2016 Madagascar FFP PPERSUAP - ecd.usaid.gov Web viewFor the purposes of this Programmatic PERSUAP,...

USAID/Madagascar – Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (PERSUAP)

USAID/Madagascar FFP Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (Programmatic PERSUAP)

Erika J. Clesceri 3/13/17

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2016 MADAGASCAR FOOD FOR PEACE PROGRAMMATIC PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFER USE ACTION PLAN

This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Team Leader Alan Schroeder, PhD, MBA (E-NoeTec Consulting, Compliance, Crop Protection and Climate Smart Agriculture Expert), Zoelymalala Ramanase, MSc (Environmental and Sustainable Development Consultant) and Rado Ravonjiarivelo, MSc (ASOTRY Environmental and Water Quality Specialist). Technical staff from each program, recognized in the acknowledgements below, assisted greatly with accuracy of the data and analyses. The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.


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Madagascar FFP programs Programmatic PERSUAP (Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan)

For the following FFP beneficiary value chains and commodities requiring advice:

Aquaculturetilapia, shrimp, carp

Poultrychicken, geese, duck, turkey

Livestock/Dairy/Honeycattle, pig, goats, sheep, rabbit, honey bees

Export Cropsvanilla, turmeric, ginger, litchi, cinnamon, black pepper, clove, coffee, cocoa

Vegetables / Maraîchagetomato, pepper, onion, leeks, garlic, cucumber, cabbage, peas, green beans, squash, zucchini , salad, eggplant, carrot, Chinese cabbage (Pe tsaî, Bok Choy)

Fruit Cropsavocado, citrus, mango

Food Security Cropsrice, maize, sorghum, cassava, taro root, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, yams, sweet banana, green banana, hard beans, lima bean, lentils, mung bean, pigeon pea, lablab bean, Bambara bean, chickpea, cowpea, black-eyed pea, groundnut/peanut, soybean

Program Titles: FFP Program, Catholic Relief Services (CRS) Fararano Program and Adventist Development Relief Agency (ADRA) ASOTRY/ASOTRY Program

Contract Numbers: AID-FFP-A-14-00008 (CRS) and AID-FFP-A-14-00009 (ADRA)

Primary Contractors: Catholic Relief Services (CRS) and Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA)

Date of Publication: April 2016, Revised October 2016


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Table of Contents

Acknowledgements...............................................................................................................................................

ACRONYMS.........................................................................................................................................................

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................................

Programmatic PERSUAP FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONDITIONS FOR MITIGATION................................................................................................................

PRIMARY RESULTS OF Programmatic PERSUAP ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED PESTICIDES...........................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................16

1.1 Purpose, Scope & Orientation...............................................................................16

1.2 Regulation 216 and Important Definitions.........................................................16

1.3 The Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (Programmatic PERSUAP)........................................................................................................................17

1.4 Integrated Pest Management—USAID Policy.....................................................18

1.5 USAID/Madagascar FFP Programmatic PERSUAP Methodology...................18

SECTION 2: BACKGROUND....................................................................................19

2.1 Madagascar Country Background.......................................................................19

2.2 Madagascar Current Food Security Situation Background...............................21

2.3 Madagascar Agriculture Background..................................................................21

2.4 Madagascar FFP Program Background...............................................................27

SECTION 3: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT CONTEXT........................29

3.1 Madagascar International Treaties/Agreement Obligations Related to Pesticides...........................................................................................................................29

3.2 Madagascar Agriculture, Pesticide and Related Policy......................................30

3.3 Other Major Donors Involved With Agriculture and IPM including Pesticides In Madagascar..................................................................................................................31

3.4 Madagascar Crop, Livestock and Warehouse Pest Management Needs..........34

3.5 Madagascar Traditional Artisanal Pesticides and IPM.....................................36

3.6 Madagascar SPU Awareness and Application Including Use of PPE..............36

3.7 Pesticide Impacts: Counterfeit Pesticides, Organic, Locusts, Malaria, Cotton 36

3.8 Risks Found in the Retail, On-Farm and Warehouse Pesticide Systems..........42

3.9 List of Registered and Imported Pesticide Active Ingredients for PER Analysis45

3.10 Madagascar and Climate Smart Agriculture.....................................................45


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SECTION 4: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT (PER)..................................48

4.1 Factor A: USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides.....................49

4.2 Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides............................................................51

4.3 Factor C: Extent to Which the Proposed Pesticide Use Is, Or Could Be, Part of an IPM Program..............................................................................................................52

4.4 Factor D: Proposed Method or Methods of Application, Including the Availability of Application and Safety Equipment.......................................................53

4.5 Factor E: Any Acute and Long-Term Toxicological Hazards, either Human or Environmental, Associated With the Proposed Use, And Measures Available To Minimize Such Hazards..................................................................................................54

4.6 Factor F: Effectiveness of the Requested Pesticide for the Proposed Use.........56

4.7 Factor G: Compatibility of the Proposed Pesticide Use with Target and Non-Target Ecosystems...........................................................................................................58

4.8 Factor H: Conditions under Which the Pesticide Is To Be Used, Including Climate, Geography, Hydrology, and Soils...................................................................59

4.9 Factor I: Availability of Other Pesticides or Non-Chemical Control Methods 61

4.10 Factor J: Host Country’s Ability to Regulate or Control the Distribution, Storage, Use, and Disposal of the Requested Pesticide.................................................62

4.11 Factor K: Provision for Training of Users and Applicators.............................64

4.12 Factor L: Provision Made For Monitoring the Use and Effectiveness of Each Pesticide............................................................................................................................67

SECTION 5: PESTICIDE SAFE USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP).............................69

5.1 Introduction to SUAP............................................................................................69

5.2 USAID Madagascar Pesticides Requested for Analysis.....................................69

5.3 USAID requirement...............................................................................................69

5.4 Compliance Requirements (Safe Use Measures)................................................70

Annex 1: IPM Matrix of Madagascar FFP Target Commodities, Pests/Diseases/Weeds, Preventive Tools/Tactics, and Curative Chemicals...................................................

Aquaculture: Shrimp....................................................................................................................................72Aquaculture: Tilapia, Carp.........................................................................................................................74Poultry/Fowl: Chicken, Geese, Duck, Turkey....................................................................................74Livestock/dairy: Dairy/Meat Cattle/Zebu, Goats, Sheep.............................................................76Livestock/dairy: Pigs...................................................................................................................................82Livestock/dairy: Rabbits............................................................................................................................83Livestock/dairy: Honey Bees...................................................................................................................83Export Cash Crops: Vanilla........................................................................................................................84Export Cash Crops: Ginger........................................................................................................................85Export Cash Crops: Turmeric...................................................................................................................86Export Cash Crops: Litchi...........................................................................................................................86


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Export Cash Crops: Cinnamon.................................................................................................................86Export Cash Crops: Black Pepper...........................................................................................................87Export Cash Crops: Cloves.........................................................................................................................89Export Cash Crops: Coffee.........................................................................................................................89Export Cash Crops: Cocoa..........................................................................................................................94Horticulture/Fruit Trees: Avocado.......................................................................................................95Horticulture/Fruit Trees : Citrus, Mango...........................................................................................97Vegetables / Maraîchage : Alliums: Onion, Leeks, Garlic.............................................................98Vegetables / Maraîchage : Cucurbits: Cucumber, Squashes, Zucchini, Pumpkins, Melons............................................................................................................................................................................ 100Vegetables / Maraîchage : Crucifers and Lettuce: Cabbage, Chinese Cabbage (Pe Tsaî, Bok Choy), Salad..........................................................................................................................................105Vegetables / Maraîchage : Peas and Green Beans........................................................................108Vegetables / Maraîchage : Umbellifers: Carrot..............................................................................112Food Security Crops : Rice, Irrigated and Upland........................................................................114Food Security Crops : Maize and Sorghum......................................................................................118Food Security Crops : Warehouse Storage of Small Cereal Grains........................................121Food Security Crops : Cassava..............................................................................................................126Food Security Crops : Taro Root..........................................................................................................127Food Security Crops : Sweet Potatoes and Yams..........................................................................127Food Security / Maraîchage: Solanaceous Crops Potatoes/Irish Potatoes, Tomato, Eggplant, Peppers/Paprika....................................................................................................................129Food Security Crops : Musaceae: Sweet Banana, Green Banana............................................136Food Security Crops : Hard Beans and Pulses : Beans, Lima Bean, Lentils, Mung Bean, Pigeon Pea, Lablab Bean, Bambara Bean, Chickpea, Cowpea, Black-Eyed Pea...............139Food Security Crops : Groundnut/Peanut and Soybean............................................................144

Annex 2: Guidelines for PMPs for Madagascar FFP projects Target Crops, Beneficiaries and Elements of an IPM Program...........................................................................................151

Annex 3: Elements of IPM Program...............................................................................................................155

Annex 4: Acute Toxicity of Pesticides: EPA and WHO Classifications......................................................158

Annex 5: Programmatic PERSUAP Analyses of Active Ingredients in Pesticides Registered and Imported into Madagascar....................................................................................................161

Annex 6: Training Topics and Safe Pesticide Use Web Resources..............................................................1696.1 Integrated Pest Management................................................................................................ 1696.2 Understanding Pesticide Risks..............................................................................................1706.3 Understanding Pesticide Label and Material Safety Data Sheet..................................1716.4 Pesticide Safety and Use of Protective Clothing and Equipment..................................1716.5 Proper Spray Technique: Protecting Against Pesticide Spray Drift............................173C.6 Pesticide Transport and Storage.........................................................................................1736.7 First Aid..................................................................................................................................... 1746.8 Proper Pesticide Container Disposal...................................................................................1756.9 Proper Disposal of Obsolete and Unused Pesticides........................................................1766.10 Monitoring and Data Record Keeping..............................................................................176

Annex 7: Farm Record Keeping Template: Associated with Pesticide Use................................................179

Annex 8: Form for Projects to Monitor Farmer Best Practices including GAP and IPM options.......................................................................................................................................................180


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Annex 9: Programmatic PERSUAP References............................................................................................182

Annex 10 : Fumigation Plans for ADRA and CRS........................................................................................184

Annex 11: BEO Revision Requirment Memos for Prior CRS and ADRA IEEs and IEE PERSUAP Amendments..........................................................................................................................185

BEO Environmental Threshold Decisions for Prior ADRA IEEs and IEE PERSUAP Amendments......................................................................................................................................................187

Annex 12: Pesticide AIs rejected by this PERSUAP analysis......................................................................189

Annex 13: Examples of pesticide products imported for each AI allowed by this PERSUAP..........................................................................................................................................................190

Annex 14: Guidance on Screening Pesticides for Increased Likelihood of Quality...................................197

Acknowledgements

The production and quality of this document would not have been possible without the management and coordination expertise from CRS and ADRA COPs, James Hazen and Patrice Charpentier, and their teams. They provided their time, expert staff time, transportation, resources, access to their warehouses and farmer field schools, as well as information, data and opinions to the Programmatic PERSUAP team. CRS and ADRA field agriculture technical experts Mahefanirina Ravalison and Soloarisoa Ranoromalala provided timely and highly appreciated opinions on pests and diseases of target crops, as well as high quality extension materials and flyers they have produced in the Malagasy language.

