part of

the State of Mexico, in the Municipality of

Tejupilco San Miguel Ixtapan, Km. 12 Carretera

Tejupilco - Amatepec). Tejupilco (in Nahuatl

"Texopilco") is one of the 125 municipalities

belonging to the State of Mexico. It has a

population of 71,077 inhabitants according to

the 2010 population and housing census. Its

climate varies from warm to humid and semi-

warm humid with rains in summer and with a

lower percentage of rains in winter. They vary

just like the maximum is 40 ° in summer.

The type of study design is of the

experimental type, where the variables to be

controlled will be the temperature, the pH, the

oxygen content and the amount of food, the data

collection will be subject to a control over time,

since there are proven schedules, in which

serious problems can occur when neglecting

certain parameters, which causes a high index in

the mortality of the fish.

In the first stage, it was designed:

1. The construction of the most suitable

aquaculture facilities, applied to tropical zones.

The type of climate present in the south zone of

the State of Mexico, mainly subhumid tropical,

makes the air conditioning process more

difficult, since the humidity and temperature

conditions force to generate more robust

controls, which ensure the conditioning of the

facilities for the fish and the person in charge of

the process. The mechanisms that adapt to the

needs of the physical conditions of the pond and

the fish should be evaluated.

2. Construction and testing of the

prototype mechanism at scale. Once the most

suitable design has been selected, a test

prototype will be built to test its efficiency in

terms of dimensions and capacity. It is important

to mention that this module will serve as a

demonstration prototype to the producers in the

area.

3. Development of programming for

temperature control, pH, ammonia, water clarity.

4 In this stage of the project was

generated in program, using the Arduino

platform, to be able to generate and control the

variables of temperature, pH, ammonium, water

clarity, which are key to ensure the rearing and

fattening of the fish, decreasing the presence of

diseases or death.

In the second stage of the project was

generated:

5. Design and construction of the most

appropriate aeration system, once the control of

the variables has been established, the most

adequate aeration system will be developed,

since it should be ensured that this process

allows to set the values established for range.

allow the fish a good oxygenation.

6. Design of the water change system, in this

section as the pond contemplates that the water

is static, it is known that problems are generated

by having stagnant water, in addition to

containing living beings, their own biological

processes cause more pollution in the water, so a

replacement should be considered every so

often, so that the fish is not stressed, and the

variables to be controlled comply with the

established ranges and specifications.

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7. Construction of the real working

prototype. Since the design was generated, it will

go to the stage of building a prototype that meets

the specified specifications, likewise it will be

provided with solar cells to present a greater

autonomy, considering that electricity is not

always available in the place of location of the

ponds, besides that with this system the laying of

cables that can cause an accident will be

avoided.

In the third and final phase of the project, it

was developed:

8. Design of the control system, slats and

programming. Simultaneously to the

development of the mechanical system, the

designs and construction of the control system

will be developed, it is intended to use the

Arduino platform, since it allows to have greater

robustness, better response in real time, a

simpler programming in routines and a

programming platform that allows to change the

programming in an agile and efficient way.

9. In this stage the sensors must be placed,

pH, ammonium, water clarity, which allow to

generate the appropriate bioclimate for the

development of the fish for optimum and

production.

10. Testing and correction of errors. In this

stage of the process the tests will be carried out

inside the warehouse to be able to observe if the

system complies and respects with the

programmed routines, otherwise make the

necessary corrections so that the system carries

out the process that is required in the estimated

time.

For the evaluation of the integrated system in

the pond, the following was generated:

– Once the prototype was built, the control

system was mounted, using a pond for

this purpose, monitoring 24 hrs.

– The relevant tests were carried out to

verify that the system performs the

functions efficiently, complying with the

established schedules.

– Its effectiveness was compared to know

if it meets the specifications.

Results

Before beginning the assembly in the test stand,

the decision was made to generate a scale

prototype pool, model type, using two plastic

boxes of 25 x 40 cm, to simulate the supply and

control of the water pumps, and the second to

control the PH measurement process, amount of

water, aeration, water clarity and temperature,

where a key is placed to simulate disturbances in

the system. Figure 1 shows the process to make

the model of the experimental pool.

Figure 1 Plastic boxes for experimental model

Source: Own authorship

As a second point, the optimal working

values are established, where fattening and

growth of the tilapia are favored, these are

shown in the following table, table 1.

Parameter Value

Temperature 28ºC a 30ºC

pH 6.5 a 9

Dissolved oxygen 2 a 3 mg/l

Salinity 24 ppt

Turbidity 30 cm of visibility

Table 1 Optimum culture values for Oreochromis

niloticus (nile tilapia)

With these values, the different control

systems were designed, beginning with the water

level (figure 2), the pond purifier (aeration)

(figure 3), pH (figure 4), temperature (figure 5),

since they are the variables to be manipulated to

obtain the control system of the pool, to generate

the suitable bioclimate for growth and fattening

of the tilapia.

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Figure 2 Water level control scheme

Source: Own Authorship

Figure 3 Control scheme for aeration


Figure 4 Control scheme for Ph


Figure 5 Temperature control scheme


In figure 6, the connection diagram of the

system in general is shown, where a lamp for the

internal control of the pool is attached, to

perform cleaning or disinfection and

maintenance work in general to pipes and

bubbler, since by normalization , tilapia does not

develop under normal light at 100%, the water

must have a certain degree of turbidity (30 cm),

so the use of lighting is necessary and would not

be used, only for special work circumstances,

situation that would not bother the fish.

Figure 6 General system wiring scheme


Level sensor

The water level control of the pool is formed by

an ultrasonic sensor that measures the distance at

which the water is located, and through several

calculations made by the Arduino board, the

water level is obtained. In this section you will

see to what extent the value measured by the

system is true. This will be done by measuring

with a ruler and with the control system, the level

of water before different SP inputs or desired

values, thus obtaining the results of the actual

value, the measured value and the measurement

error. Table 2 is shown below with the results

obtained:

SP or set

point (cm)

Measured

value

(cm)

Real

value

(cm)

Measurement

error (cm)

5 4 5.5 0.5

8 7 8.5 0.5

11 10 11.5 0.5

14 13 14.5 0.5

Table 2 Results obtained from the level sensor at different

heights


The SP or set point level value can be

changed at any time by the user from the LCD

screen, in figure 7 the measurement process is

observed.

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Figure 7 Wiring and level sensor display


Debug sensor

For the results of the control of the pool

treatment plant, tests have been carried out with

different activation hours and with different

operating times, obtaining good results in all

tests. It is possible to say that with the passage of

time the clock module can be outdated in time,

causing the system to be activated sooner or

later, this implies that the date and time of the

device must be reprogrammed, the times were

achieved with the experience of the producers,

since they indicate the time of replacement of

water and the time for aeration, which allowed

to program the clock, still needs improvement,

this process is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8 Connection and testing with the DS1307 watch


PH sensor

For the results of the PH measurement system,

tests have been carried out with different liquids,

such as water, milk and coke, to ensure the

proper functioning of the system and the

calibration of the sensor, Table 3 shows the

results obtained.

Liquid Photos (own

authorship)

pH

specified

pH

measured

Garrafon

Water

Between 7

and 8.5 7.11

Milk

6.5 6.63

Coca-

cola

Around

3.0 2.81

Tabla 3 Resultados obtenidos de la pruebas con el sensor

PH


Given the results obtained in the

previous measurement tests, we can say that the

measurement system works properly and that the

pH sensor is well calibrated, so it is assembled

in the model, as shown in Figure 9.

Conclusions

CAMAZAMA is a technological development

of agricultural engineering, which will begin the

process of modernization of the work of the

field, is considered to be a detonator so that other

areas of opportunity, allowing to identify

technology agricultural automation is gradually

enter in the southern region of the State of

Mexico.

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Figure 9 Assembly and testing with PH sensor (self-

authoring)

Temperature sensor

In the temperature control of the water in the

heated pool, two types of tests have been carried

out, one of measurement to see if the

temperature measured by the DS18B20

temperature sensor matches that of a more

accurate SIEMENS digital thermostat, thus

ensuring the sensor operation, and another test

by changing the SP or desired value of the

control to observe the results and behavior of the

system. The following temperatures have been

obtained in the measurement test. 26.87 ° C of

the DS18B20 temperature sensor and 27 ° C of

the thermostat, the components are shown in

Figure 10.

