vii

Contents

Maps xviii

Special Features xix

Preface xxi

pa r t o ne FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD POLITICS 1

Chapter 1 World Politics: Complexity and Competing Processes 3Conf l ic t and Cooperat ion 3Global izat ion Versus Fragmentat ion 6Anarchy Versus Order 12Conclusion 15what woULd YoU do? iran’s nuclear test 15KEY tErMs 17

Chapter 2 Theory and World Politics 19Climate Change 20LEVEL S OF ANALYSIS 23

Systemic Leve l of Analysis 2 4at a gLanCE: the Prisoner’s dilemma Game 26

Domestic Leve l of Analysis 28Indiv idual Leve l of Analysis 31

spotLight: the operational code 32Leve ls of Analysis: Analy t ical Tools 37

THEORETIC AL PAR ADIGMS/ WORLDVIEWS 38Real ism 38Liberal ism 43Construc t iv ism 47Blurr ing the L ines 50Other Theoret ical Paradigms/ Wor ldviews 50

thEorY in rEviEw: international responses to climate change 53SUMMARY AND PREVIEW 55

viii CONTENTS

what woULd YoU do? Giant storms 55disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 56KEY tErMs 56

Chapter 3 World Politics and Economics: 1648–1945 59Thir t y Years War and The Peace of Westphal ia 61Eighteenth - Centur y Europe 63

Great Powers 63Af termath of War and Two Revolut ions 65

at a gLanCE: “World Wars” of the eighteenth century 66Napoleonic Era and Its Af termath 67

Concer t of Europe 69Unif icat ion of I ta ly and Germany 71

The Industr ia l Revolut ion and Its Af termath 74Br i t ish Economic Hegemony and Its Chal lenges 76

The Bismarckian System and The Eve of War 77The Wor ld Wars 78

Causes of Wor ld War I and the Leve ls of Analysis 79Consequences of Wor ld War I 85

Russian Revolut ion 86Versai l les Set t lement 87

what woULd YoU do? russia and the Path to War 88A Weak League and the Road to Another War 90

spotLight: the Munich analogy 92Economic Col lapse and the Great Depression 93

Causes of Wor ld War II and the Leve ls of Analysis 95Consequences of Wor ld War II 97

Uneasy A l l iance 98The Holocaust 10 0Atomic Bomb 101

Conclusion 102thEorY in rEviEw: examples from 1648 to 1945 103disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 104KEY tErMs 105

Chapter 4 World Politics and Economics: The Cold War 107Causes of The Cold War and The Leve ls of Analysis 108

It Was Moscow’s Faul t (Domest ic Leve l) 108No, I t Was Washing ton’s Faul t (Domest ic Leve l) 109

CONTENTS ix

Ideological Conf l ic t (Domest ic Leve l) 109Leadership or the Lack Thereof (Indiv idual Leve l) 110One Wor ld Div ided by Two Superpowers Equals Conf l ic t

(Systemic Leve l) 111It Was A l l a Misunderstanding (Systemic Leve l) 112

Poli t ical , Mil i tar y, and Economic Change 112Ini t ia l Confrontat ion: Iran 113The Iron Cur tain Descends and Conf l ic t Intensif ies 113Truman Doc tr ine 114Marshal l P lan 114Ber l in Blockade 115NATO and the Warsaw Pac t 117Transformation of the Wor ld Economy 117

spotLight: the telegrams: Mr. x and containment and the novikov telegram 118

The Cold War in Asia and The Third Wor ld 122NSC- 68 123Korea: The Turning Point 123The Cold War and the Third Wor ld 125

Trouble Spots: Ber l in , Cuba, and Vie tnam 127Ber l in 127Cuba 128

what woULd YoU do? soviet Missiles in cuba 131Vie tnam and Its Consequences 131

From Détente to Discord 135The Opening of China, the Moscow Summit , and SALT 135Tensions in Détente 137

at a gLanCE: Major arms control agreements of the cold War 138The Invasion of Afghanis tan 140The Reagan Doc tr ine 141

End of The Cold War and The Leve ls of Analysis 14 2The Gorbachev Fac tor (Indiv idual Leve l) 14 2Fai lure of Communism (Domest ic Leve l) 143The End of the Evi l Empire (Domest ic Leve l) 143The End of Bipolar i t y (Systemic Leve l) 145

Conclusion 145thEorY in rEviEw: examples from the cold War 146disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 147KEY tErMs 147

x CONTENTS

Chapter 5 Imperialism and Its Survivors 149The Rise and Fal l of Empires 150

The Firs t Transoceanic Empires: Spain and Por tugal 152Spanish Colonial Adminis trat ion 153Por tuguese Colonial ism 153Spanish -Amer ican Independence 15 4Independence f rom Por tugal 15 4

Dutch Empire 155French Empire 156Br i t ish Empire 159

what woULd YoU do? the costs of imperialism 160Two Great Continental Empires: Russia and the