Valuable guidance on expectations was provided by USAID Washington and Madagascar experts Erika Clesceri, PhD, DCHA BEO and Jessie Snaza, Agriculture and Food Security Officer, as well as their colleagues. The Programmatic PERSUAP team also looks forward to review and input on the document from our Madagascar MEO Tiana Razafimahatratra and deputy Jacky Ralaiarivony.

Numerous field technical staff, chauffeurs, warehouse managers, as well as private sector and government experts provided their time, skills, information and opinions to the Programmatic PERSUAP team. Their efforts added a great deal of clarity and knowledge to this document and the team is grateful to them.


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ACRONYMS

AACSA African American Community Service AgencyADRA Adventist Development Relief AgencyAfDB African Development BankAI Active Ingredient (reference to chemical/s in pesticides)A/COR Agreement/Contracting Officer’s Representative (USAID)ARC Africa Rice CenterAUC African Union CommissionBEO Bureau Environmental Officer (USAID)BMP Best Management PracticeBT Bacillus thuringiensis (a bacteria that produces a toxin used as a pesticide)CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (of the CGIAR)CCD Colony Collapse DisorderCCFC Commonly Consumed Food Commodity (EPA designation).CFR Code of Federal Regulations (USA)CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural ResearchCKI CropLife International CLI Crop Life International (private sector pesticide companies’ trade association)COP Chief of Party (USAID)CRS Catholic Relief ServicesCSA Climate Smart AgricultureDCN Document Number (USAID documentation system)ECPA European Crop Protection Association E Emulsion (a pesticide formulation)EA Environmental AssessmentEC50 Effective Concentration 50 (acute toxicity measure)EMMP Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (USAID)EPA US Environmental Protection Agency (also known as USEPA)EU European UnionFAA Foreign Assistance ActFAO Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations)FDA Food and Drug Administration (USA)FFS farmer field schoolsFIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (USA)FORMAPROD Vocational Training and Agricultural Productivity Improvement Programme FRAC Fungicide Resistance Action Committee G Granular (a pesticide formulation)GAqP Good Aquaculture PracticesGAP Good Agriculture PracticesGCP Good Commodity PracticesGACSA Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (of the FAO)GEF Global Environment Facility (part of World Bank)GlobalGAP Global Good Agriculture Practices, a certification systemGOM Government of Madagascar


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GUP General Use PesticideHa HectaresHRAC Herbicide Resistance Action Committee HT Highly ToxicID IdentificationIDA International Development AssociationIEE Initial Environmental Examination (USAID)IFAD International Fund for Agriculture DevelopmentIGR Insect Growth Regulator (type of pesticide)IP Implementing Partner IPM Integrated Pest ManagementIRAC Insecticide Resistance Action Committee IRRI International Rice Research InstituteLC50 Lethal Concentration 50 (acute toxicity measure)LD50 Lethal Dose 50 (acute toxicity measure)M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEO Mission Environmental Officer (USAID)MOA Ministry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentMOE Ministry of EnvironmentMOPH Ministry of Public Health MRL Maximum/Minimum Residue Level/LimitMRP Minimum Risk Pesticide (EPA designation)MSDS Material Safety Data SheetMSL Meters above Sea LevelMT Moderately ToxicNAT Not Acutely ToxicNCAT National Center for Appropriate Technology (USA)NEPA National Environmental Policy Act (USA)NGO Non-Governmental OrganizationNIFA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USA)NIP National Implementation Plan (POPs Treaty Element)OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentPAN Pesticide Action Network (pesticide NGO)PEA Programmatic Environmental Assessment PER Pesticide Evaluation ReportPERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action PlanPGR Plant Growth RegulatorpH log of hydrogen concentration, measure of acidityPHI Pre-Harvest IntervalPIC Prior Informed Consent (a treaty, relates to highly toxic pesticides)POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants (a treaty, relates to toxic persistent pesticides)PMP Pest Management Plan


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PPE Personal Protection EquipmentR&D toxin Reproductive and Developmental toxinREA Regional Environmental AdvisorReg 216 Regulation 216 (USAID Environmental Procedures under 22 CFR 216.3 (b))REI Re-Entry Interval (safety period after pesticide spraying)RUP Restricted Use PesticideS&C Standards and CertificationSOW Scope of WorkSPU Safe Pesticide UseSUAP Safe Use Action PlanUC University of CaliforniaUN United NationsUNEP UN Environment ProgramUNFAO UN Food and Agriculture Organization (also known as FAO)US United StatesUSAID US Agency for International DevelopmentUSDA US Department of AgricultureUSEPA US Environmental Protection Agency (also known as EPA)WARDA West Africa Rice Development Association (now called Africa Rice Center)WB World BankWHO World Health Organization (United Nations)


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Risks are inevitably present with the use of pesticides and similar chemicals especially in agricultural crop production. Risks to humans are especially high for fumigation with aluminum phosphide, a componenet of every FFP program. The purpose of this Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER) and Safe Use Action Plan (SUAP) is to bring USAID-funded projects, including FFP programs and others, into full compliance with USAID’s environmental regulations (Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR part 216, or Regulation 216) on pesticide support (purchase or financing of, training on, or promotion/use on demonstration farms).

Beyond compliance, this document offers best practices to ensure that USAID/Madagascar-funded FFP program activities not only reduce the risks of pesticide impacts on human health and environmental resources, but also help capture markets for high-quality Malagasy produce. If a project desires to promote or use pesticides rejected by this Programmatic PERSUAP analysis, it will be required to perform an Environmental Assessment (EA) to evaluate, in detail, the potential impacts of the use of those chemicals. Approval from USAID must be received for the EA prior to use of the pesticide(s) being evaluated.

Pesticides can enter the agriculture and other sector value chains at any point, from soil and seed treatment, to final consumption. Soil is often treated with herbicides and fumigants, and seeds are often coated with fungicides and systemic insecticides prior to planting to protect the seedling. Then pesticides are used during the growing season, often in post-harvest storage, at the processing stage where microbicides are used for cleaning surfaces, and required fumigation for shipping to other countries. At the market/consumer phase, people who eat the produce want no, or acceptably low, levels of pesticide residues on their food.

The information in this Programmatic PERSUAP should be amended as additional commodites are added and updated every two years.

2016 Madagascar FFP Beneficiary Value Chains And Commodities Requiring Advice

Aquacultureshrimp, tilapia, carp

Poultrychicken, geese, duck, turkey

Livestock/dairy/honeycattle, pig, goats, sheep, rabbit, honey bees

Export Cropsvanilla, turmeric, ginger, litchi, cinnamon, black pepper, clove, coffee, cocoa

Vegetables / Maraîchagetomato, pepper, onion, leeks, garlic, cucumber, cabbage, peas, green beans, squash, zucchini , salad, eggplant, carrot, Chinese cabbage (Pe tsaî, Bok Choy)

Fruit Tree Cropsavocado, citrus, mango


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Food Security Cropsrice, maize, sorghum, cassava, taro root, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, yams, sweet banana, green banana, hard beans, lima bean, lentils, mung bean, pigeon pea, lablab bean, Bambara bean, chickpea, cowpea, black-eyed pea, groundnut/peanut, soybean

Programmatic PERSUAP FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONDITIONS FOR MITIGATION

1. In accordance with 22CFR 216.3 (b) Pesticide Procedures, the 2016 Madagascar Programmatic PERSUAP addresses the needs of any current and near-future USAID-funded aquaculture, agriculture, horticulture, poultry or livestock activities that will or may involve potential financing or use of pesticides. This Programmatic PERSUAP addresses the following key findings and recommendations for pesticide “support”1 by program resources/staff (Implementing Partners, including the prime award recipient and sub-grantees/partners):

Programmatic PERSUAP/Allowed Pesticides: This 2016 USAID/Madagascar FFP programs Programmatic PERSUAP evaluates pesticides that could be potentially “supported” with program resources (including conditions), as well as those that cannot be supported, including justifications for rejection.

Safety Training/Equipment: Recommend that USAID/Madagascar FFP-funded programs that support the use of pesticides on demo trials promote safe pesticide use (SPU) by performing pesticide safety training and ensuring the availability and use of the Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) recommended on pesticide labels (for example: gloves, mask, goggles, overalls, boots).

Good Agriculture Practices: Recommend that USAID/Madagascar FFP programs promote the use of state of the art Good Commodity and Agriculture Practices (GCPs/GAPs) for each of their target commodites, including use of high yielding and quality plant seed, propagation matierials, and animal stock. GCPs/GAPs include soil fertility testing and conservation, plant and animal nutritional needs to grow healthy commodities, proper water use, commodity rotation, clean storage and marketing. Current GCPs/GAPs also include the promotion of “Climate Smart” tools and tactics to proactively protect production and commodities.