Figure 10 Installation of the DS18B20 temperature sensor

and the heating resistance and comparing with the

SIEMENS thermostat (self-authoring)

As for the water temperature control

tests, two SPs, 28 ºC and 30 ºC have been

selected. Two graphs are shown below, one for

31 ° C and one for 32 ° C.

Figure 11 Graphic temperature control test I (self-

authoring)

Figure 12 Graphic temperature control test II (self-

authoring)

Looking at the graphs shown in Figure

11 and 12, it can be said that the temperature

control of the water in the heated pool works

correctly because the water temperature reaches

the SP or desired value in a short time, also

because it has selected a SP or desired value of a

degree centigrade more than the measured water

temperature, and that when the water

temperature reaches the SP, the temperature

remains stable. Figure 13 shows the connections

of the elements that are integrated into the

system in general.

Figure 13 Control system connection (self-authoring)

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Conclusions

It is important to mention that the proposed

stages have been fulfilled, some details being

found during the development, for example at

the time of putting into operation the water level

control system of the pool a problem occurred.

When one of the water pumps was activated, the

LCD screen was turned off or rare characters

appeared that prevented control of the system

and view the information offered by the LCD

screen. After looking for information on the

problem, it was found that this was due to the

fact that when activating any of the water pumps

through the relays, an electrical noise was

produced that the Arduino Mega2560 board

electronics could not cope with, this problem

was He resolved by building a 5 Vdc power

supply to power the relays.

Another serious problem that arose was

when doing certain tests with the DS1307 clock

module, the date 2000/1/1 0: 0: 0 was always

shown on the LCD. The problem mentioned

above in the last section was due to the fact that

the date and time was not set before starting to

program using the clock module.

The development of the project has

allowed to open doors with the link between

producers in the area and the University, since

due to the measurements that are made to be able

to know if the sensors work well under certain

working conditions, the permanent measurement

of the PH in a tilapia pond, so that process is

being implemented, as it is a single sensor the

programming procedure is simpler, but the

problem arose that you have to clean the sensor

more often, if it is required to ensure

measurements, so work is being done to measure

the time in which the sensor would initiate the

presence of faults.

This development allows more

interaction with society, observing more

problems and needs that the area can support to

solve or improve conditions. In particular the

present project is leaving a great accumulation

of experiences and knowledge, and although it is

working with a model, it is being understood that

the project can be scaled up and applied to real

productive processes. Situation that opens the

possibilities of continuing and selling the

system.

At the moment the system works without

fish, and is a prototype to scale, it is being

negotiated with a producer in the area to allow

the system to be mounted in a pond to start

monitoring the variables already with the fish

and with the conditioning which is proposed,

since it is intended to isolate the pond from the

weather, so that a bioclimate can be generated

inside that further benefits the production of

tilapia.

Acknowledgement

To the COMECYT, for providing support in the

realization of the present research. We thank the

University technological of the South of the

State of Mexico for the support provided for the

development of the prototype shows.

References

Amador del Ángel, L. E.; Córdoba Rivera, C.

M.; Gómez Vázquez, J.; Villareal López, C.;

Valdez Morales, S. & Cabrera Rodríguez, P.

(2006). Diagnóstico de las unidades femeniles

de producción rural (UFPR) de Mojarra Tilapia

(Oreochromis spp) en la Península de Atasta,

Campeche (México). Comunicación Científica

- CIVA 2006. 907-915. [en línea]. Disponible

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24


Morphological characterization of seeds and germination of Pseudotsuga menziesii


Caracterización morfológica de semillas y germinación de Pseudotsuga menziesii


RÍOS-PALMA, Nedvy1†, CONTRERAS-TOLEDO, Aremi Rebeca2*, PICHARDO-GONZÁLEZ, Juan

Manuel2 and RASCÓN-AYALA, Jesús Manuel1

1Universidad Tecnológica de la Tarahumara. Carretera Guachochi-Yokivo Km. 1.5, Colonia Turuseachi, Cd. Guachochi,

Chihuahua. C.P. 33180 2Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos - Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Boulevard

de la Biodiversidad No. 400. Rancho las Cruces, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco. C.P. 47600

ID 1st Author: Nedvy Ríos-Palma / ORC ID: 0000-0002-3070-6480, CVU CONACYT ID: 1015984

ID 1st Coauthor: Aremi R. Contreras-Toledo / ORC ID: 0000-0003-3526-8843, Researcher ID Thomson: X-2274-2019,

CVU CONACYT ID: 221547

ID 2nd Coauthor: Juan M. Pichardo-González / ORC ID: 0000-0003-2281-3101, Researcher ID Thomson: W-2141-2018,


ID 3rd Coauthor: Jesús M. Rascón-Ayala / ORC ID: 0000-0003-0201-4417, CVU CONACYT ID: 779835

DOI: 10.35429/JNAS.2019.18.6.24.30 Received March 21, 2019; Accepted June 30, 2019 Abstract

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco is a species of

economic and ecological importance for Mexico. Several

actions have been implemented for its ex situ conservation.

However, the lack of characterization data is a limiting factor

in genebanks. In this study, morphological characteristics and

seed germination traits were evaluated in 12 accessions of P.

menziesii from Tlaxcala and Puebla. Fifteen seed variables,

germination percentage (PG), days to germination (DG) and

radicle growth (CR) were measured in 100 seeds (four

replicas of 25 seeds each) per accession. A principal

component analysis, a cluster analysis and the estimation of

the relationship between seed variables and germination traits

were performed. The variables that had largest influence on

the distribution of morphological variation were: LA, ASC,

AS and AA/AS. The accessions were distributed in five

general groups according mainly to their geographical origin.

For some accessions, PG and CR had a direct relationship

with seed size variables. These results showed the presence

of variation and the influence of seed morphology on the

germination of the evaluated accessions.

Pseudotsuga menziesii, Diversity, Conservation

Resumen

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco es una especie de

importancia ecológica y económica para México. Diversas

acciones se están llevando a cabo para su conservación ex

situ. Sin embargo, una de las principales limitantes en los

bancos de germoplasma es la falta de datos de

caracterización. En este estudio se evaluaron las

características morfológicas de semilla y germinación de 12

accesiones de P. menziesii provenientes de Tlaxcala y Puebla.

Se registraron 15 variables de semilla, además del porcentaje

de germinación (PG), días a germinación (DG) y crecimiento

radicular (CR) en 100 semillas (cuatro repeticiones de 25

semillas) de cada accesión. Se realizó un análisis de

componentes principales, un análisis de agrupamientos y se

estimaron las relaciones entre variables de semilla y

germinación. Se observó que las características que más

influyen en la variación morfológica son: LA, ASC, AS y

AA/AS. Las accesiones se distribuyeron en cinco grupos que

concuerdan principalmente con su origen geográfico.

También se observó que, para algunas accesiones, las

variables PG y CR estuvieron directamente relacionadas al

tamaño de la semilla. Los resultados indicaron la existencia

de variación y la influencia de la morfología de las semillas

sobre la germinación de las accesiones evaluadas.

Pseudotsuga menziesii, Diversidad, Conservación

Citation: RÍOS-PALMA, Nedvy, CONTRERAS-TOLEDO, Aremi Rebeca, PICHARDO-GONZÁLEZ, Juan Manuel and

RASCÓN-AYALA, Jesús Manuel. Morphological characterization of seeds and germination of Pseudotsuga menziesii

(Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae). Journal of Natural and Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 6-18: 24-30




25



GONZÁLEZ, Juan Manuel and RASCÓN-AYALA, Jesús Manuel. Morphological

characterization of seeds and germination of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco

(Pinaceae). Journal of Natural and Agricultural Sciences. 2019

ISSN: 2410-356X


Introduction

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco is a

perennifolia species up to 20 m tall (Conafor,

2018), timber (Sanhueza et al., 1998) and highly

demanded as an ornamental plant (Álvarez et al.,

2007). This species is native to the American

continent, distributed from British Columbia in

Canada to the mountains of southern Mexico

(CONAFOR, 2018). In Mexico it is naturally

distributed mainly in the northern portion of the

Sierra Madre Occidental, in the states of

Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guerrero,

Hidalgo, State of Mexico, Nuevo León, Oaxaca,

Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa ,

Sonora, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz and

Zacatecas (Villaseñor, 2016; CONAFOR,

2018).