United States 162spotLight: the Mahatma 163

The Russians 165The Amer icans 168

Ot toman Empire 169Too L i t t le , Too Late: German and Japanese Empires 172

Decl ine of Imper ial ism 173Impac ts of Imper ial ism 174

Social Impac t of Colonial ism 174at a gLanCE: Human costs of imperialism 175

Nor th Amer ica 177The Car ibbean 177Lat in Amer ica 178Afr ica 179Asia 181The Pacif ic 181China and Japan 182

Economic Consequences of Colonial ism 183Lat in Amer ica , Af r ica , and the Paci f ic 183Asia 183Economic Consequences: An Assessment 184

Cultural and Ideological Impac t of Colonial ism 184Colonial ism and Culture 185Colonial ism and Ideolog y 186

Conclusion 187thEorY in rEviEw: examples from imperialism 188disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 189KEY tErMs 189

CONTENTS xi

Chapter 6 Globalization and Fragmentation in a New World Order: 1991 to the Present 191Global izat ion and Fragmentat ion 192

Fukuyama Versus Hunting ton 192Promise Unful f i l led? US Hegemony 195

A New Wor ld Order? 199War in the Gulf 199The European Union 20 0US Economic Hegemony Endures 201The United Nations, Col lec t ive Secur i t y,

and Humanitar ian Inter vent ion 202spotLight: definitional discord: Genocide

and ethnic cleansing 207what woULd YoU do? Genocide in rwanda 209The Terror of September 11 and Its Af termath 210

War in Iraq 213The Great Recession and Debt Cr isis

in the European Union 216Arab Spr ing 218

The Role of Nonstate Ac tors 222at a gLanCE: arab spring 223Conclusion 22 4thEorY in rEviEw: examples from 1991 to the Present 225disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 226KEY tErMs 226

pa r t two THE MAJOR ISSUES IN WORLD POLITICS 227

Chapter 7 Security Theory and Practice 229Requirements for Secur i t y 230Elements of Power 232

Economic Capabi l i t ies 233Mil i tar y Power 237

Measur ing Mil i tar y Capabi l i t ies 2 40Benef i ts of Maintaining a Mil i tar y 2 41

at a gLanCE: Military Balance: the Us and other Key countries 242Costs of Maintaining a Mil i tar y 2 43

Poli t ical Wil l 2 47

xii CONTENTS

spotLight: clausewitz on War and Politics 248Inters tate War 252Intrastate Wars 255Human Secur i t y 260thEorY in rEviEw: security 262what woULd YoU do? challenges of influence 263disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 264KEY tErMs 265

Chapter 8 Contemporary Security Issues 267Trends in Secur i t y 268

Changing Strategies 268United States 269China 276

spotLight: 9 tales of Broken arrows: thermonuclear near Misses throughout History 277Afr ican Union 283Transnat ional Terror is t Organizat ions 286

at a gLanCE: international drug trafficking 289Changing Technologies 292Future Chal lenges 296Conclusion 298what woULd YoU do? china’s Balancing act 299thEorY in rEviEw: nuclear security 300disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 301KEY tErMs 301

Chapter 9 World Politics: Trade and Investment 303Trade 304

Ricardo’s Model of Trade 305Trade Barr iers 306Balance of Payments 309

Money Makes the Wor ld Go Around 310Exchange Rates 310Capital Markets and Investment 312

Capital markets 312spotLight: “financial contagion in the era

of Globalised Banking” 313China’s Inf luence on the US Economy 317

Foreign Direc t Investment 318

CONTENTS xiii

Economic Power 320Trade and Industr y 322Technolog y 323

Economics As Pol i t ics 326Real ism 326Liberal ism 328

at a gLanCE: the rise and fall of the euro, ten Years on 331

Hegemonic Stabi l i t y Theor y : Br idging the L iberal – Real is t Div ide 334

Construc t iv ism 335Conclusion 336thEorY in rEviEw: trade and investment 337disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 337what woULd YoU do? Greece’s debt crisis 338KEY tErMs 338

Chapter 10 World Politics: Development 341What Deve lopment Means 343Human and Social Deve lopment 34 4

Deve lopment : A Holis t ic Approach 34 4Civ i l Socie t y and Deve lopment 347Modernizat ion Theor y 347

Social Impac t of Modernizat ion 348Cr i t iques of Modernizat ion Theor y 349

Poli t ical Deve lopment 351Democrat izat ion 351Domest ic : Pol i t ical Cul ture 352

spotLight: tough truths about free trade 356Economic Deve lopment 358

Systemic : Dependenc y Theor y 358Pr imar y Produc t E xpor ts 359Unequal Terms of Trade 360Transnat ional Corporat ions 361Cr i t iques of Dependenc y Theor y 363