Pest Management Plans/Integrated Pest Management: Recommend that USAID/Madagascar FFP programs make and promote the use of state of the art (used by many international, national and USA state extension services) pest management plans (PMPs) containing major pests/diseases/weeds of each target commodity, with preventive non-chemical IPM tools/tactics, registered synthetic pesticides, as well as any artisanal and registered natural pesticides available. This document, in Annex 1, provides technical IPM details for CRS and ADRA, and can be used as a pull-out section as a basis for making locally-adapted PMPs.

Fumigation and Spray Services: Recommend that USAID/Madagascar FFP programs promote and support the concept and use of pesticide fumigation and spray services that have well-trained and proper PPE-protected spray personnel.

1 Support is defined as including any of the following by project as well as any sub-grantees/partners: procurement directly or through financing/credit, promotion or recommendation during training or use on farmer field days or on demo farms.


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It is recommended to implementing partners to allocate resources for regular (twice a year) training/refresher training on IPM tools available for each pest and disease of each commodity produced by beneficiaries, for training on reading and following labels of commonly-used pesticides, for understanding all acute and chronic risks of each commonly-used pesticide, for understanding water pollution potential and ecotoxicity risks of each commonly-used pesticide, for obtaining label-recommended PPE, for doing regular follow-up field audits, and for reporting on findings and recommendations for improvement. IPs can consult with USAID for reocmmendations on potential trainers and training resources as needed.

To reduce the risk of farmers purchasing fake/counterfeit products and to reduce their deman on the market in general, it is recommended that IPs allocated resources for communications matrials, awareness campaigns and trainings (as appropriate) for participants in target communities on the dangers and negative impacts of using such products as well as promote safer and more appropriate products as approved in this PERSUAP.

USAID/Madagascar FFP program requested an analysis of pesticides registered by, and imported into, Madagascar for agricultural and other sector uses in order to determine those that could and could not be used or promoted by the programs, following SPU principles including the use of PPE by pesticide applicators. The active ingredients in each of those pesticides are analyzed in the PER analysis, Section 4 of this report, and the regulatory traits and characteristics for allowed pesticide AIs are compiled in Annex 5.

Pesticide AIs rejected by the PER analysis are found under the PER Factor A. Tables below summarize pesticides that passed the 12-factor PER analysis.

Tables of Programmatic PERSUAP-Allowed Pesticide Active Ingredients (allowed, and with specific conditions and recommendations)

Fumigant AI in products registered and imported by Madagascar (with strict conditions)

aluminum phosphide for stored grain pests fumigation (for use only by trained, certified and PPE-protected applicators, NOT for use by smallholder farmers; see 2013 USAID Fumigation Programmatic Environmental Assessment, PEA with 2015 updates)

Insecticide, Miticide and Acaricide AIs in products registered and imported by Madagascar (with specific conditions for use, and condition that label instructions be followed)

abamectin miticide (use formulations below 1.9% concentration)

acetamiprid (recommended for use during vegetative growth, not flowering)

amitraz acaricide (not EU allowed, use caution on produce intended for export)

azadirachtin/neem extract Bacillus thuringiensis/BT carbaryl (not EU allowed, use caution on

produce intended for export; try to use class II or preferably III products if available)

chlorpyrifos-methyl (allowed for use only on

dimethoate (use WHO acute toxicity Classes II and preferably III products if available, particularly for smallholder farmers)

flubendiamide imidacloprid (likely enters Madagascar on

treated maize seed, recommended for use during vegetative growth, not flowering)

indoxacarb lambda-cyhalothrin (use formulations at 5%

and below) malathion permethrin (as pour-on for livestock


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grain, in storage bins, or in warehouses by highly trained warehouse applicators; NOT for use on field agriculture or horticulture by smallholder farmers)

cypermethrin (only for use as a warehouse crack/crevice treatment, on livestock, and against termites in wood structures, NOT allowed for field agriculture/horticulture)

deltamethrin (allowed as SC formulations for warehouse wall and floor treatments by highly trained warehouse applicators; use of EC formulations, all RUP, are NOT allowed for use on field agriculture/horticulture by smallholder farmers)

dichlorvos/DDVP (for use only on livestock and in barns, NOT allowed for use in field agriculture/horticulture)

ectoparasites, also mixed with pirimiphos-methyl or malathion for treating stored grains and food products)

pirimiphos-methyl (only to be used on stored grain and products in warehouses by highly trained applicators, NOT for use by smallholder farmers in field agriculture)

propoxur (not EU allowed, use caution on produce intended for export)

spinosad Tagetes African Marigold oil miticide thiamethoxam (likely enters Madagascar on

treated maize seed, recommended for use during vegetative growth, not flowering)

Molluscicide (kills slugs and snails) AI in products registered by Madagascar (with condition that label instructions be followed)

metaldehyde

Rodenticide AIs in products registered and imported by Madagascar (for warehouse use in rodent bait boxes or tubes by trained and certified applicators; farmer handling and use in bait boxes requires that label instructions be strictly followed, with great care in storage and use to protect children and domestic animals from accidental ingestion and poisoning)

brodifacoum bromadiolone chlorophacinone

difenacoum difethialone diphacinone

Fungicides AIs in products registered and imported by Madagascar (with condition that label instructions be followed)

azoxystrobin chlorothalonil (look at the pesticide bottle

label and use WHO acute toxicity Classes II and preferably III products; goggle use mandatory)

copper/cupric hydroxide (use only products with less than 50% AI and preferably granular or flowable formulations; be aware of soil

fosetyl-aluminum ginger2 extract biopesticide mancozeb metalaxyl myclobutanil propiconazole sulfur thiram (likely enters Madagascar on treated

2 Based on an analysis from a different technical perspective, it should be noted that ginger is known to have (some) fungicidal activity, but it is being recommending mostly for insect control. If it is confirmed to be an effective insecticide, it should be moved into the group of insecticides allowed by this PERSUAP (currently it is listed as a fungicide).


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accumulation and toxicity issues from extensive repeated use)

copper oxychloride (Cu2Cl(OH)3) (use only WHO acute toxicity Classes II and preferably III products)

copper sulfate (basic, pentahydrate) (use only WHO acute toxicity Classes II and preferably III products, possibly with less than 20% AI; if not available, substitute with less corrosive copper fungicides)

maize and vegetable seed, usable by smallholders; local seed treatment allowed only by professional trained applicators; NOT allowed for local seed treatment by smallholder farmers)

Herbicide or PGR AIs in products registered and imported by Madagascar (with condition that label instructions and conditions below be followed)

ametryne (use all formulations EXCEPT mixes with terbutryne)

bensulfuron-methyl bispyribac-sodium glyphosate

nicosulfuron pendimethalin propanil (do NOT use mixes with 2,4-D

amine salt; not EU allowed, use caution on produce intended for export)

Natural AIs in biological or artisanal products used by Malagasy farmers

basil oil (eugenol, other essential oils) chili pepper extract/capsaicin diatomaceous earth (silicon dioxide) eucalyptus oil extract/eucalyptol (varroa

mites repellent) garlic extract (allicin) ginger extract/gingerol iron (ferric) phosphate kaolin clay liquid lime sulfur

menthol (varroa mite repellent) mineral oil, refined (paraffin oil) potassium bicarbonate/potassium

hydrogen carbonate soap (insecticidal) sodium bicarbonate sucrose octanoate (varroa mite repellent) thyme oil/thymol tomatillo oil

Disinfectant AIs in products registered and imported by Madagascar (with condition that label instructions and conditions below be followed)

benzalkonium chloride calcium hypochlorite

sodium hypochlorite (bleach)

Pheromones allowed for the following species of pests

Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella)

Armyworms (Spodoptera species) Banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) Black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus)

Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) Potato tuberworm moth (Phthorimaea

operculella) Sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius)


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Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) Cutworm (Agrotis segetum, Agrotis ipsilon)

Tomato fruitworm (Helicoverpa armigera)

Again, pesticide AIs that failed this analysis are provided in this report’s Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), under Factor A, and summarized in the IEE Amendment cover sheets.

End of Executive Summary


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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

This section introduces the purpose, scope, compliance context and methodology of the 2016 Madagascar FFP programs Programmatic PERSUAP study.

1.1 Purpose, Scope & Orientation

PurposeTo maintain compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this 2016 Programmatic PERSUAP for USAID’s FFP Program Implementing Partners (IPs) CRS and ADRA programs:

Establishes the pesticides registered in Madagascar, and imported, for which ‘support for promotion or use’ is authorized (see definition below) on USAID/Madagascar FFP programs activities.

Establishes requirements associated with support for these pesticides to assure that pesticide use/support (1) per USAID policy, is within an IPM framework and (2) embodies the principles of SPU, including promotion and use of PPE.

These requirements come into effect upon approval of the Programmatic PERSUAP.

ScopeThis Programmatic PERSUAP document covers the FFP program aquaculture, livestock, poultry, horticulture and agriculture activities and value chains, their sub-grantees, partners, financiers and beneficiaries.

Orientation The set of authorized pesticides and requirements for SPU including use of PPE are established through Section 4 of the document, the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which assesses the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (a through l) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b).

The Safe Use Action Plan in Section 5 provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of compliance recommendations for the fumigant aluminium phosphide, pesticides, risk reduction, synthesized from the 12-factor analysis. The SUAP can and should be used as the basis for developing FFP programs’s required Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Report (EMMP).

1.2 Regulation 216 and Important Definitions

From 1974 to 1976, over 2,800 Pakistani malaria spray personnel were poisoned (5 deaths) by insecticide mishaps on a USAID/WHO anti-malaria program3. USAID was sued by a coalition of environmental groups, and in response to the lawsuit, drafted 22 CFR 216 (Reg. 216).

According to Regulation 216, all USAID activities are subject to analysis and evaluation via – at minimum – an IEE, and – at maximum – an Environmental Assessment (EA). Both identify known and potential sector risks, and recommend risk-reduction conditions, and IEEs have been produced for CRS and ADRA activities. This PERSUAP is an amendment to both IEEs.