In Mexico, many of the natural

populations of this genus are subject to strong

anthropogenic pressures, especially those

located on the border of the agricultural frontier

or in areas of logging (timber or other), so there

is a high risk of degradation and loss of genetic

diversity (Reyes et al., 2005). P. menziesii is

classified as of Minor Concern (LC) under the

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Farjon,

2013), however, P. menziesii var. Glauca is

listed as under special protection (DOF, 2015).

The structure and levels of genetic diversity of

Mexican populations of P. menziesii is still

unknown. Some studies suggest the prevalence

of reduced sizes, a restricted distribution of

populations and other factors that increase

inbreeding (Montiel Castelán et al., 2019) and

reduced level of diversity, especially in

populations in the central region of Mexico

(Cruz- Nicolás et al., 2011). This is related to the

reduction in seed production, germination

problems and initial growth (Ventura Ríos et al.,

2010).

Significant conservation and

characterization efforts have been carried out for

the conservation of this and other species, an

example of this is the establishment of the

National Collection of Forest Genetic

Resources, carried out by the CNRG-INIFAP-

CONAFOR (Pichardo et al., 2018). The

collection includes 406 accessions of P.

mensiezii, from the states of Chihuahua,

Coahuila, Durango, Puebla, Querétaro and

Tlaxcala.

The generation of information on the

morphological characteristics of the materials

preserved in the germplasm bank of the CNRG,

will allow to develop more effective

conservation strategies, evaluate genetic

diversity and determine levels of genetic erosion

as well as facilitate access and availability of

these forest genetic resources (RGF).

Therefore, the objective of this work was to

evaluate the morphological diversity and

germination of accessions of P. menziesii that

will be conserved in the long term in the CNRG-

INIFAP.

Materials and methods

Vegetal material

Twelve accessions of P. menziesii entered into

the CNRG in 2018 were evaluated as part of the

National Collection of Forest Genetic

Resources, from four locations within the natural

range of the species. Seven of these accessions

were from Terrenate, Tlaxcala (19 ° 28'31.8 "N,

97 ° 55'25.8" W), three from Cuatexmola,

Puebla (19 ° 30'10.7 "N, 97 ° 49'43.7" W) , one

from La Caldera, Puebla (19 ° 29'57.7 "N, 97 °

52'12.7" W) and one from Tlachichuca, Puebla

(19 ° 06'46.8 "N, 97 ° 25'06.7" W).

Measurement of morphological variables

15 variables were recorded in 100 seeds of each

accession (four repetitions of 25 seeds each),

related to size and shape: Complete seed area

(ASC), Complete seed perimeter (PSC), Wing

length (LA), Width Wing (AA), Wing Appendix

Length (LAA), Seed Length (LS), Seed Width

(AS), Seed Thickness (GS), Wing Length / Wing

Width (LA / AA), Length Wing / Seed Length

(LA / LS), Wing Appendix Length / Seed Length

(LAA / LS), Wing Width / Seed Width (AA /

AS), Seed Length / Seed Width (LS / AS), Seed

length / Seed thickness (LS / GS), Seed width /

Seed thickness (AS / GS). The seeds were

digitized on Epson® Perfection V750 PRO

scanner and measurements were taken using

ImageJ software v.1.52a (Ferreira and Rasband,

2018).

Germination

After the morphological characterization, the

germination of the same 100 seeds was carried

out, placing each repetition of 25 seeds on a roll

of filter paper.

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The rolls were kept in the germination

room at a temperature between 25 and 27 ° C,

with a relative humidity of 80 ± 5% and with a

photoperiod equivalent to 16 hours of light and

8 hours of darkness. Irrigation was carried out

periodically with distilled water and the

phytosanitary control consisted of Captan®

applications at a concentration of 2%. Finally,

three variables were recorded: Germination

percentage (PG) expressed as the percentage of

seeds that germinated in relation to the

percentage of seeds sown; Days to germination

(DG) measured as the average number of days

from sowing to germination, and Root growth

(CR) measured on the fourth day after

germination.

Statistic analysis

From the standardized matrix of variable data, a

correlation analysis was performed as the basis

for the analysis of main components (ACP) to

identify the most important variables in the

differentiation of accessions. Cluster analysis

was also performed using genetic distance and

the Unweighted Pair Group Method with

Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) clustering method

to define similarity relationships. These analyzes

were carried out in NTSYSpc v.2.1 (Rohlf,

2008). Finally, the relationships between seed

variables and germination parameters were

analyzed.

Results and Discussion

The results obtained from the seed

morphological variables are synthesized in

Table 1. The ACP shows that the first three

components meet 86.47% of the total variability

in the accessions (Table 2). The first main

component (CP1) accumulates 49.18% of said

variability, while the second (CP2) and third

component (CP3) collect 23.42%, 13.86%,

respectively. The variables that contributed most

to CP1 were LA, LAA, AS, LA / LS, LAA / LS,

AA / AS and ASC (Table 3). Likewise, the

variables that contributed the most in CP2 were

AA and LS, while the GS and LS / GS were the

variables that most influenced CP3. The

projection of the accessions in the first two

components (Figure 1) allows to appreciate the

separation of the accessions by their place of

origin. A first group is observed in quadrant I

composed of accessions from the state of Puebla.

On the other hand, accessions from the state of

Tlaxcala showed greater differentiation between

quadrants II, III and IV.

Cluster analysis generated similar

groupings (Figure 2), suggesting congruence

between accessions. In general, five groups can

be observed. Groups I, II and II were made up of

accessions from the state of Tlaxcala while

groups IV and V concentrated the accessions of

Puebla. However, there is a greater distance

from the accessions of groups I and II to the rest

of the groups, which suggests a greater

differentiation of these accessions. These results

point to the existence of a wide variability in the

evaluated accessions. Similar results were

reported in other species.

The morphological variables and the

physical characteristics analyzed of the seed in

Taxus globosa Schltdl. allowed to establish

significant differences between geographical

regions (Ramírez-Sánchez et al., 2011). Miniño

Mejía et al. (2014) analyzed the variability

between populations of Pinus occidentalis

Swartz based on morphological characteristics

of the seed, while the external characteristics of

the seeds allowed to identify different levels of

variation in Bombacopsis quinata (Jacq.)

Dugand and Anacardium excelsum (Bertero &

Balb ex Kunth) Skeels (Espitia Camacho et al.,

2017). In addition, the variation in the

morphological characteristics of the fruit, seed

and seedling of Chrysophyllum rufum Mart.,

Contributed to the identification and

delimitation of the species in its natural habitat

(Lima et al., 2017). Thus, phenotypic variability

has been observed in P. menziesii with a

different one based on the morphological

characteristics of the cones (Chekmeneva et al.,

2019).

Variable Mean Standard

deviation n Min Max

LA 7.3814 0.9979 12 5.5477 8.4539

AA 4.9936 0.3851 12 4.1819 5.4714

LAA 2.0979 0.2634 12 1.4624 2.3605

LS 6.1886 0.3472 12 5.8518 6.8083

AS 3.0577 0.2124 12 2.6110 3.4323

GS 1.6427 0.0925 12 1.4790 1.8742

LA/AA 1.4887 0.1884 12 1.1453 1.7204

LA/LS 1.2126 0.1973 12 0.8466 1.4469

LAA/LS 0.3444 0.0453 12 0.2421 0.3985

AA/AS 1.6592 0.1771 12 1.3250 1.9590

LS/AS 2.0473 0.0958 12 1.9314 2.2615

LS/GS 3.8082 0.1989 12 3.5457 4.1935

AS/GS 1.8772 0.0872 12 1.7035 2.0124

ASC 44.6781 5.4209 12 33.7350 50.3315

PSC 34.1821 2.6796 12 30.4680 39.5991

Table 1 Mean, standard deviation and minimum and

maximum values of 15 morphological variables of P.

menziesii seed

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MC Own values Percentage Cumulative

1 7.37743858 49.1829 49.1829

2 3.51369025 23.4246 72.6075

3 2.07926858 13.8618 86.4693

4 0.97225922 6.4817 92.9510

5 0.71649193 4.7766 97.7277

6 0.26725162 1.7817 99.5093

7 0.06500038 0.4333 99.9427

8 0.00526606 0.0351 99.9778

9 0.00256491 0.0171 99.9949

10 0.00066862 0.0045 99.9993

Table 2 Own values and proportion of variance explained

by the first ten main components (MC) generated by 15

morphological seed variables in 12 accessions of P.

menziesii.

