6.45 6.29

10.47

7.17

24.710.06

11.7

15.22

7.94

Berry Creek Biggs/E. Biggs Chico Gridley Lake Madrone

Magalia Oroville Paradise other

2017 Serv ice requeSt PercentageS

2017 Serv ice requeStS

14

Area Number of Service

Requests Percentages Bangor 2 0.1% Berry Creek 125 6.5% Biggs/E.Biggs 122 6.3% Brush Creek 6 0.3% Chico 203 10.5% Clipper Mills 8 0.4% Cohasset 5 0.3% Dayton 3 0.2% Forbestown 19 1.0% Forrest Ranch 28 1.4% Gridley/East 139 7.2% Hamilton City 7 0.4% Honcut 6 0.3% Lake Madrone 479 24.7% Magalia 195 10.1% Nelson 3 0.2% Oroville 227 11.7% Palermo 19 1.0% Paradise 295 15.2% Richvale 12 0.6% Stirling City 26 1.3% Yankee Hill 7 0.4%

Totals 1936 100%

2017 annual Service requeStS

2017 Serv ice requeStS by Month

15

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

8301005

1205

1637 1761 18112142

1936

vector and vector-borne diSeaSe Surveillance

The definition of a vector is any animal capable of producing discomfort or injury, including, but not limited to, mosquitoes, flies, other insects, ticks, mites, and rats but not including domestic animals according to the California State Health and Safety Code, Section 2002(K). Surveillance of vectors is a vital component of the District’s Integrated Vector Management (IVM) Program and a considerable amount of time and effort is devoted to conducting vector surveillance. The District’s surveillance program consists of a scientific approach for locating vector populations usually focusing on mosqui-to-breeding sources, monitoring mosquito populations, and mosquito-borne disease. Data collected from the surveillance program is analyzed to determine maximum and minimum risk periods of pub-lic exposure to mosquito-borne disease, evaluates control efforts, and seasonal changes in relative abundance of mosquito species. Surveillance data is collaborated in the District’s database which provides historical information on mosquito dynamics and mosquito-borne disease within the District. The District utilizes an extensive surveillance program for both adult and immature (larval) mosqui-toes. Throughout Butte County and the Hamilton City area of Glenn County, the District uses 26 New Jersey light traps, 26 gravid traps, over 40 CO2 traps, and 7 sentinel chicken flocks to monitor adult mosquito populations and virus activity. District Mosquito and Vector Control Specialists monitor larval mosquito populations throughout the entire District on a daily basis utilizing a standard one-pint dip-per. District Mosquito and Vector Control Specialists spend the majority of their day inspecting stand-ing water such as rice, wetlands, storm drains, ponds, ditches, swimming pools, bird baths, fountains, seasonal and/or other man made containers for larvae.

The District utilizes an entomology department (Lab) that is staffed with an Entomologist and a Lab Assistant. The District’s entomology department is responsible for the identification of the trapped mosquito collections and reporting the population numbers to the California Department of Public Health. The Lab conducts virus testing on live mosquitoes, dead wild birds, and sentinel chicken flocks. These tests are the District’s eyes to monitor and detect mosquito-borne viruses in and around the county. The Lab also conducts scientific pesticide trials to monitor the chemicals effectiveness on targeted mosquitoes and to assess the possible effects on non-targets and trials on new chemical methodology and/or new chemicals. The Lab is also at your service to identify ticks, arachnids, and other insects/arthropods of public health significance.

Entomologist Eric Gohre checking a CO2 trap Checking a light trap

16

2017 v iruS Surveillance rePortThe District monitors for Western equine encephalitis (WEE), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), California encephalitis (CE), and West Nile virus (WNV) activity by collecting blood samples from sentinel chicken flocks strategically placed throughout the District, collecting live mosquitoes trapped throughout the District, and collecting dead wild birds District wide.

Sentinel chicken FlockSAnnually the District maintains seven sentinel chicken flocks of six birds each. The flocks are located in Palermo, Honcut, Gridley, Biggs, South Chico, West Chico, and Hamilton City. Bi-weekly blood samples are taken from the sentinel chickens by the entomology staff and sent to U.C. Davis for testing. The blood sample is tested for SLE, WEE, CE and WNV. In 2017, 31 of the 42 sentinel chickens from all 7 District flocks tested positive for WNV.