3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/74508


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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/74508

A large part of Regulation 216 – part 216.3 – is devoted to pesticide use and safety. Part 216.3 requires that if USAID is to provide support for pesticides in a project, 12 pesticide factors must be analyzed and recommendations must be written to mitigate or reduce risks to human health and environmental resources. This plan must be followed up with appropriate training, monitoring and reporting for continuous improvement on risk reduction. The adoption of international best practices for commodity production, protection and pesticide use safety is strongly encouraged.

Pesticide Definition

For the purposes of this Programmatic PERSUAP, the word pesticide is used, following the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) guidelines4, for the following: fumigants, insecticides, miticides/acaricides, nematicides, molluscicides, fungicides, antimicrobials, bactericides/biocides, microbicides/antibiotics, herbicides, rodenticides, avicides, algicides, ovicides (kill eggs), disinfectants/sanitizers and anti-fouling agents. Even biological agents such as biopesticides, microbial pesticides, repellents, attractants/pheromones, defoliants, desiccants and insect growth regulators are included as pesticides. Note that Madagascar’s MOA does not register pheromones as pestcides.

Support for Pesticide Promotion or Use Definition

“Support for pesticide use” by the USAID/Madagascar-funded FFP program, sub-grantees and financing partners was defined and agreed upon at the outset of this Programmatic PERSUAP study as potentially including:

Purchase of seed coated with pesticides, pesticides, application equipment or safety equipment directly by the USAID/Madagascar FFP program, or indirectly through project-hired services (warehouse fumigation and pest management treatments), sub-grantees, partners or financing mechanisms.

Support for recommendation, promotion or use during training of farmers or on demonstration farms or fisheries by the USAID/Madagascar FFP program or its sub-grantees.

Pesticides rejected by this Programmatic PERSUAP analysis (listed in Annex 12) cannot be ‘supported or used’ for any of the above project activities—with USAID project resources—unless an EA is performed. Madagascar FFP projects beneficiary farmers, on their own (not project demo) farms—and with their own resources—can use whatever pesticides they choose; however, they should make informated decisions based upon human health and environmental risks, as well as availability, affordability and avoidance of counterfeit and fake pesticides. These decisions will also hinge on access to foreign markets—access to market risks—and the safety they demand. CRS and ADRA training should bring these issues to light.

1.3 The Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (Programmatic PERSUAP)

In the late 1990s, USAID developed the Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (Programmatic PERSUAP) concept as a tool to analyze the pesticide system or sector in any

4 http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/about/types.htm


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http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/about/types.htm

given country or territory. The Programmatic PERSUAP tool focuses on the particular circumstances, commodites, pests and IPM/pesticide choices of a project or program. This approach analyzes the pesticide sector or system from registration to import through use to disposal, and develops a country- or location-specific pesticide risk profile based on the analysis. A Programmatic PERSUAP is generally recommended by and submitted as an amendment to the project IEE or an EA.

1.4 Integrated Pest Management—USAID Policy

In the early 1990s, USAID adopted the philosophy and practice of IPM as official policy. IPM is also strongly promoted and required as part of Regulation 216.3. Since the early 2000s, IPM—which includes judicious and safe use of pesticides—has been an integral part of GCPs/GAPs and is increasingly considered to constitute best management practices in agriculture.

A good definition of IPM from University of California (UC)-Davis5 follows: “Integrated pest management (IPM) is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials [pesticides] are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.”

Another good definition of IPM from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)6 follows:

“Integrated pest management (IPM) is an approach to the management and control of agricultural pests which relies on site- and condition-specific information to manage pest populations below a level that causes economic injury and that minimizes risks to humans and the natural environment.

Although any among a wide range of pest control agents may be used (including chemical sprays), IPM generally stresses the use of alternatives, such as crop rotations, mechanical cultivation, and biological agents, where such methods are deemed to be effective.”

1.5 USAID/Madagascar FFP Programmatic PERSUAP Methodology

This Programmatic PERSUAP study took place from March to April 2016. To begin the study the international consultant sent requests for commodity, pest, IPM, pesticide, SPU and fumigation safety data to the Malagasy FFP program staff experts. Next, the international consultant trained local FFP consultants and staff to be able to analyze pesticides registered in 2015/6 by and imported into Madagascar during the past three years (2013-2015). These analyses included USEPA and Malagasy registration and restrictions status, European Union (EU) registration status (to inform Malagasy commodity exports to Europe), acute and chronic human and environmental ecotoxicity data. Consultants and staff compiled and verified key

5 http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/IPMPROJECT/about.html 6 http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1379


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http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1379

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/IPMPROJECT/about.html

production constraints/pests of each target commodity, removed minor or insignificant constraints, researched preventive IPM tools and tactics as well as curative natural, artisanal and synthetic pesticides that could be recommended, promoted or used for managing each (compiled and organized in Annex 1). Annex 1 can be used as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for adaptation, translation into the local language—Malagasy, lamination, and distribution to project field staff to help advise beneficiary farmers.

Consultants and FFP project staff visited, interviewed and collected data from personnel and beneficiaries at food security warehouses, fumigation and pest management services, farmer field schools, pesticide importers, wholesalers, retailers and the CropLife International (CLI) representative to Madagascar. Consultants also visited Government of Madagascar (GOM) officials from ministries of agriculture (MOA), environment (MOE) and public health (MOPH) as well as other donor projects in the target sectors.

The complexity of the tasks needed for this study required that consultants provide accurate interpretation of 22 CFR 216.3 as well as cutting-edge knowledge of IPM, agronomic, entomological, phytopathological, rodentological, weed, agribusiness, pesticide and chemical topics. This Programmatic PERSUAP study chose pesticide AIs as the common denominator for analysis, instead of commercial pesticide names.

This Programmatic PERSUAP contains links to websites with commodity production and pesticide best practices, both to make it easier to use (reduce the report’s length) and more up-to-date or accurate (as websites are updated continually, but static information is not). Instead of having numerous annexes containing pesticide safety equipment recommendations or SPU practices, hot-linked websites now take their place. The information in this Programmatic PERSUAP should be updated every two years.

SECTION 2: BACKGROUND

2.1 Madagascar Country Background

This section introduces Madagascar and its resources to provide a context for the agricultural and food security systems in the various regions.

Madagascar is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, located 600 km from the east coast of Africa, off the coast of Mozambique. It lies within the sub-Saharan Africa region of the tropics, between 11 ° 57 'and 25 ° 30' south latitude and 43 ° 14 'and 50 ° 27' east longitude, straddling the Tropic of Capricorn. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world following Greenland (2,175,600 km2), New Guinea (792,500 km2) and Borneo (725,500 km2) and is often referred to as an island continent or small continent.

A major feature of Madagascar is the central highlands mountain range stretching the length of the island, ranging in altitude from 800-1800 meters. The highest peak is Mt. Maromokotro (2,876m), located in the Tsaratanana massif at the north end of the island. Madagascar is often called "the Great Red Island" due to the prominence of low-fertility lateritic and fragile red soil.


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As visible in Figure 2, Madagascar has a verdant eastern coast, with a rain shadow to the west of the escarpment marking the central highlands plateau. The narrow band along Madagascar’s eastern coast includes swampy plains and tropical lowland forests. The central highlands lie to the west of this escarpment and run nearly the length of the country. This region includes the capital, Antananarivo, and is the most densely populated zone. Westward, the terrain is increasingly arid, with large savannas sloping to the Mozambique Channel. There are vast alluvial plains to the west and southwest. Finally, the southern point of Madagascar is semi-arid.

The majority of the people in Madagascar are of Asian descent, from Southeast Asia societies that were expert sailors and navigators. Even though Madagascar is closer to Africa, many consider it to be part of Asia due to strong anthropological, cultural and linguistic similiarities. The remainder of the population are immigrants from the coast of Mozambique, or mixtures of the two groups.

Figure 2: Madagascar topography and vegetation

Madagascar is a country that is predominantly rural and has a wide variety of natural resources. Despite the diversity of these resources, it was ranked among the least developed countries (LDCs) in 2010 on the Human Development Index (HDI). Export crops including cloves, coffee, vanilla and fish products (primarily shrimp) constitute a significant portion of export earnings. Over the last decade, the Malagasy economy, already struggling, has continued to weaken particularly following the onset of the political crisis in 2009. Poverty has steadily increased in recent years from 68.5% in 2005 to 76.4% in 2010; this having negative impacts on food security.


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2.2 Madagascar Current Food Security Situation Background

Since the 2009 coup d’état, food security has worsened in Madagascar. Governance and state investment failures, broad economic deterioration, and the degradation of the natural resource base are undermining the Malagasy people’s ability to prevent, mitigate, adapt to, and recover from shocks such as cyclones, droughts, floods, price and production shocks that they frequently face. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that the prevalence of under-nourishment has increased in Madagascar from 28 percent in 2004-2006 to 33 percent in 2010-2012 (FAO 2013, Madagascar Review). Chronic food insecurity is widespread. Important factors contributing to food insecurity in Madagascar include annual cyclones; flooding and drought; limited access to agricultural inputs and credit; poor post-harvest techniques; soil degradation and poor natural resources management along with a lack of access to markets and market information for smallholder farmers; limited off-farm employment opportunities and the more recent locust outbreak. Inadequate water and sanitation coverage and poor hygiene practices; high rates of childhood illness; lack of access to quality health care; and inappropriate infant and young child feeding practices are equally important drivers of food insecurity.

Available data highlights regional differences in the determinants of food insecurity, whereby behavioral determinants play a greater role in the highlands, while poor food access, low agro-ecological potential and frequent shocks play a relatively greater role in the south, southeast and southwest. Across the 22 regions of the country, the prevalence of wasting (an indicator of global acute malnutrition) is 6%, which is considered medium according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. However, over half (53 percent) of children under five years of age are stunted, with the prevalence in some regions reaching 72 percent (in the Amoron’i Mania region) and the prevalence of severe stunting reaching 22 percent. The national prevalence of underweight in children under five years of age is at least 30 percent (INSTAT and World Bank, 2012). Chronic food insecurity is widespread, but is most acute in the southern areas of the country and in specific pockets in the highlands. An FAO and World Food Programme (WFP) crop and food security assessment (CSFAM) released in October 2013, provides updated information on the food security situation in the country.