Own vectors CP1 CP2 CP3

LA 0.9117 0.1982 0.0616

AA 0.5563 -0.7938 -0.0370

LAA 0.7047 -0.6366 -0.1930

LS -0.4816 -0.8019 0.0704

AS -0.8230 -0.4529 -0.1653

GS -0.6120 -0.3161 -0.6840

LA/AA 0.6316 0.6856 0.0974

LA/LS 0.8900 0.3943 -0.0279

LAA/LS 0.8331 -0.3175 -0.2873

AA/AS 0.9292 -0.2796 0.0823

LS/AS 0.6300 -0.2814 0.3547

LS/GS 0.1478 -0.5540 0.7972

AS/GS -0.5012 -0.3400 0.5624

ASC 0.9204 -0.3065 -0.1037

PSC 0.4370 -0.3011 -0.5905

Table 3 Own vectors of the first three main components

(MC) generated by 15 seed morphological variables in 12

accessions of P. menziesii.

Figure 1 Distribution of the 12 accessions of P. menziesii

in the first two main components (CP1 and CP2) derived

from 15 seed morphological variables

Figure 2 Grouping of the 12 accessions of P. menziesii

based on 15 seed morphological variables, based on

genetic distance and using the UPGMA method

The germination percentage varied from

41 to 92% (Table 4). On average, accessions

from the state of Tlaxcala presented a

germination of 69.3%, while for accessions from

the state of Puebla it was 72.8%. Germination

days varied from 7.13 to 8.25, with an average

of 7.8 DG for accessions coming from Tlaxcala

and 7.7 for accessions from Puebla. On the other

hand, a variation in root growth of 16 to 23mm

was observed, with an average of 18.5 and 18.9

for accessions coming from Tlaxcala and

Puebla, respectively.

Percentage Ratio - (AS / GS) in accessions of Tlaxcala

Percentage Ratio - (LS / AS) in accessions of Puebla

DAG - ASC relationship in accessions of Tlaxcala

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DAG relationship - (LS / AS) in accessions of Puebla

CR - PCS relationship in accessions of Tlaxcala

Relationship CR - (LS / GS) in accessions of Puebla

Figure 3 Germination percentage ratio (PG) with A) Seed

width / Seed thickness (AS / GS) and B) Seed length / Seed

width (LS / AS). Relationship of Days to Germination

(DG) with C) Complete Seed Area (ASC) and D) Seed

Length / Seed Width (LS / AS). Root Growth Ratio (CR)

with E) Full Seed Perimeter (PSC) and F) Seed Length /

Seed Thickness (LS / GS).

Location Accession PG DG CR

Terrenate, Tlaxcala 1 41 8.15 19.26







La Caldera, Puebla 8 54 8.07 17.70

Cuatexmola, Puebla 10 69 7.72 18.21



Tlachichuca, Puebla 14 92 7.30 22.98

Table 4 Germination percentage values (PG), days to

germination (DG) and root growth (CR) in accessions of

P. menziesii

The results allowed establishing

relationships between morphological

characteristics and germination variables.

For example, a directly proportional

trend was observed between the relationship of

PG with the variables AS / GS and LS / AS with

R2 of 0.6086 and 0.6672, respectively, as well as

between CR and the variables PSC and LS / GS,

with R2 of 0.6062 and 0.6716. On the other

hand, a negative relationship between DG with

ASC and LS / AS was observed, with R2 of

0.4572 and 0.6952, respectively.

These data suggest that, in general, the

size of the seed is directly related to the analyzed

variables of the germination of P. menziesii, that

is to say, the larger the size of the seed, the

germination not only increases, but it also has

greater root growth. . Bonfil (1998) conducted

an investigation with two Quercus species and

observed that the size of the seed had a direct

effect on survival, suggesting that the size of the

seed correlates directly with the germination and

growth of plants in some species forestry

However, the regenerative capacity in natural

ecosystems is also determined by a greater

number of biotic and abiotic factors

(Chekmeneva et al., 2019; Peters and Visscher,

2019). On the other hand, seeds with high

germination rates can contribute to the

development of natural forest management and

regeneration plans (Jaouadi et al., 2019).

Conclusions

The previous results allowed establishing

differences in the size and shape between the

accessions, identifying a wide morphological

diversity of the seeds. Likewise, the data

indicated the influence of the morphology of the

seeds on the germination of the evaluated

accessions. The information generated on the

diversity of the accessions of P. menziesii

protected by the CNRG-INIFAP will allow the

development of strategies for their conservation.

Acknowledgment

This study was funded by the National Forestry

Commission (CONAFOR) through the project

“Promotion and Operation of the Forest Genetic

Resources Subsystem within the National Center

for Genetic Resources (CNRG)” (No. SIGI:

11385232709).

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Morelos, Jal. México. 189 páginas.

Ramírez-Sánchez, S.E., López-Upton, J., García

de los Santos, G., Vargas-Hernández, J.,

Hernández-Livera, A. y Ayala-Garay, O.J.

(2011). Variación morfológica de semillas de

Taxus globosa Schltdl. provenientes de dos

regiones geográficas de México. Revista

Fitotecnia Mexicana, 34(2), 93-99.

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http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5420810&fecha=21/12/2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42429A2979531.en

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Reyes, H.V., Vargas, J.J.H., López, J.U.,

Vaquera, H.H. (2005). Variación morfológica y

anatómica en poblaciones mexicanas de

Pseudotsuga (Pinaceae). Acta Botánica

Mexicana, 70, 47-67.

Rohlf, F.J. (2008). NTSYSpc: Numerical

Taxonomy System, ver. 2.1. Exeter Publishing,

Ltd.: Setauket, NY.

Sanhueza, A., Bourke, M., Grosse, H., Chacón,

I. y Álvarez, P. (1998). Cultivo del Pino Oregón.

Programa de Diversificación Forestal.

Corporación Nacional Forestal. Chile. 106 p.

Ventura Ríos, A., López Upton, J., Vargas

Hernández, J.J. y Guerra de la Cruz, V. (2010).

Caracterización de Pseudotsuga menziesii

(Mirb.) Franco en el centro de México.

Implicaciones para su conservación. Revista

Fitotecnia Mexicana, 33(2), 107-116.

Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native

vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de

Biodiversidad, 87, 559-902.

31


Physico-chemical evaluation of three varieties of tejocote (Crataegus mexicana)

Evaluación fisicoquímica de tres variedades de tejocote (Crataegus mexicana)

SÁNCHEZ-HERRERA, Susana†*, RODRÍGUEZ-MARTÍNEZ, Nellybeth, RODRÍGUEZ-ORTEGA

Alejandro and PONCE-LIRA Brenda

Universidad Politécnica de Francisco I. Madero. Domicilio conocido Tepatepec, Francisco I. Madero C.P.42660. Hidalgo.

ID 1er Autor: Susana Graciela, Sánchez-Herrera / ORC ID: 0000-0002-7092-4693, Researcher ID Thomson X-2257-2018,


ID 1er Coautor: Nellybeth, Rodriguez-Martinez / ORC ID: 0000-0001-7805-5958, Researcher ID Thomson: X-2132-2018.


ID 2do Coautor: Alejandro, Rodríguez-Ortega / ORC ID: 0000-0002-9716-477, CVU CONACYT ID: 99817

ID 3er Coautor: Brenda, Ponce-Lira / ORC ID: 0000-0002-4326-6242, CVU CONACYT ID: 325443


Abstract

Tejocote has been used traditionally in Mexico since Pre-

Hispanic times and currently its cultivation it is considered

of lesser economic importance, is distributed mainly in the

States of Mexico, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Chiapas, Michoacán,

Hidalgo and Morelos. The tejocote groups together more

than 150 species around the world, these 93 types are in

Mexico, further studies in this species are scarce.

Therefore this research was the analysis of physical and

chemical strains of tejocote at the Universidad Politécnica

de Francisco I. Madero. The results show that the criolla

variety possesses a 65.64% humidity, on the other hand

the highest percentage of protein was obtained in Calpan

gold variety (3.80%), for the ether extract the criolla

variety has a 41.11% fiber, criolla variety was the one that

obtained the highest percentage (16.71%), °Brix criolla

variety presented the higher value, which present greater

weight was the Chapeado variety. This results will be a

contribution to the added value given to these.