MoSquito PoolSEach week the District’s entomology staff strategically places traps known as encephalitis virus surveillance (EVS) or carbon dioxide traps (CO2) around the District. Traps are posted overnight and retrieved the next morning and the collections are returned to the Lab for identification. The entomology staff will identify and sort the trapped mosquitoes and pool the collections for virus testing. A pool consists of 1 to 50 adult female mosquitoes of the same specie. Pooled mosquitoes are transferred to numbered vials and sent to the Center for Vector-Borne Disease Research (CVBDR) at the University of California, Davis. At the CVBDR lab the pools are tested for WEE, SLE, CE, and WNV. In 2017 the District sent 454 mosquito pool samples with 49 returning positive for WNV. 2017 also marked the return of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) to the District. The last time SLEV was found in the District was 1969. SLEV was detected this year in a South County mosquito pool.

dead bird Surveillance and teSt ingFor more than ten years the District has participated in the California Department of Public Health’s (CDPH) WNV dead bird testing program. County residents participate in the program by calling CDPH’s dead bird hotline (1-877-WNV-BIRD) each time they find a dead bird in the District or by submitting an online form at one of these two websites, www.westnile.ca.gov or www.ButteMosquito.com. After a dead bird has been reported, CDPH notifies the District and District staff retrieves the bird and submits it for WNV testing.

17

New Chicken Coop

Sentinel Chicken

v iruS Surveillance

Humans Horses Dead Birds

Dead Squirrels

Mosquito Pools

Sentinel Chickens

2004 7 18 118 0 1 50 2005 25 7 79 0 4 15 2006 34 0 40 1 1 49 2007 16 0 27 0 5 32 2008 6 0 38 0 5 31 2009 2 0 13 0 5 36 2010 1 1 6 1 7 7 2011 3 0 0 0 1 20 2012 10 2 53 2 27 43 2013 24 0 42 1 38 57 2014 25 0 22 0 43 37 2015 55 0 38 0 101 37 2016 21 0 22 0 48 38

2017 3 0 5 0 49 31

Totals 232 28 503 5 335 1586

*See detection maps on pages 24 & 25

18

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Ranking Mosquito Species Number Collected % (Rounded) 1 Anopheles freeborni 117,450 52% 2 Aedes melanimon 93,576 42% 3 Culex tarsalis 6,807 3% 4 Culiseta inornata 3,354 2% 5 Culiseta incidens 2,645 <1%

6 Culex pipiens 961 <1% 7 Aedes vexans 299 <1%

8 Aedes washinoi 208 <1% 9 Culex Erythrothorax 77 <1% 10 Culex stigmatosoma 25 <1% 11 Aedes sierrensis 21 <1% 12 Anopheles franciscanus 6 <1% 13 Anopheles punctipennis 3 <1% 14 Aedes nigromaculis 0 <1% Total Identified = 225432 100.00%

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Aedes melanimonCulex tarsalisCuliseta inornataOther Species

Light Trap Mosquito Collection Totals For 2017

20

2017 new jerSey light traP collect ionS(FeMaleS only) March 2017 - noveMber 2017

new jerSey light traP SeaSonal Fluctuation oF vector-borne diSeaSe vectorS

culex tarSaliS anoPheleS Freeborni

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20000

40000

60000

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100000

120000

140000

May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov

COUNTY-WIDE ANOPHELES FREEBORNI (LIGHT TRAPS)

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5067

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COUNTY-WIDE AEDES MELANION (LIGHT TRAPS)

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Cu. tarsalis An. freeborni Ae. melanimon

Annual Total Female Mosquitoes

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

21

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov

COUNTY-WIDE CULEX TARSALIS (LIGHT TRAPS)

2015 2016 2017

22

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

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Wk#1

April

Wk#2

April

Wk#3

April

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April

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May

Wk#2

May

Wk#3

May

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June

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June

Wk#3

June

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June

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July

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July

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July

Wk#4

July

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July

Wk#1

Aug

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Aug

Wk#3

Aug

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Sept

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Sept

Wk#3

Sept

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Sept

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Sept

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Wk#3Oct

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Gravid Trap Fluctuation by Week

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

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2000

4000

6000

8000

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April May June July Aug Sept Oct

Gravid Trap Fluctuation by Month

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gravid traP Fluctuation by Month

gravid traP Fluctuation by week

weSt nile v iruS Sy MPtoMS

SeriouS Sy MPtoMS in a Few PeoPleAbout one in 150 people infected with West Nile virus (WNV) will develop severe illness. The severe symptoms can in-clude high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, vision loss, numb-ness, and paralysis. These symptoms may last several weeks, and neurological effects may be permanent. WNV infection can be fatal.Milder Sy MPtoMS in SoMe PeoPleUp to 20 percent of the people who become infected will display symptoms including fever, headache and/or body aches, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes swollen lymph glands or a rash on the chest, stomach, and back. Symptoms can last as little as a few days to several weeks.no Sy MPtoMS in MoSt PeoPleApproximately 80 percent of people (about 4 out of 5) who are infected with WNV will not have any symptoms at all.