2.3 Madagascar Agriculture Background

The agricultural sector is an essential component of the Malagasy economy. It contributes nearly 30% to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country (43% if one includes food) and employs 80% of the population active1, about 21,926,221 inhabitants (estimate CIA in 2011), approximately 78% of the population still lives in rural areas is 17,102,452 people. This rural population is young: 56.6% or 9,679,988 inhabitants are under 20 years. Potentially arable land represent 36 million ha, but only 3 million ha are actually exploited.

The number of farms is of the order of 2.4 million 2. This is mostly family farms of small size (2.47-acres 0.8 ha average) and very fragmented.

Rural people practice a mainly subsistence farming where rice plays a major role. Cassava, banana, sweet potato, beans are also important. Madagascar has diversified commodities through the promotion of corn and potatoes.

Large-scale plantations are dominated by sisal, sugar cane, tobacco, bananas, cotton, and peas. There are cash crops: lychee, vanilla, spices, and others providing export earnings.


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Productions in 1999 gave 2.18 million tons of sugar cane; 520,000 tons of sweet potato; 285,000 tons of potato; 265,000 tons of bananas; 181,000 tons of maize; 85,000 tons of citrus.

Productions principals

Food Crops

Rice

Rice occupies a prominent place in Madagascar. It is the staple of the Malagasy population, one of the biggest rice consumers in the world: 140 kg of cargo rice (husked rice) per capita per year according to FAO. The same rice is the engine of economic development. It contributes 12% to the national GDP and 43% of agricultural GDP. It is cultivated by 85% of farmers and is the main source of family income in 45% of Malagasy common [3].

Rice production grew but could not keep up with population growth. Also exporter until the 70s, Madagascar has it become an importing country. In 2014, paddy production amounted to 3.6 million tons. It did not cover fully the needs of the country; it was necessary to import 200 000 tons. From a technical standpoint, the Malagasy rice is inefficient. The yields are about 2.5 tons per ha, much lower than those observed in Asian countries. The bulk of production (about 60%) is consumed.

Distribution of the rice area expanded by region (MAEP Census 2004-2005)

Région Rice Area, Ha

Analamanga 63 395Vakinankaratra 59 912Itasy 46 565Bongolava 62 716Haute Matsiatra 50 163Amoron'i Mania 39 401Vatovavy Fitovinany 129 534Ihorombe 17 427Atsimo Atsinanana 53 552Atsinanana 77 257Analanjirofo 68 997Alaotra Mangoro 86 569Boeni 61 235Sofia 111 270Betsiboka 35 324Melaky 28 535Atsimo Andrefana 39 791Androy 5 134Anosy 31 933Menabe 65 918Diana 44 198Sava 71 266

Madagascar 1 250 092


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Cassava

Cassava is after rice, the second most important crop of the population. It occupies an area of 388,000 hectares and its production is around 2.9 million tonnes2. Such as rice, cassava is consumed on for 60% of its production.

Distribution of the area in tubers and root crops by region (MAEP Census 2004-2005)

Unit : HaRégion Cassava Patato Irish Potato Saonjo/Taro Yam

Analamanga 19 833 4 490 3 840 1 519 5Vakinankaratra 22 715 15 026 19 753 3 977 15Itasy 19 001 1 972 5 850 1 390 1Bongolava 19 068 752 200 473 4Haute Matsiatra 19 463 10 192 2 794 327 1Amoron'i Mania 15 513 9 634 4 011 700 14Vatovavy Fitovinany 41 454 4 462 4 170 2

Ihorombe 5 437 1 046 - 57 -Atsimo Atsinanana 23 265 6 129 - 265 26Atsinanana 25 330 8 232 56 447 129Analanjirofo 18 395 3 863 76 349 697Alaotra Mangoro 8 077 2 137 68 143 35Boeni 4 063 1 310 - 39 45Sofia 8 316 551 63 91 12Betsiboka 1 816 538 1 33 5Melaky 7 405 351 9 39 29Atsimo Andrefana 56 607 23 073 - 150 2Androy 31 181 18 595 5 83 -Anosy 17 325 6 078 72 109 -Menabe 14 398 4 470 - 130 -Diana 2 030 302 - 10 45Sava 8 087 713 29 329 100

Madagascar 388 779 123 913 36 830 10 828 1 168

Pulses

Pulses are grown on over 155 000 hectares and are a major source of protein (MAEP Census 2004-2005)

Distribution of the area under pulses by region, Ha

Région Green beanVoanjobory/

Bambara Groundpea

Peas Other legumes

Analamanga 6 024 1 323 2 17Vakinankaratra 19 998 2 672 4 41Itasy 8 669 1 238 6 13Bongolava 1 601 2 153 - -


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Haute Matsiatra 5 422 2 481 3 79Amoron'i Mania 6 576 1 314 5 43Vatovavy Fitovinany 6 689 174 - 2 083Ihorombe 284 79 - 3Atsimo Atsinanana 891 111 - 124Atsinanana 2 634 47 39 1 301Analanjirofo 323 5 - 686Alaotra Mangoro 3 178 273 - 1 516Boeni 286 218 70 1 886Sofia 1 645 15 13 3 573Betsiboka 448 344 - 1 726Melaky - 11 40 54Atsimo Andrefana 3 008 1 782 7 778 15 157Androy 20 2 071 63 15 112Anosy 887 711 5 1 860Menabe 3 177 638 5 657 4 755Diana 680 - 32 65Sava 2 007 - 126 510

Madagascar 74 446 17 657 13 842 50 602

Source : MAEP census, 2004-2005

Cash Crops

Litchi

With an annual production of around 100 000 tons, Madagascar is the third largest country in the world after China and India. The lychee is mainly produced on the east coast and the southeast of the island. 16 000 20 000 tons are exported fresh each year to the European Union during the period of Noël4

Vanilla

Madagascar ranks second in the world after Indonesia vanilla producing countries. But this production is in steep decline: from 3,000 tons in 2004, it increased to 1700 tons in 2010 and 1,000 tons in 20135. The reason, inadequate agricultural practices and an emphasis on weather conditions causing poor flowering. Vanilla is exported mainly to Europe and Japan.

Coffee

The main export is coffee. In the 1980's, coffee represents 24% of export revenues. Following a collapse of the International Coffee Organization in 1989, only the coffee export occupies 8.6% of Malagasy involved in international trade in 1992. Production was 85,000 tons in 1991 and about 65,000 tons in 1999.

Spices

Cloves, pepper, cinnamon, ginger are the main spices produced. They are largely exported. In 2001, the exported clove total was 16,723 tons in 2001 worth $ 88.5 million. Other figures in


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1999 cash crop production is 33000 tons of cotton, 34,000 tons of peanut, 18000 tons of sisal, coconut 4000 tons, and in 2001, 635 tons of pepper worth $ 1.2 million.

Area distribution of industrial temporary crops by region (MAEP Census 2004-2005)

Unit : Ha

Région Peanut/Groundnut Soy Cotton Tobacco Sugar Cane

Analamanga 1 697 148 - 45 255Vakinankaratra 3 439 2 677 - 314 152Itasy 2 285 112 - 155 211Bongolava 2 780 27 - 73 599Haute Matsiatra 2 147 53 - 429 306Amoron'i Mania 3 439 198 3 97 791Vatovavy Fitovinany 460 - - - 8 297

Ihorombe 735 9 2 23 257Atsimo Atsinanana 371 - - - 1 380Atsinanana 153 - - - 6 672Analanjirofo 7 - - - 4 750Alaotra Mangoro 2 757 6 - 67 1 559Boeni 10 108 - 156 35 569Sofia 2 196 - 816 702 5 187Betsiboka 1 810 - 289 42 331Melaky 389 - - 58 746Atsimo Andrefana 9 292 1 7 130 89 2 911Androy 6 130 13 - 259 168Anosy 1 290 - - 6 798Menabe 2 695 80 - 787 1 654Diana 135 - 871 84 875Sava 190 - - - 2 321

Madagascar 54 506 3 324 9 266 3 265 40 791

Area distribution of industrial permanent crops by region (MAEP Census 2004-2005)

Unité : Ha

Région Coffee Cacao Black Pepper Cloves Vanilla

Analamanga 30 - - - -Vakinankaratra 63 - - - -Itasy 181 - - - -Bongolava 63 - 4 - -Haute Matsiatra 79 - - - -Amoron'i Mania 323 - - - 21Vatovavy Fitovinany 23 402 - 2 619 1 343 988

Ihorombe 24 - - - 81Atsimo Atsinanana 16 555 - 3 104 1671 537Atsinanana 14 845 - 421 2 810 839


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Analanjirofo 22 485 3 377 28 420 14 553Alaotra Mangoro 1 655 - - - 48Boeni - - - - -Sofia 5 577 30 1 105 312 1790Betsiboka 100 - - - -Melaky - - - - -Atsimo Andrefana - - - - -Androy - - - - -Anosy 1 611 - - - 205Menabe - - - - -Diana 10 633 7 430 1 893 - 2183Sava 17 394 41 863 2 675 42 518

Madagascar 115 020 7 504 10 386 37 231 63 764

Sources MAEP recensement de l’agriculture tome III 2004-2005

Raising Livestock

Livestock rearing concerns more than 70% of Madagascar's rural households, that is its importance in the country's economic life. After rice, livestock are the second most importanat agricultural resource for the rural population. But this sector knows several years of serious difficulties due to the many constraints (financial, feed, health, organizational) that weigh on this sector. In particular, animal diseases that occur periodically in the country strongly affect the livestock sector. African swine fever which decimated more than half of the pig population between 1999 and 2001 is the worst example. The numbers of animals can therefore vary considerably from one year to another.