Tecojote, Fruit, Analysis

Resumen

El tejocote ha sido empleado tradicionalmente en México

desde tiempos prehispánicos y actualmente su cultivo, que

es considerado de importancia económica menor, se

encuentra distribuido principalmente en los estados de

México, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Chiapas, Michoacán, Hidalgo y

Morelos. En el tejocote se agrupan más de 150 especies a

nivel mundial, de éstas 93 tipos están en México, además

los estudios en esta especie son escasos; por ello la

presente investigación tiene como objetivo realizar el

análisis físico y químico de tres variedades de tejocote en

la Universidad Politécnica de Francisco I. Madero. Los

resultados muestran que la variedad criolla posee un

65.64% de humedad, por otra parte el mayor porcentaje de

proteína se obtuvo en la variedad Calpan gold (3.80 %),

para el extracto etéreo la variedad criolla tiene un 41.11%,

en cuanto a fibra la variedad criolla fue la que obtuvo el

mayor porcentaje (16.71%), para °Brix la variedad criolla

fue la que presento el valor más alto, el que presento

mayor peso fue la variedad Chapeado. Estos resultados

serán aportación para el valor agregado que se le dé a estas

3 variedades.

Tejocote, Fruto, Análisis

Citacion: SÁNCHEZ-HERRERA, Susana, RODRÍGUEZ-MARTÍNEZ, Nellybeth, RODRÍGUEZ-ORTEGA Alejandro and

PONCE-LIRA Brenda. Physico-chemical evaluation of three varieties of tejocote (Crataegus mexicana). Journal of Natural

and Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 6-18: 31-38.




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https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles-espanol/plywood


32


SÁNCHEZ-HERRERA, Susana, RODRÍGUEZ-MARTÍNEZ,

Nellybeth, RODRÍGUEZ-ORTEGA Alejandro and PONCE-LIRA

Brenda. Physico-chemical evaluation of three varieties of tejocote (Crataegus mexicana). Journal of Natural and Agricultural Sciences.

2019

ISSN: 2410-356X


Introduction

The Crataegus genus consists of about 15

species in Mexico and is distributed in most of

the mountainous areas of the country (Núñez

Colín et al. 2008). The common name that

Crataegus species receive in Mexico is

“tejocote”, a name that derives from the Nahuatl

“texocotl”, which means hard and sour fruit

(Patrick Barry, cited by Tukey, 1964), to which

medicinal properties are attributed since pre-

Hispanic times, being used in traditional

medicine, for the treatment of various

respiratory diseases, such as: flu, cough, asthma,

bronchitis, etc. (Arrieta et al., 2010).

The fruit of tejocote has been

traditionally used in Mexico since pre-Hispanic

times and currently its cultivation, which is

considered of minor economic importance, is

distributed mainly in the states of Mexico,

Puebla, Tlaxcala, Chiapas, Michoacán, Hidalgo

and Morelos (Nieto y Borys, 2008).

From the cultural and commercial point

of view, it is used in the celebrations of “all

saints” and in Christmas for the elaboration of

punches and filling of piñatas (Borys and

Leszczyñska-Borys, 1994; Núñez-Colín, 2009)

and it has been demonstrated that the fruit has a

high content of vitamins, minerals and pectins

(Núñez-Colín, 2009).

The tejocote belongs to the Crataegus

genus, 95 species are found in the Americas, 13

of which are recognized to exist in Mexico, some

endemic (Phipps, 1997). Crataegus species are

distributed throughout the world, including

Europe, the Middle East, East Asia, North

America, but only in the Northern Hemisphere

with atypical points in Peru and Ecuador

(Phipps, 1997; Phipps et al., 2003).

In Mexico, tejocote is distributed in the

mountainous areas of the Sierra Madre Oriental

(Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis

Potosí and Hidalgo), Sierra Madre Occidental

(Durango and Chihuahua), the Sierra Madre del

Sur (Oaxaca and Los highlands of Chiapas), and

the Neo Volcanic Axis (Veracruz, Puebla, State

of Mexico, Morelos, Jalisco and Michoacán)

(Phipps, 1997; Pérez et al., 2004).

In the tejocote more than 150 species are

grouped worldwide, of these, 95 are in America,

in Mexico, there are five commercial varieties:

1.-Early or the gracilar Crataegus. This cultivar

is registered in the germplasm bank as accession

number 66 with code EM66-SCM03,

taxonomically identified within the C. gracilior

Phipps species. It was collected in Santa

Catarina del Monte, state of Mexico, presents an

elliptical cup, a height of 3.56 meters, presents 8

small spines per vegetative bud, small leaves;

3.20 styles per flower of 0.89 centimeters on

average, 19.40 stamens, medium pale yellow

fruits, high soluble solids content (16.0 ° Brix)

and a mooring of 54.28 fruits per reproductive

bud; its fruiting time is between the months of

July to September (Nieto, et. al., 2008).

2.-Calpan Gold. This cultivar is

registered in the germplasm bank as accession

number 86 with code P86-HUE10,

taxonomically identified within the species C.

mexicana Moc. & Sessé. It is grown mainly in

Huejotzingo, Puebla, has a circular cup, a height

of 4.3 meters, has few thorns in some young

vegetative shoots; large leaves; 2.3 styles per

flower of 0.53 centimeters on average, 21.8

stamens, large orange-yellow fruits, low soluble

solids content (8.75 ° Brix) and a mooring of

35.50 fruits per reproductive bud; its fruiting

season is between the months of November to

February.

3.-Eli or Crataegus stipulosa, its cup is

circular of 4.5 meters in diameter has large

spines of 3.5 cm and its fruits are intense red,

they are of reproductive sprout its season is from

August to November. This cultivar is registered

in the germplasm bank as accession number 83

with code CH83-SCC09, taxonomically

identified within the species C. stipulosa (HBK)

Steud. It was collected in San Cristóbal de las

Casas state of Chiapas, presents a circular cup, a

height of 4.5 meters, presents 3.67 large spines

per vegetative bud, small leaves; 3.22 styles per


stamps, small fruits of intense red color, medium

content of soluble solids (13.37 ° Brix) and a

mooring of 45.17 fruits per reproductive bud; its

fruiting time is between the months of August to

November (Nieto, et. al., 2008).

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4.- Centenary or Crataegus nelsoni Eggl.

This cultivar is registered in the germplasm bank

as accession number 18 with code CH30C-

RRO03, taxonomically identified within the

species C. nelsoni Eggl. It was collected in

Rancho Robelo, San Cristóbal de las Casas state

of Chiapas; it presents an elliptical cup, a height

of 2.73 meters, presents 2.33 large spines per

vegetative sprout, small leaves; 4.40 styles per


stamens, small scarlet red fruits, high soluble

solids content (15.20 ° Brix) and a mooring of

58.72 fruits per reproductive bud; its fruiting

time is between the months of September to

December (Nieto, et. al., 2008).

5.- Chapeado or Crataegus mexicana

Moc & sessé. This cultivar is registered in the

germplasm bank see HPC100-HUE12,

taxonomically identified as accession number

100 within the species C. mexicana Moc. &

Sessé. It was collected in Huejotzingo state of

Puebla; It has a semicircular cup, 4.6 meters

high, no spines, large leaves; two styles per


stamens, large orange fruits with a slight red

veneer, low soluble solids content (8.53 ° Brix)

and a mooring of 11.78 fruits per reproductive

bud; its fruiting time is between the months of

October to January (Nieto et. al., 2008).

The tejocote of greater diameter and

greater commercial value is the tejocote

"Chapeado", the tejocote of smaller diameter

and less commercial value called Tejocote of

third class or "Criollo" and the tejocote of second

class or of intermediate size between the

Chapeado and the Creole and what is called

"Segundita".

The tejocote is often grown in family

gardens or on the banks of farmland, on hillsides

with steep topography (60% slope) in ravines,

and in growing areas. Inhabits oak, pine, pine-

oak and Abies forests; frequently in secondary

communities. They favor acid and frank soils. It

develops in black, clayey, stony soils of

sedimentary and volcanic origin. It is located at

altitudes ranging from 400 to 3,000 meters

above sea level; They are classified into Creole

and cultivated types; the former are located

between 14 and 32º north latitude, and the

second between 19 and 20º north latitude (Nieto

and Borys, 1993).