Domest ic : Economic Deve lopment Theor ies 364Impor t-Subst i tut ion Industr ia l izat ion 365E xpor t-Led Industr ia l izat ion 366Washing ton Consensus 367

Systemic-Domest ic 369

xiv CONTENTS

Struc tural Adjustment Programs 369Economic L iberal ism, Women, and Deve lopment 370

Deve lopment Today 371Creat ing a New Paradigm 371Searching for Prac t ical Solut ions: Technolog y 372Searching for Prac t ical Solut ions: Microf inance 374

at a gLanCE: cellphones and development 375Corrupt ion Versus Courage 379

what woULd YoU do? Promoting development 381thEorY in rEviEw: development 382Conclusion 383disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 383KEY tErMs 383

Chapter 11 Human Issues: Demographic Trends 385Populat ion 387

Populat ion Grow th and Decl ine: Impac t of Youth Bulges and Aging Populat ions 387

Urbanizat ion and Megacit ies 389Internat ional Responses to Populat ion Dynamics:

Impor tance of Family Planning 390The Abor t ion Debate 392

Migrat ion 393Economic Migrat ion 394Refugees 395Consequences of Migrat ion 396Internat ional Solut ions to Problems of Migrat ion 399

spotLight: Human trafficking 400Health and Disease 401

The Global Heal th Pic ture 401Responses to Global Heal th Problems 403

what woULd YoU do? avian flu 406thEorY in rEviEw: demographic issues 407Conclusion 408disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 408KEY tErMs 409

Chapter 12 Resource Issues 411The Environment 412

CONTENTS xv

Deforestat ion 412Pol lut ion 414

spotLight: Women, Gender, and the environment 416Internat ional Cooperat ion for Saving the Environment 417A Green and Pleasant Globe? 4 20

Water 4 21Water Scarc i t y and the Potent ia l for Conf l ic t 4 22Internat ional Responses to the Need for Water 4 23Water ’s Future 4 2 4

Food 4 2 4Feeding the Wor ld 4 2 4Internat ional Food Aid and Famine Re l ie f Ef for ts 4 27

Energ y 4 28The Need for Energ y 4 28Oil ’s Cr i t ical Role 4 29Energ y Cr ises and Global Responses 431Coal and Natural Gas 433Renewable Energ y 434

Conclusion 435what woULd YoU do? economic Growth versus the environment 437thEorY in rEviEw: resource issues 438disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 439KEY tErMs 439

Chapter 13 Global Governance: International Law and Organizations 441Internat ional Law 4 4 2

Sources of Internat ional Law 4 43Customar y Prac t ices 4 43Treat ies 4 4 4

Violat ion and Compliance 4 45Areas of Internat ional Law 4 48

Human Rights Under Internat ional Law 4 48Can Human Rights Convent ions Be Enforced? 452War fare and Aggression 453

Ef fec t iveness and Compliance: The Verdic t on Internat ional Law 45 4

Internat ional Organizat ions 455Internat ional Governmental Organizat ions 456

xvi CONTENTS

Secur i t y IGOS: The United Nations 456The United Nations Is Born 456The United Nations: Struc ture , Func t ions, and Pol i t ics 457General Assembly 457Secur i t y Counci l 460

spotLight: conflict and cooperation in the security council 461Secre tar iat and Secre tar y - General 462Internat ional Cour t of Just ice 463Economic and Social Counci l 464UN Peacekeeping Missions: E xpec tat ions and Exper ience 464United Nations’ Ef fec t iveness 467

what woULd YoU do? the future of the Un 468Economic IGOs 470

The Wor ld Bank 470The Internat ional Monetar y Fund 471The GAT T and the W TO 473The Bre t ton Woods Inst i tut ions into the Future 475

Nongovernmental Organizat ions 475NGOs, Power, and Global Governance 476NGOs in Ac t ion 477

Conclusion 478thEorY in rEviEw: Global Governance 480disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 481KEY tErMs 481

Chapter 14 World Politics in Context 483What Have We Covered So Far? 483What Have We Not Yet Covered? 484

Ethics 484Ethics of War 484Ethics of Sovere ignt y and Posit ive Inter vent ion 487Ethics of Peace and Reconci l iat ion 489Ethics of Trade and Deve lopment 490Ethics of Competing Interests 491

spotLight: Bad Guys Make even Worse allies 494Relat ionship of Wor ld Pol i t ics to Other Subdisc ip l ines

of Pol i t ical Sc ience 496Foreign Pol ic y 496

CONTENTS xvii

Comparat ive Pol i t ics 497Amer ican Pol i t ics 497Poli t ical Theor y 497

The Future 498Real is t Projec t ion 498Liberal Projec t ion 498Construc t iv is t Projec t ion 50 0

what woULd YoU do? crisis in syria: ethics of intervention 500Conclusion 501disCUssion and rEviEw QUEstions 501KEY tErMs 501

Notes 502

Glossary 533

Sources of Illustrations 543

Index 546