Cattle

The cattle population consists of 85% of Malagasy zebu is estimated at 9 million head in 2013. It declined over the past 15 years; livestock is of the order of 10.3 million in 1999. For the problems mentioned above, there are the flights of cattle, frequent enough, which cause sometimes deadly clashes between "dahalos" (cattle thieves) and the villagers and with police. Cattle breeding is concentrated in the south and west of the country particularly in the provinces of Mahajanga and Toliara who have 60% of the national cattle herd. [6]

The zebu is an emblematic animal of the Island. It plays a role in cultural, social and economic parts of society: cultural as used in customary rituals (weddings, circumcision, death, and others), because of social signs of wealth and social status of the owner because of economic means of agricultural production. In the latter function, it is used as a draft animal and plows to ensure a rice crop; for larger herds, it is intended for the production of meat for urban populations.

Dairy farming remains secondary. There is a small additional extensive dairy farming for meat production. But the lack of forage resources limit its development. Some large farms are practicing semi-intensive dairy farming, however, meet the Highlands.

Small ruminants


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The sheep population has 700,000 heads and livestock goat heads about 1.2 million in 2004-2005 according to data from the Census agriculture .

Pigs

The number of heads was estimated at 1.25 million in 2004 to 20,057. It seems that this figure is in 2015 significantly down, many breeders have withdrawn from the sector because of health risks. The farms are located mainly in the highlands and the south.

Poultry

The number of poultry is estimated at 26 million heads 20118. The poultry farming is essentially a traditional chicken farm "Gasy" (native chickens), ducks and turkeys. It improves the intake of animal protein in people's diet, this contribution, however, remains very negative. There is also a small minority of laying hens industrial sector (600 000 to 650 000 head) and broilers (4 million head). Breeders integrated in this sector will provide the chicks from hatcheries and feed from specialized companies feed.

The poultry sector knows many health problems that cause a high mortality rate of animals and which at present are mortgaging its development.

2.4 Madagascar FFP Program Background

The FFP program is a five-year, $62.2 million USAID funded program implemented by IPs CRS and ADRA in Madagascar.

The goal of FFP programs is is to sustainably reduce food insecurity and vulnerability among food insecure households and communities in target rural communes located within Fararano priority regions Atsinanana, Vatovavy Fitovinany, and Atsimo; and ASOTRY priority regions Andrefana, Amoron’i Mania, Haute Matsiatra, and Atsimo Andrefana.

Fararana is aligned with USAID/FFP priority to sustainably reduce food insecurity in Madagascar, and does so with three purposes:

Purpose 1: Under nutrition is prevented among children under 2 Purpose 2: Increased Household Incomes (monetary and non-monetary) Purpose 3: Community capacity to manage shocks is improved

ASOTRY is aligned with USAID/FFP priority to sustainably reduce food insecurity in Madagascar, and does so with three purposes:

Purpose 1: Improved health and nutrition status of women of reproductive age and children under five

Purpose 2: Increased sustainable access to food for vulnerable households Purpose 3: Improved disaster preparedness and response and natural resource

management in vulnerable communities

FFP IPs encounter beneficiary production constraints and questions for aquaculture, poultry, livestock, dairy, apiculture, high-value export crops and spices, fruit orchards, horticulture and


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agriculture. Thus, IPs require state of the art information on best production practices for each commodity, preventive IPM tools and tactics to integrate, as well as natural, artisanal and synthetic pesticides that can be promoted along with how to protect fumigators and pesticide applicators with SPU practices and proper PPE, including unexpired mouth and nose mask cartridges.


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SECTION 3: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT CONTEXT

This section reviews the current state of Madagascar international obligations concerning pesticides; Madagascar agriculture, environment and pesticides policy and levels of IPM use, including pesticides; and SPU awareness from pesticide import and use to final EPC disposition.

3.1 Madagascar International Treaties/Agreement Obligations Related to Pesticides

The following are international agreements concerning pesticides. First the common name of the treaty is provided in column one, with a description of the purpose of each treaty in column two, and then Madagascar’s status with each is provided in column three.

Treaty or Convention name

Purpose of Treaty or Convention Madagascar decisions taken

Stockholm Convention

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) covers chemicals that are toxic, persistent in the environment, and liable to bio-accumulate. The Convention was established to eliminate or restrict the production and use of POPs.

Signed: 24 September 2001Ratified: 18 November 20057

Rotterdam Convention

The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade promotes shared responsibilities in relation to importation of hazardous chemicals, commonly referred to as PIC chemicals. Signatory nations can decide whether to allow or ban the importation of chemicals listed in the treaty, and exporting countries are obliged make sure that producers within their jurisdiction comply.

Signed: 08 December 1998Ratified: 22 September 20048

Basel Convention The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries.

Accession: 02 June 1999Entry into force: 31 August 19999

Montreal Protocol The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the

Accession: 11 July 199610

7 http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-15&chapter=27&lang=en 8 http://www.pic.int/Countries/Statusofratifications/tabid/1072/language/en-US/Default.aspx 9 http://www.basel.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesSignatories/tabid/1290/Default.aspx10 http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/treaty_ratification_status.php


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http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/treaty_ratification_status.php

http://www.basel.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesSignatories/tabid/1290/Default.aspx

http://www.pic.int/Countries/Statusofratifications/tabid/1072/language/en-US/Default.aspx

http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-15&chapter=27&lang=en

http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-15&chapter=27&lang=en

Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. Methyl bromide used for agricultural fumigation is one of the protocol chemicals being phased out worldwide.

Espoo Convention The Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in a Transboundary Context sets out the obligations of Parties to assess the environmental impact of certain activities at an early stage of planning. It also lays down the general obligation of States to notify and consult each other on all major projects under consideration that are likely to have a significant adverse environmental impact across boundaries.

No decisions yet by GOM11

3.2 Madagascar Agriculture, Pesticide and Related Policy

Madagascar chronological agriculture and related policy compililation is as follows.

Agricultural policy measures

Regulation/Policy/law and date

Goals of legislation

Phytosanitary measures International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures/update January 2016

International Standards apply for Phytosanitary

phytosanitary inspection handbook in Madagascar/2008

Inspection Method of plants, plant products (including pesticides) and other related objects introduced in Madagascar

Executive Order No. 4735/2002 of 07 October 2002

Fixing the quarantine and detention conditions in Plant Quarantine

National seed regulations: Law 94-038 Jan 1995 and Decree 2000-619 concerning the agencies responsible for implementation of the seed policy.

National seed regulations and seed policy

Law 86 017 of 3 November 1986 on ratifying of the order 86-013

Related to plant health legislation in Madagascar/ 1986

Executive Order 86-013 regarding the plant health legislation in Madagascar/1986

Regarding the plant health legislation in Madagascar/1986

11 https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-4&chapter=27&lang=en


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https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-4&chapter=27&lang=en

https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-4&chapter=27&lang=en

Sanitary measures Order No. 29179/2011 Order to designate competent authority responsible for the inspection and sanitary certification of plants and plant products for human consumption that are destined for export.

Interministerial Order No. 28482/2011 on sanitary control.

Sanitary control measures of certain substances and residues in vegetables for human consumption, for export

Agrochemical measures Decree No. 92-473 Covering regulation of agrochemicals

Regulation of agrochemicals

Environmental Health and Management Plan on locust control -September 2013

Environmental Health and Management Plan on locust control -September 2013

Land tenure for farmers Decision No. 14-HCC / D3 of 07/10/05. Law No. 2005-019

Land Statutes Laws

Law 66 025 The Culturing of Agricultural Lands

Ordinance 74 022 Orientation Land Tenure and Rural Development

Decree N2007 of 18/12/07 Application Procedure For Land Certificate Or Title

Law n ° 2014-042 of January 9, 2015

Governing the restoration, preservation and the police of the irrigation networks

source : site du Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage et de la Pêche

Significantly, the Minister of Agriculture signed a declaration on 24 August 1993 that IPM would be the official national plant protection strategy. This was ratified by the new government in March 1994.

3.3 Other Major Donors Involved With Agriculture and IPM including Pesticides In Madagascar

After a political crisis of more than five years (2009-2014), when most donations were stopped, donors have returned. Malagasy agriculture is strongly subsidized by international donors. For an idea of scale, a 2013 Indian Ocean Times article (http://en.indian-ocean-times.com/Madagascar-The-Malagasy-agriculture-strongly-assisted-by-the-international-donors-amounting-to-600-million-dollars-and_a5317.html) notes that funding of 600 million dollars was expected from the African Development Bank (AfDB) and 18 million euros from the European Union (EU) to financially support the country's agriculture sector.


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http://en.indian-ocean-times.com/Madagascar-The-Malagasy-agriculture-strongly-assisted-by-the-international-donors-amounting-to-600-million-dollars-and_a5317.html

http://en.indian-ocean-times.com/Madagascar-The-Malagasy-agriculture-strongly-assisted-by-the-international-donors-amounting-to-600-million-dollars-and_a5317.html

German GIZ, Norway, and Switzerland support several sectors other than agriculture. The only bilateral donors to support agriculture directly are USAID, France and for food security soybean culture, Japan.

World Bank

The World Bank supports the fisheries sector with $65M in IDA (International Development Association) and Regional funds, and $10M in GEF (Global Environmental Facility) funds. World Bank also supports rural development including micro-loans (which likely to farmers as 80% of the population farm at a subsistence level) amounting to $27.6M.

African Development Bank

For agriculture, the AfDB is providing $149.4M to operate the following, primarily infrastructure, projects that ultimately assist the agriculture sector: Lower Mangoky Irrigation Area Rehabilitation Project, to increase rice production. It also operates the Projet de réhabilitation des infrastructures agricoles dans la région sud-ouest (PRIASO), Projet jeunes entreprises rurales dans le moyen-ouest, Aide humanitaire d'urgence en faveur de la population victime de l'invasion acridienne dans le sud, Projet de réhabilitation et d'extension de bas Mangoky - Phase II, and Prêt complémentaire - Projet de réhabilitation du périmètre du Bas Mangoky.

European Union

For agriculture and food security (https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/countries/madagascar_en) EU support aims at reducing food insecurity by enhancing food self-sufficiency and by increasing rural income. It is benefitting more than 100,000 households (representing +/- 600 000 people). The EU contributes also to the international response to the (almost annual) locust outbreak.

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization

The FAO supports locust control almost every year in Madagscar, in addition to maintaining several useful agriculture databases.