Uses of tejocote

The tejocote has been given multiple uses,

among them as livestock feed, ornamental plant

and in the food industry (Nieto and Borys, 1993;

Barrientos and López, 1995).

The tejocote is preferably appreciated at

Christmas times due to its use in the elaboration

of the punch, traditional drink associated with

Mexican inns.

The fruits can be eaten raw and used

dried or cooked, canned, jellies and jams.

Several species of tejocote are recognized for

their medicinal properties; The fruits and

flowers of many hawthorn are well known in

folk medicine as cardiac tonic, properties that are

documented (Hadjimitsi and Zabetakis, 2005;

Dinesh et al., 2012).

In our country, flowers, leaves and fruits

are used to relieve cough and is also used as a

sedative; the root bark, as a diuretic for kidney

diseases, to control the formation of varicose

veins, weight and cholesterol; and the root and

fruits for diabetes (Martínez, 1967).

Additionally, it is used as a cardiac tonic, to

improve circulation, angina pectoris and

abdominal pain and to control hypertension

(Ody, 1993).

Nutritional Value of Tejocote

Nutritionally, tejocote is of great importance due

to its sugar content, mainly glucose, acids (citric,

quinic, malic) (Liu, et al., 2009); fiber mainly as

pectin, antioxidants (bioflavonoids and

proanthocyanidins) (Tassell et al., 2010),

carotenoids, vitamin C, and B vitamins

(Higareda et al., 1995) and for their therapeutic

properties in cardiovascular diseases (Tassell et

al. ., 2010) and pulmonary (Özcan et al., 2005).

Edwards et al. (2012) in their review on the

chemistry of the Crataegus genus mention some

quantified sugars in fruits of different species of

tejocote, the most abundant sugar being fruitful,

(Urbonaviciute et al. 2006 cited by Edwards et

al, 2012). Other components mentioned in the

aforementioned work are acidic, among them

and of greater abundance, citrus and malic acid

stand out, which have been shown to have a

number of functions outside their role in the

primary metabolism of the plant, including

tolerance to aluminum and phosphorus

absorption regulation.

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Likewise, the presence of terpenes,

hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids and a large

number of chemical compounds identified in at

least 27 different species and two hybrids native

to Europe, Asia, and North America are

reported. It is a fruit rich in vitamin C, carotenes

and mineral salts, including calcium,

phosphorus, iron and has a high pectin content.

In Mexico, the chemical studies of Crategus

have mainly been directed to the study of

flavonoids and phenols. Phenolic compounds

such as proanthocyanidins, catechins, flavonoids

(Nuñez et al., 2007; García et al., 2013) and

phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid) have been

identified in tejocote associated with their

antioxidant activity (Bahorum et al., 1994) .

Garcia et. al., (2013) evaluate the content of

phenolic compounds, flavonoids and vitamin C

associated with antioxidant activity in the fruits

of 20 accessions that are located in Mexico.

In general, the fruit is characterized by

containing a humidity of 82% and 12%

carbohydrates, in addition to 2.0% ash, 2.6%

pectin and provides a total of 61.4 calories

(Martínez, 1952).

From a sample of 100 gr of fruit as pulp

according to data from the National Institute of

Nutrition, its high value in vitamin A (424.4 mg.

Eq. Retinol), ascorbic acid (46 mg), iron and

calcium, as well as its content in pectins.

Regarding the analysis of the complete

dehydrated fruit that is used for the production

of flour, it is important to note its high

carbohydrate and raw fiber content of both good

quality fruit and that of those residues from the

production of jelly, tie, jam, nectar etc., since its

use would be of great interest through a

zootechnical evaluation or even, could be used

for human consumption.

In the case of ashes, these fluctuate

between 1.59% and 2.97%, where minerals such

as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium

predominate, although the presence in greater or

lesser proportion of these elements depends on

the type of soil and cultural work that in are

made. The chemical composition of a fruit varies

according to the botanical variety, the cultivation

practices, the atmospheric state and the degree of

maturity. Most fruits with high concentration of

water and carbohydrates and low in protein and

carbohydrates.

The importance of tejocote is for its

nutritional use; as rootstock of the same tejocote,

apple tree, pear tree, quince tree and loquat;

ecological; ornamental; fodder medicinal and

industrial (Flores, 2007).

Therefore, the objective of this research

was to perform the analysis of ash, moisture, fat,

protein and fiber of the Chapeado, Calpan Gold

and Criolla varieties harvested in the fruit

growing area of the Polytechnic University of

Francisco I. Madero.

Methodology

The plant material is found in the fruit growing

area of the Polytechnic University of Francisco

I. Madero (figure 1) located in the town of

Tepatepec, in the Municipality of Francisco I.

Madero, in the State of Hidalgo, with the

following Latitude coordinates : 20 ° 13 '39.53'

'N., Longitude: 99 ° 5' 23.31 '' Or, the analyzes

were also performed in the analytical chemistry

laboratory of the same institution.

Figure 1 Vegetal material

Collection of biological material

The collection of ½ kg of each of the varieties:

Chapeado, Calpan Gold and Criollo was carried

out and placed in paper bags to be transferred to

the laboratory.

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Sample Preparation

The pulp was separated from the rest of the fruit

with a Marca, Migsa model GS.JES game

extractor and placed in the freezer at -4 ° C

before starting the analyzes.

Moisture determination

To determine moisture, a sample of 1 g each

variety was taken with two repetitions, and

placed in an OHAUS® brand thermobalance at

a temperature of 105 ° C for 40 minutes.

Subsequently, the sample was removed and the

final sample weight was measured.

Ash Determination

For ash determination, 0.5 g of sample from each

variety was taken with three repetitions, placed

in a previously tared crucible, the crucible was

placed with the sample in the flask for 3 hours,

at a temperature of 550 ° C. Subsequently the

crucible with the calcined sample was

transferred to the desiccator; until reaching room

temperature and the crucible was weighed.

Subsequently the corresponding calculations

were made according to the following formula:

% of ashes =Pf−Pc

Pm 𝑥 100 (1)

Where:

Pf = Final weight with the calcined sample, in

grams.

Pc = Constant weight of the crucible.

Pm = Sample weight, in grams.

Fat determination

For the determination of fat, 3 g of sample were

taken and placed in a filter paper cartridge

previously defatted and dehydrated, then it was

introduced into the extraction chamber of the

soxhlet equipment and 250 ml of hexane was

added and the extraction was carried out for 10

cycles, the sample was placed in the oven for a

period of 10 minutes at a temperature of 105 ° C

for the removal of solvent residues. The

calculations were expressed as a percentage

according to the difference in weight.

% of ethereal extract =Pi−Pf

Pi 𝑥 100

Where:

Pi = Initial weight of the sample, in grams.

Pf = Final weight.

Pi = Initial weight of the sample, in grams.

Fiber determination

For the determination of raw fiber, 1 gram of

sample was taken for each variety with two

repetitions. The dehydrated and degreased

sample is treated with 200 ml boiling sulfuric

acid for 30 minutes to subsequently filter under

vacuum, rinsed with hot water, and the residue is

collected and then digested with 200 ml boiling

sodium hydroxide for 30 minutes, subsequently

filtered under vacuum and rinsed with hot water

and ethanol. The residue was subjected to

calcination at 550 ° C, the residue - ash

difference is considered raw fiber.

Subsequently, the calculations were performed

using the following formula:

% raw fiber =Weight (MRD) − Ash weight

Initial sample weight 𝑥 100

(MRD) = Digestion Resistant Sample.

Protein determination

For the determination of protein, 0.5 g of each

variety was taken with three repetitions. A food

grade PVC plastic film of a size of 5 x 5 cm was

cut, in which it was placed in a watch glass

where 5 g of sample and 2 g of reactive mixture

were added; subsequently it was closed and

placed in a digestion tube with 10 ml of sulfuric

acid and subsequently placed in the digester for

1 hour, after the time the digestion tubes were

allowed to cool to room temperature and 20 ml

of distilled water was added, 40 ml of 40%

NaOH and 25 ml of 4% H3BO3 with 3 drops of

methyl red and titrated with 0.1 N HCl.