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West Nile Virus Activity

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

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weSt nile v iruS act iv it y

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2017 West Nile Virus

25

West Nile Virus Activity in California Counties

2017 YTD

with human cases

Human cases

Dead birdsMosquito samplesSentinel chickens

502Horses 21

5053371

305

Updated 12/15 /17N = 27 counties

Alameda

Counties with West Nile virus activity(number of human cases)

Counties with West Nile virus activity (no human cases)

Madera

Alpine

Butte

Calaveras

Colusa

ContraCosta

DelNorte

El Dorado

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings4

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4

12

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34

261

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Lassen

LosAngeles

Marin

Mariposa

Mendocino

Merced

Modoc

Mono

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Orange

Placer

Plumas

Riverside

Sacra

mento

San Benito

San Bernardino

San Diego

San Francisco

SanJoaquin

San LuisObispo

SanMateo

SantaBarbara

SantaClara

SantaCruz

Shasta

Sierra

Siskiyou

Solano

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Trinity

Tulare

Tuolumne

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

Amador

weSt nile v iruS act iv it yin caliFornia countieS

2017 y td

biological control

Biological control is the intentional use of mosquito pathogens, parasites or predators to reduce the size of target mosquito populations to tolerable levels. The most popular and successful biological tool that is used by the District is the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. The District has tried other biological control methods and will continue to fully explore any new options that come along, but the most effective biological tool the District currently uses is the mosquitofish. Butte County Mosquito and Vector Control District maintains six fishponds at the Oroville Headquarters. These ponds produce hundreds of pounds of mosquitofish each year. The mosquitofish are routinely stocked and planted by District Mosquito and Vector Control Specialists to control mosquito populations in sources such as irrigation ditches, industrial, ornamental and artificial ponds, un-maintained swimming pools, semi-permanent and permanent urban sources, and at times in rice fields and wetlands. Mosquitofish are omnivorous and have a voracious appetite for mosquito larvae. The flattened head and protruding mouth enable the fish to readily prey on surface feeding mosquito larvae and pupae. A large female can consume up to 300 larvae per day! All ages, sexes, and sizes of these fish eat mosquito larvae, other small aquatic invertebrates, and algae. The fish are visual predators and feed during daylight hours.

Due to insecticide resistance and environmental concerns associated with chemical control methods, biological control methods are expanding as an effective tool used in the control of mosquito populations.

Mosquitofish

26

Did You Know? Male mosquitoes usually live about five to seven days, while females can live two weeks to a month, under ideal conditions. However, the females of some species hibernate during winter, so they can live several months.

Mosq. Breeding Source Treated lbs. of Fish Planted Acres Treated Apps. MadeStock Pond 1 2 16Dredger Pit/ Ponds 5 50 9Irrigation (Canal, Ditch, Pond,) 67 181 621Managed Wetlands 109 534 136Seepage/Leaks 4 11 49Water Trough 3 7 95Field Drain 53 123 418Dist. Grounds/Fish Ponds 5 1 3Residential Fish Pond 21 46 162Swimming Pool/Spa 5 10 60Residential Misc. Container 1 1 12Public Domain/Flood Control 1 1 3Freeway/Road Drain 1 1 11Sewage Ponds 10 19 85Retention Detention/Ponds 1 1 10Industrial/Commercial 1 2 5Natural Sources/Wildlife Area 2 3 17Rice 14 28 11Pond, Seepage, Slough, Creek 42 107 227Sentinel Fish Tanks 40 4 242Large Area/Many Source Type 1 2 3

Annual Totals 386 1133 2195

Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) 2017

aquaculture center

Auto-Feeder

AquaCulture Center Fish Biologist Chris Ocegueda

27

Breeding Boxes

Mosquito and Vector Control District’s across the nation are very familiar with mosquitofish, but most Districts are not as familiar with indoor aquaculture systems. BCMVCD has six ponds on site and a new indoor aquaculture program. The indoor program gives the District the ability to have fish year round for the public as well as the ability to implement an intensive fish breeding program to replace fish populations in District ponds. The District’s aquaculture center has four tanks. Two tanks are for fry production, one for the fry that’s collected each day to mature, and the last is used as a holding/quarantine tank that is also used for fry production. The aquaculture center incorporates automatic vibratory feeders, in-line heaters, and dimmable ballast lighting. Studies have shown that consump-tion of feed, metabolism, and mating behaviors can be changed with light cycles and water tempera-tures. Temperature, pH, salinity, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, Alkalinity, and dissolved oxygen are tested daily. The District also practices a sustainable yield technique by selecting the correct sein size. This allows small fish to pass through and only large adults will be taken for District needs. BCMVCD has produced 197,744 fry for the year of 2017 that should be ready for the upcoming 2018 season.