International Fund for Agriculture Development

According to http://operations.ifad.org/web/ifad/operations/country/home/tags/madagascar, IFADoperates projects that are more sectorally based and focus on strengthening farmers' organizations, increasing poor people's access to rural credit, improving market access and boosting production.

The recently completed Upper Mandraré Basin Development Project – Phase II (PHBM) managed to boost food production through extended irrigation schemes from 1000 ha to 5000 ha, consequently attaining rice production levels of 25,000 tons per year (doubling average increases in yields from 1.7 to 4.3 tons per ha using SRI techniques). Some 23,723 rural households hence strengthened their food security over an original target of 17,400.

IFAD also operates the Support to Farmers’ Professional Organizations and Agricultural Services Project in the south-central zone, with IFAD financing of $30.2M. The project area initially includes some districts in the regions of Anosy and Haute Masiatra, and it will expand in a


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http://operations.ifad.org/web/ifad/operations/country/home/tags/madagascar

second phase into the neighbouring regions of Androy and Ihorombe, and in a third phase into the region of Amoroni Mani.

In addition, IFAD operates the Vocational Training and Agricultural Productivity Improvement Programme (FORMAPROD). The goal of FORMAPROD is to contribute to an increase in the income of smallholder farmers through professional and vocational training, leading to higher productivity and improved marketing of agricultural products.

The target group consists of 2.7 million households in 13 regions – a total of 7 million people, or 20 per cent of Madagascar's rural population. FORMAPROD specifically aims to support vulnerable groups, with special attention to uneducated youth and young women who are heads of household. Total IFAD contribution to this effort is $35M.

IPM

Much past IPM work in Madagascar has been done in the rice sector, by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and WARDA (West Africa Rice Development Association, now called Africa Rice Center, or ARC). A 2006 World Bank report (http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/04/17/000012009_20060417142848/Rendered/PDF/E13640vol1040paper.pdf) addresses Malagasy IPM as part of an environmental assessment for an Irrigation and Watershed Management Project. Use of IPM is anticipated to reduce pesticide use and watershed contamination.

During October 2014 an integrated weed management workshop was held in Antananarivo as part of West Indian Ocean Region Cultures Project to identify weeds and identify cultural, biological and chemical means for management.

CIRAD

French CIRAD (Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement), which has done the most agriculture research work in Madagascar, has studied IPM for rice blast disease and the use of an insect-infecting fungus against upland rice leaf beetles. CIRAD also published a book “Lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs des cultures pérennes tropicales” that contains IPM topics on cacao Mirid bug management, and on coffee berry borer beetle management (both high-value crops).

In the 1980s, Madagascar’s DRFP (Département de Recherche Forestière et Piscicole)-FOFIFA (local acronym for Centre National de la Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural) worked extensively on IPM and biological control of pests of high-value industrial crops, including pests of tropical trees.

FFP

Both of the FFP programs promote a 12+2-GAP program for teaching beneficiaries and farmer field schools. CRS promotes the following, which can be considered part and parcel of a robust IPM base, as well as useful in preparing for climate change:

Green manure practices to increase the soil fertility Cover crops to maintain the moist of soil, against weeds Water management


35

http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/04/17/000012009_20060417142848/Rendered/PDF/E13640vol1040paper.pdf

http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/04/17/000012009_20060417142848/Rendered/PDF/E13640vol1040paper.pdf

Post harvest storage, waste management Row planting Crops rotation Intercropping Vegetable crops for food diversification (by colour) Composting Small Livestock breeding Livestock vaccination Integrated Pest Management (lutte biologique) Agroforestry and soil restoration SRI/SRA

ADRA’s 12-GAP program follows:

Mixed cropping Crop rotation Weeding control Organic manure/compost Contour culture Windbreak Low soil disturbance (low/no-till) Rational use of seeds Traditional pesticide use (Ady gasy) Irrigation and drainage Row planting IRS (Intensive Rice System) Agroforestry SRA (Improved rice culture techniques)

Farmers on both FFP programs are presently implementing these practices and tools to build resilience and reduce pest and disease outbreaks.

3.4 Madagascar Crop, Livestock and Warehouse Pest Management Needs

The most common crops grown in Madagascar are food security rice, maize and cassava, followed by bananas, beans, groundnuts and sweet potatoes. Many farmers have small numbers of livestock, particularly chickens, and also cattle, pigs and ducks. Vegetables and fruits are grown in small home-garden plots. And, many farmers own several little disparate un-adjoining plots.

According to local experts, due to increased poor rains and drought, pest pressure on crops was stronger during the last five years. Infested rice areas were higher because of poor rains that promoted increased attacks of many pests. Insects and diseases more present on rice were: larvae of Heteronychus species white soil grubs, Chaetocnema species leaf-feeding beetles, blast, stem rots, and bacterial blight. On vegetable crops, fly larvae, mildews, powdery mildew and bacterial blight caused more damage than usual. In 2015, an invasion of black rats (Rattus rattus) was reported in several regions, including those of some Fararano zones Vatovavy Fitovinany, Atsimo Atsinanana, Atsinanana, and in the district of Morombe. Rats are a scourge because they attack the stems and


36

infest rice, maize and bean. Every year, damage from rats increases and can reach 15 to 20 percent of rice crops in some localities.

During the past five years, the number of street vendors of chemical inputs has increased dramatically in the country. The application of chemicals to fight against pests and diseases is increasing. Producers are required to perform several treatments to protect their crops of rice and vegetables. In view of the high need of chemicals and low purchasing power of these producers, the low-cost street vendors and foot peddlers are the preferred supply source.

This farmer’s choose pesticides based on cost, lower cost chemicals are at more affordable prices to the majority of small-scale producers. The lack of control has encouraged the proliferation of dangerous or outdated products on the market. It added that most of these street vendors have never received training in handling toxic substances and environmental standards. The fraudulent sale of chemicals poses a serious threat to agro-ecological balance and health.

Very few formal studies have been done on pesticide use in Madagascar, thus a baseline on use is difficult, and would be costly, to obtain. The only indicator of use is import data available from MOA, if it is assumed that all or most products imported in any one year are sold. MOA formal pesticides import data, shown below, for the last five years, 2011 to 2015, shows useful trends, and some unexplainable changes, like the large doubling of insecticides in 2013 and a reduction the following year. It is possible, if not likely, that they doubled in response to a locust plague. Requests to MOA for a reason have not yet been answered at the time of this writing. All of pesticide categories show increases from 2011 to 2015 except for PGRs (plant growth regulators) and mixtures where there is no consistent trend seen.

Madagascar Import Data from 2011 to 2015, by type of pesticide

Fungicides Herbicides Insecticides PGRs Acaricides Mixtures2011 101,590 Kg 125,480 L 488,881 L 2,500 L 12,200 L 8,786 Kg2012 145,264 Kg 178,920 L 508,450 L 1,400 L 13,000 L 5,782 Kg2013 135,370 Kg 112,176 L 1,100,487 L 3,600 L 20,300 L 9,600 Kg2014 133,545 Kg 129,170 L 771,007 L 2,600 L 11,000 L 16,100 Kg2015 132,150 Kg 171,104 L 643,721 L NR 26,600 L 5,500 Kg

Note that this data does not and can not track informal or illegal imports of pesticides, which if known, could provide a clearer picture of demand and potential use.

Most mixtures are combinations of fungicides and insecticides, primarily for seed treatments. Pesticide import lists also include commercial mixtures of extracts from African Marigold Tagetes species and the spice thyme, listed for use as a natural acaricide/miticide. And, they include the AI abamectin (a combination of extracts from a soil bacterium) as a “natural” acaricide. In 2013, for the first time, azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) (neem tree seed extract) is listed as a “natural” insecticide.

Biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis/BT (BATIK WG), BT, shows in 2011 import data at 45 Kg, and then disappears from imports for the following four years. Raticides (rodenticides) do not appear on importation lists until 2014 at 400 Kg and again in 2015 at 675 Kg. This appearance of rodenticides may track their import for use in FFP and other donor food security warehouse bait boxes. Already low, plant growth regulators, or PGRs, disappear from the importation list in 2015.


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Molluscicides containing the AI metaldehyde (LIMOXYL) do not show on importation lists, but were found in pesticide stores visited.

3.5 Madagascar Traditional Artisanal Pesticides and IPM

Some of the farmers interviewed during this study make their own, or buy locally-produced homemade (artesanal) pesticides. Extracts of chili pepper, garlic and neem tree seed are the most common. Some farmers mix cow urine or feces with water and fire ash to shake on the plant as an insect repellent.

According to a GIZ article (https://www.sustainabilityxchange.info/filesagri/02-0007.pdf) on the past cotton sector, neem is used in Madagascar, but without sufficient efficacy. No reason is given for this. GIZ notes that other indigneous plants such as the Tephrosia, Derris, Jatropha and Melia species, are already present in the country and offer a variety of new opportunities.

Most Malagasy farmers use one or more of the following traditional IPM tools/tactics:

Pest resistant/tolerant seed Raised-bed planting technique Natural mulches Use of organic fertilizers Crop rotation Inter-planting crops and use of agroforestry Mechanical weed control by hoe or hand Mechanical pest control by hand picking Crop residue destruction at end of season Apply local artisanal extracts to repel pests Use of scare crows and sling-shots to repel birds Use of homemade bird and rat traps

3.6 Madagascar SPU Awareness and Application Including Use of PPE

Small scale Malagasy farmers are being trained by MOA, donors and the private sector (CLI) on SPU including the use of PPE. As with most developing—as well as developed—countries, training on, ownership, maintenance and use of PPE is highly dependent upon income, which is generally dependent upon farm size and scope. Farmers world-wide (even in the USA) accept the risks of not using PPE and not following pesticide label instructions, as governments in no countries are able to hand-hold or enforce rules with all farmers. Larger commercial and mid-sized specialized farming operations almost always know to or have to adopt SPU best practices, either because they are certified or because they reach discerning higher-income consumers, to protect their image. Larger farms that hire workers can and do mandate that PPE be used, as a requirement for the workers keeping their jobs.