Subsequently, the calculations were performed

using the following formula:

% 𝑁 =[(𝑚𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝐻𝐶𝐿)(𝑁 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝐿)(1.4)]

Sample weight 𝑥 100

Determination of pH and Brix degrees

For the determination of pH 1 gr of sample of

each variety was taken with three repetitions.

The sample was placed in a beaker in which 1 ml

of distilled water was added to subsequently mix

the sample.

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For the determination of Grades ºBrix a

“master refractometer” was used, with 1 gr of

sample of each variety with three repetitions.

Results

The analysis of moisture, ashes, protein, ethereal

extract and fiber was performed in three varieties

of Mexican Crataegus tejocote. Each analysis

was done in triplicate in each of the samples.

Table 1 shows the average of the results obtained

from each variety of tejocote.

Table 1 Results of the main nutritional components of

tejocote

The table shows that the Creole variety

has a percentage of 65.64% humidity, while

Calpan gold presented the lowest percentage

with 61.71%. As for the% of ashes, the veneered

variety contains 2.97%, while in the Creole

tejocote the lowest percentage was obtained with

2.38%, these data are lower than those presented

by Higareda, et.al. (1995) where 82% values are

reported.

The Calpan gold variety presents the

highest percentage of protein with 3.80%, while

the one with the lowest percentage was the

tejocote veneered with 2.85%. These data

obtained are slightly higher than those presented

by Higareda et al (1985), where values of 1.58%

were found.

In the percentage of ethereal extract, the

Creole fruit contains 41.11%, while the Calpan

gold variety was the one with the lowest

percentage with 36.64%, these data were much

higher than those presented by Higareda et al in

1985, where they obtained a 0.09% value.

Regarding the percentage of fiber, the fruit of

Creole tejocote presented 16.71%, while the

Calpan gold variety has the lowest percentage

with 12.78%.

In the case of pH values, a range from 3.8

to 4.3 was obtained, which indicates that the pulp

is acidic, these data are similar to those presented

by Franco-Mora, et al., In 2009 where they

obtain an average of 3.31. You will know where

I take the master bibliography I could not find it

Finally in the measurement of oBrix, the Creole

tejocote reaches 11.00 units, while the veneered

variety has 10.33 units. The values obtained in

the present studies are higher than those reported

by Nieto et al., (2008), where for the Calpan

Gold variety they reach 8.75 ° Brix and 8.53 °

Brix for the Chapeado variety, this possibly at

the growth conditions of the species.

The highest weight per fruit was

presented by the Chapeado variety, as shown in

Figure 2, while the Creole tejocote has a lower

weight per fruit, and the size of the diameter of

each variety is directly related to the weight of

each one..

Figure 2 Tejocote F1 phenology, (Calpan gold) F2,

(Veneered) F3, (Creole)

Conclusions

The results show that the Creole variety has

65.64% moisture, on the other hand the highest

percentage of protein was obtained in the Calpan

gold variety (3.80%), for the ethereal extract the

Creole variety has 41.11%, in terms of fiber the

Creole variety was the one that obtained the

highest percentage (16.71%), for ° Brix the

Creole variety was the one with the highest

value, the one that presented the greatest weight

was the Chapeado variety. Therefore, the use of

each variety depends on what the producer

wishes to obtain.

References

Arrieta, J., Siles B., D., García S., J., Reyes T.,

B., Sánchez M., M. E. (2010). Relaxant effect of

the extracts of Crataegus mexicana on Guinea

Pig tracheal smooth muscle. Pharmacognosy

Journal 2(17):40-46.

Analysis / Varieties Veneered Calpan

Gold

Creole

(%) Humidity 64.69 61.71 65.64

(%) Ashes 2.97 2.71 2.38

(%) Protein 2.85 3.80 2.87

(%) Ethereal

Extract

39.39 36.64 41.11

(%) Fiber 15.11 12.78 16.71

pH 3.85 4.30 3.80

° Brix 10.33 10.67 11.00

Average Weight (g) 16.81 13.79 6.11

Average Diameter

(cm)

3.23 3.06 2.24

37





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ISSN: 2410-356X


Bahorun, T., Trotin, F., Pommery, J., Vasseur,

J., Pinkas, M. (1994). Antioxidant activities of

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Edwards, J. E., Brown, P. N., Talent, N.;

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tejocote. Colegio Francés Hidalgo.1-4 pp.

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Rosales, E.J., González-Huerta, A., Gutiérrez-

Rodríguez, F. (2010). Caracterización

morfológica y bioquímica de frutos de tejocote

(Crataegus mexicana DC.) de Lerma y

Ocoyoacac, México. Ciencia Ergo Sum, 17 (1,):

61-66 pp.

García M., R., Nieto A., R. (2012). Valor

nutracéutico del tejocote (Crataegus spp.) de

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Higareda, R.A., Salazar, J. A., Ramos, E. G.

(1995). Conservación postcosecha del tejocote

(Crataegus mexicana). Revista Chapingo. Serie

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García M., R., Aguilar S., L., Soto H., M., Nieto

A.R., Kite., G. (2013). Flavonoids and

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García M., R., Ibarra E.E., Nieto A., R. (2013).

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de Biodiversidad 84 (4): 1298-1304.

Hadjimitsi, E., Zabetakis, L. (2005). The aroma

of jam prepared from fruits of mosphilla

(Crataegus azarolus L.). Flavour and Fragance

Journal 20:507-511.

Liu, P., Kallio, H., Lu, D., Zhou, C., Ou, S., &

Yang, B. (2009). Acids, sugars, and sugar

alcohols in Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)

fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food

Chemistry 58 (2): 1012-1019.

Martínez, M. (1967). Las Plantas Medicinales de

México. 6° Ed. Editorial Botas. México. 657 p.

Martínez M. (1952). Plantas Útiles de la Flora

Mexicana. Edición Botas. México.

Nieto A., R., Borys, M. W. (1992). Banco de

Germoplasma de tejocote (Crataegus spp.) de la

República Mexicana. Revista Chapingo. 16(77):

126-130.

Nieto A., R., Borys, M. W. (1993). El tejocote

(Crataegus spp.); un potencial frutícola de zonas

templadas. Revista Fruticultura Profesional.

54:63-71.

Nieto, A. R. y Borys M. W. (2008).

Germoplasma y usos del tejocote en México En:

J. G. Cruz C. y P. A. Torres L. (Comps.).

Enfoques tecnológicos en la fruticultura. Un

tributo a Raúl Mosqueda. UACH. México.

Nieto, A. R; Borys, W.M y Nuñez, C.C. (2008).

Variedades comerciales de tejocote. Extensión

al Campo. Chapingo. 10-16 p.

Nuñez C.C., García M.R., Nieto A.R. (2007).

Caracterización de genotipos de Crataegus en

relación al contenido de compuestos fenólicos.

Proceedings Interamerican Society Tropical

Horticulture 51: 126-127

Núñez-Colín, C.A., Nieto-Ángel, R., Barrientos-

Priego, A.F., Sahagún-Castellanos, J., Segura,

S., González-Andrés, F. (2008). Variability of

three regional sources of germplasm of Tejocote

(Crataegus spp.) from central and southern

Mexico. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 55:1159-

1165.

Núñez-Colín, C. A. (2009). The tejocote

(Crataegus species): a Mexican plant genetic

resources that is wasted. A review. Acta Hortic.

806:339-346.

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Ody, P. (1993). The Herb Society’s Complete

Medicinal Herb. Dorling Kindersley. U K.51 p.

Özcan, M., H. Hacseferoğullari, M. T. y Arslan

D. (2005). Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Fruit:

Some Physical and Chemical Properties. Journal

of Food Engineering. 69:409-413

Pérez O., Nuñez C, Segura, S., Nieto A.R.,

Barrientos A. F. (2004). Los recursos genéticos

de Crataegus (Rosaceae) en México: Variación

eco-climática. Proceedings of the Interamerican

Society for Tropical Horticulture 48:149-151

Phipps. J. B. (1997). Monograph of northern

Mexican Crataegus (Rosaceae, Subfam.

Maloideae). SIDA Botanical Miscellany 15:1-

94.

Phipps. J. B., O’kennon R. J., Lance R. W.

(2003). Hawthorns and Medlars. Plant Collector

Guide. Royal Horticultural Society. Timber

Press. Portland, USA. 139 p.

Tassell, M.C., Kingston, R., Gilroy, D., Lehane,

M., & Furey, A. (2010). Hawthorn (Crataegus

spp.) in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Pharmacognosy reviews, 4(7): 32.

Tukey, H. B. (1964). Dwarfed Fruit Trees.

McMillan Co. Inc. New York, N. Y. pp. 182-

194.

39


Weight gain in lambs, supplemented with a commercial food al 12% protein

Ganancia de peso en corderos, suplementados con un alimento comercial al12% de

proteina

LUCIO, Rodolfo1, SESENTO, Leticia2, BEDOLLA, José Luis Carlos1 and CRUZ, Ángel Raul1

1Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo 2 Colegio Primitivo y Nacional de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

ID 1st Autor: Rodolfo, Lucio / ORC ID: 0000-0002-0535-3652, Researcher ID Thomson: X-2391-2018

ID 1st Coauthor: Leticia, Sesento / ORC ID: 0000-0002-6456058X, Researcher ID Thomson: S-6997-2018, CVU

CONACYT ID: 449302

ID 2nd Coautor: Jose Luis Carlos, Bedolla / ORC ID: 0000-0002-2485-5615

ID 3rd Coautor: Angel Raul, Cruz / ORC ID: 0000-0001-9809-1323, Researcher ID Thomson: S-4975-2918


Abstract

The objective of this work was to determine the weight

gain in sheep meat, under an intensive feeding system in

lambs of the Dorper breed. Thirteen lambs with an initial

average live weight of 11.25 ∓ 5 kg were used. The food

was offered ad livitum throughout the day. Systematic

measurements of the weight gain of the sheep were carried

out. The results obtained for the corresponding variable of

the voluntary consumption of dry matter, shows that at the

beginning of the experiment the animals had a dry matter

consumption of 206.25 g / ovine; However, as they were

growing their dry matter consumption was 292 g / ovine,

with a linear increase until the sixth week. The highest

weight gain per day was obtained between month 1 and

month 2, with the best feed conversion rates observed

here. With the obtained results it is concluded that the

voluntary consumption of dry matter was 206.5 g / ovine-

1, with an average daily weight gain of 470 g. and with

acceptable conversion rates and food efficiency.

Weight gain, Dry matter, Food efficiency

Resumen

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la

ganancia de peso en ovinos de carne, bajo un sistema de

alimentación intensiva en corderos de la raza Dorper. Se

utilizaron 13 corderos con un peso vivo promedio inicial

de 11.25 ∓ 5 𝑘𝑔. El alimento fue ofrecido ad livitum

durante todo el día. Se llevaron a cabo mediciones

sistemáticas de la ganancia de peso de los ovinos. Los

resultados obtenidos para la variable correspondiente del

consumo voluntario de materia seca, demuestra que al

inicio del experimento los animales tuvieron un consumo

de materia seca de 206.25 g/ovino; sin embargo, a medida

que fueron creciendo su consumo de materia seca fue de

292 g/ ovino, observándose un incremento lineal hasta la

sexta semana. La mayor ganancia de peso por día se

obtuvo entre el mes 1 y mes 2, observándose aquí los

mejores índices de conversión alimenticia. Con los

resultados obtenidos se concluye que el consumo

voluntario de materia seca fue de 206.5 g/ovino-1, con una

ganancia de peso diaria promedio de 470 g. y con

aceptables índices de conversión y eficiencia alimenticia.

Ganancia de peso, Materia seca, Eficiencia alimentaria

Citacion: LUCIO, Rodolfo, SESENTO, Leticia, BEDOLLA, José Luis Carlos and CRUZ, Ángel Raul. Weight gain in lambs,

supplemented with a commercial food al 12% protein. Journal of Natural and Agricultural Sciences. 2019, 6-18: 39-42

*Correspondence to Author: ([email protected])



40


ISSN: 2410-356X


LUCIO, Rodolfo, SESENTO, Leticia, BEDOLLA, José Luis Carlos and CRUZ, Ángel Raul. Weight gain in lambs, supplemented with a

commercial food al 12% protein. Journal of Natural and Agricultural

Sciences. 2019

Introduction

In much of Mexico, sheep farming is very

dispersed and in general its exploitation is done

in a traditional way. The sheep are usually raised

in grazing, a system that has been used for years

universally, with the fundamental objective of

reducing operating costs (LARA, 2012). In the

dry season, it is insufficient to sustain the annual

average of the increase GDP / animal / day.

The quality of the fodder not only

influences the weight increases, but also

modifies the consumption of dry matter and the

behavior of the animals. With the above, it is

necessary to establish strategies in sheep

feeding, considering that food ingredients or

agro-industrial by-products, both energy and

protein, with high nutritional value and a good

amount of amino acids, act as protein energy

correctors in diets of low nutritional quality,

achieving increase, weight gain, quality and

conformation of the canal (FERNANDEZ,

2018).

It has been observed that the lambs

growing under grazing and without

supplementation, will hardly have daily gains

above 80g / day. On the other hand, the lambs

that receive 200 g / day of energy-protein

supplement, manage to increase four times more

than the lambs without supplementation (20 g

vs. 80 g / animal / day) (PEREZ, 2011).

A fattening diet should have 15% to 17%

of Crude Protein and 70% of Total Digestible

Nutrients (TND), to meet and meet the daily

requirements in sheep (MONTOSSI, 2006).

It is evident that an adequate feeding

system influences the performance and

composition of the canal in a decisive way,

showing an increase in muscle fat (PARMA,

2010).

Materials and methods

The work was carried out at the ranch "Los

Leones" located on the Uruetaro-Tejaro road km

18.1, GPS coordinates, latitude: 19.9917,

longitude: 101.4438.1860 meters above sea

level, zip code 58891, belonging to the District

of Tarimbaro 16088, state of Michoacán,

Mexico.

13 sheep (male and female) of Dorper

breed weighing 16kg and 3 months old were

used, which were assigned to a feeding plan

based on ground stubble, purple corn and

supplemented with commercial brand ESCOTO

food at 12 % protein inclusion.

The work will last approximately 90

days and the GDP will be evaluated from its

beginning until its release to the market.

At the beginning of this work the animals

were weighed and taken to the feedlot where

they will remain during this period. Keeping

weight records per animal every 15 days.

Results and discussion

The fattening of sheep began with a total of 13

newly weaned sheep, about 2 months old.

Assessed average animal consumption. The

animals had an initial consumption of 206.25

grams on average for the 13 sheep. The initial

weight was 11.25 kg on average.

Weighing values were concentrated in

general, then dividing by average each

weighing.

Showing the evaluations between each

weighing in graphic 1.

At the beginning of the fattening the

sheep had an average consumption of 206.25

grams. Its initial weight was 11.25 kg average,

at the second weighing said average was 24.42

kg.

The daily weight gain between month

one and month two, ranged from .33g, .48g,

.56g, .73g, .42g, .55g, .53g, .53g, .35g, .32, .33g,.

67g, .34g; it should be noted that the daily

weight gain of said months was .47 grams,

showing the evaluations in graphic 2.

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Sciences. 2019

Subsequently, between month two and

month three, the average weight in the third

weighing was 34.64 kg. Daily weight gain

between those months ranged from 0.3g, 0.36g,

0.25g, 0.32g, 0.4g, 0.39g, 0.33g, 0.31g, .35g,

.32g, .31g, .32g, .33g; mentioning that the daily

weight gain in these months was 330 grams.

Graphic 2. Daily weight gain between the month

1-2 and 2-3.

Conclusions

With the study that was carried out with Dorper

breed lambs, in an intensive fattening system,

based on commercial food of the ESCOTO

brand at 12% protein, an average daily weight

gain of 470 grams could be observed, between

the month 1-2.

On the other hand, the weight gain that

was reflected between the month 2-3, was 330

grams.

A deficit of 140 grams is observed

between the two averages valued.

This weight loss is attributed to the fact

that they were given a bad handling due to a

change of pen, which caused stress states and

therefore a decline in weight gain.

Refernces

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dic/Parametros_productivos_de_ovinos_de_pel

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Sciences. 2019

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2019 e Journal of Natural and - ecorfan.org€¦ · GOMEZ-LEYVA, Andrea, DEL VALLE-DÍAZ, Gabriela,...

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