This said, many trained small-scale Malagasy farmers do not own or use PPE. The team heard repeatedly that many would not use PPE for many reasons, even if it were given to them. This issue presents a continuous challenge to development and FFP programs, and this requires continuous training in SPU issues and the value of the use of PPE. In addition, groups of farmers can pool their resources to purchase PPE that is then shared by the group, for instance.


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https://www.sustainabilityxchange.info/filesagri/02-0007.pdf

3.7 Pesticide Impacts: Counterfeit Pesticides, Organic, Locusts, Malaria, Cotton

Counterfeit Pesticides

CropLife International (CLI), the plant science and pesticide industry advocacy group (https://croplife.org/crop-protection/anti-counterfeiting) notes that:

“Counterfeiting is a dangerous and growing problem for all industries, including the plant science industry. Counterfeiting of plant science products brings to bear a range of negative effects for the industry, farmers and the environment.

These negative impacts of counterfeit pesticides include:

economic ruin for the farmer; potential loss of harvest due to use of an ineffective counterfeit

discouragement to honest local entrepreneurs from investing in legitimate product development

hampering of investment, employment, technology transfer and tax revenues the potential harm to the environment as counterfeits are not tested for safety

(whereas legal products are extensively tested before they are authorized and fulfill strict requirements)

risk that buyers of export crops will boycott crops treated with counterfeit pesticides thus posing an economic risk to countries relying on export crops

The effect of counterfeiting is that it could eliminate the incentive for plant science companies to continue to invest considerable time and money in the development of new technologies that can help assure global food security and alleviate hunger and poverty. Furthermore, counterfeit pesticides risk the health and safety of workers and farmers.”

The European Crop Protection Association (ECPA) goes even further, to note that:

“Counterfeit and illegal pesticides are being produced, marketed and sold by criminals around the world. Improved access to technology and legislative loopholes facilitates the trade of counterfeit and illegal products. This is serious organized crime.

Counterfeit and illegal pesticides are untested and unauthorized. They can result in yield losses for farmers, and potentially pose risks to human health and the environment. ECPA works with authorities and supports communication activities to raise awareness and help bring an end to the trade in counterfeit and illegal pesticides. Counterfeit and illegal pesticides arrive on the European market primarily via smuggling or under the cover of illegal parallel imports.”

Eighty-six percent of counterfeit goods caught by European customs originated in China. Four percent came from Malaysia and two percent came from United Arab Emirates.

Newsfood.com reported that:

In June 2008, regional police in Russia uncovered a major pesticide-counterfeiting facility. Police raided premises near the city of Kursk, close to the Ukraine border, where around 100 tons of counterfeit and illegal pesticide products were found with an estimated market value of over $1 million euros. Most of the products were illegal copies


39

https://croplife.org/crop-protection/anti-counterfeiting

of patented and branded products from major legitimate manufacturers pre-packed into containers ready for commercial sale.

Adjacent to the warehouse, the police uncovered equipment designed to apply labels and stickers to the bottles, as well as other packaging equipment. Initial examination of the symbols on the seized product containers indicated that the products were manufactured in China. There are also indications that the transport routes to Kursk may be different for differing consignments, with some arriving by sea and others by road and some possibly running through an EU port. Many likely end up in, or passing through, Ukraine to other European destinations. This raid followed a major seizure in late 2006 at the port of Odessa, Ukraine where over 500 tons of counterfeit and illegal pesticides were seized.

As recently as December 2015, 190 tons of counterfeit pesticides were seized by Europol in seven countries over several days (https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/huge-seizures-190-tonnes-counterfeit-pesticides). This operation focused on the marketing and sale of counterfeit pesticides, including infringements of intellectual property rights such as trademarks, patents and copyright, as well as targeting the illegal trade of pesticides. CLI and ECPA assisted the operation with data about counterfeits.

Types of counterfeit and illegal pesticides include fakes, counterfeits and illegal parallel imports. Fakes can contain anything from water or talc to diluted and outdated or obsolete pesticide stocks, including banned or restricted chemicals to enhance activity. Some fakes sometimes contain an illegal and untested copies of the generic (off-patent) and proprietary active substance. Fake products are often sold in simple plain bottles with minimal labeling describing their use, and no health or environmental precautions.

Counterfeits are sophisticated pirated copies of legitimate, branded products, and usually have high-quality labeling and packaging that mimics that of legitimate brands. Counterfeits are often difficult even for experts to distinguish from legitimate products. Most counterfeits will contain a copy of the original active ingredient, but at an unknown quantity and quality, often with highly toxic manufacturing impurities that harm human health.

Illegal parallel imports are generic copies of legitimate, parallel-traded generic products. These generic products have been repackaged and sold as brand-name products, with the same or a very similar product name.

Reasons that counterfeit or illegal pesticides are not controlled are numerous. They include the following, in developed and developing countries, including Madagascar:

Politicians will not recognize the problem because it reflects badly on their country's ability to control illegal activity.

Challenges of quantifying the problem. There are insufficient funds for enforcement, seizures and prosecution. National enforcement is weak. Inadequate judicial frameworks and penalties.

Potential solutions that should be promoted by all USAID FFP and agriculture programs:

Upgrade MOA or other analytical laboratories to be able to test for AIs and byproducts Randomly test samples of all products imported to determine amount and quality of AIs Do additional samples of suspect products


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https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/huge-seizures-190-tonnes-counterfeit-pesticides

https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/huge-seizures-190-tonnes-counterfeit-pesticides

If products fail the test, immediately impound and seize them from markets Use CLI’s database of counterfeits to identify illegal pesticides Encourage the local government customs officials to seize illegal pesticides Encourage government officials to prosecute counterfeiters Promotion of products from reputable stores or distributors Train beneficiaries to avoid bargains from unknown suppliers Product labels must be in the national language Avoid promoting products made in China or Malaysia Ask for a receipt that includes accurate purchase details Only purchase legitimate, registered pesticides If information relating to the sale of illegal products is found, contact the relevant

national authority.

Pesticide Quality Verification

Two companies currently focus on detecting counterfeit pharmaceuticals, mPedigree (http://mpedigree.net/) and Sproxil (https://www.sproxil.com/about-us/). Both aim, in the future, to be able to detect counterfeit pesticides as well, and merit following and using for this purpose. One drawback of using these applications, is that they market to and favor larger international producers who have sufficient financial resources, and could block legitimate smaller companies (https://cdippel.wordpress.com/2012/09/13/counter-counterfeiting/) producing legal, off-patent generic pesticides.

Organic Production

Madagascar’s organic production only occupies a paltry 129 hectares of primarily vanilla, followed by cocoa, sugar, coffee, palm oil, processed fruits and pepper A number of smallholders also produce organic cinnamon, ginger, cloves, chillies, nutmeg and essential oils. See website (http://www.intracen.org/exporters/organic-products/country-focus/Country-Profile-Madagascar/). Pests and diseases of all of these crops are contained in Annex 1, along with recommended preventive IPM tools and tactics from other countries, to test and adapt. Annex 1 can be used as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for translation into the local language, lamination, and distribution to project field staff to help advise beneficiary farmers.

Recently, the issue arose that organic vanilla producers were wrapping vanilla beans in used synthetic pyrethroid-treated mosquito bed nets to protect them from stored product pests. The pyrethroid was showing up as a residue on vanilla exports, impacting the market. Treated mosquito nets are often used in fish and shrimp ponds to exclude one pond from another.

Locusts

Madagascar harbors the Malagasy locust (Locusta migratoria capito - LMC) and red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata), LMC being the more devastating pest with larger habitat and affects food security and livelihoods of millions of people in the country.

Over the past years, with the onset of the much delayed summer rains that commenced in late 2010/early 2011, the LMC were detected developing in several regions of the country, including the south-central plateaus, southern coastal regions, northwestern and northern regions, and at one time even reached the vicinity of Antananarivo. As the rains became heavier(e.g., cyclone Bengiza) , hopper activities and developments slowed down and they were forced


41

http://www.intracen.org/exporters/organic-products/country-focus/Country-Profile-Madagascar/

http://www.intracen.org/exporters/organic-products/country-focus/Country-Profile-Madagascar/

https://cdippel.wordpress.com/2012/09/13/counter-counterfeiting/

https://www.sproxil.com/about-us/

http://mpedigree.net/

to re-group in the less humid zones west of the initial multiplication zones in Betioky and and Ambozombe areas. As early as January, 2011, several areas were reported infested with adult populations and hoppers in Betioky and and Ambozombe areas and the southwest coastal areas northeast of the Mangoky River and in Tuléar region. Locust presence and migration continued through the following years (see maps attached).

In Madagascar, locust outbreaks often cause crop and pasture damage in several locations in the country. For instance, in October 2013, the team of Madagascar Plant Protection Department, FAO, and the locust watch unit (LWU) that was established by FAO reported that locust damage contributed to inflation in the price of rice across the nation during mid-to late 2013. In Ampary in Soavinandriana District, locusts damaged 15-20% of rice seedlings and 30-40%. In Maevatanana, an area known for high rice production with three crop cycles per year, the price of rice increased by 50% during that time. Mahajanga, with four rice growing seasons per year, also witnessed the price rise of 30% over the price from the previous year). In the Tsitondroina Betsiriry plain, much of the rice damage that occurred in June 2013 caused an estimated 50% decrease in production. The damage the locusts caused to pasture across the Mid-West was expected to have a significant impact on livestock... Incidences like these are not uncommon in Madagascar.

Considering the extent of the infestations which had reached a near upsurge level by 2012 and the threats it poses to the greater south that had already been hit by prolonged drought , etc., and encouraged by the international partners for rural development and food security, the Government of Madagascar declared a state of locust emergency and public disaster on 27 November 2012 for the whole country.

Following the national emergency declaration, GOM through its MinAgri officially appealed to the UN/FAO for technical and financial assistance on December 5, 2012. In response to the appeal, FAO, in collaboration with the MinAgri, developed a 3-year and multi-million dollar response and capacity strengthening campaign program (see attachment for further detail).

The 3-year locust campaign program was officially launched during the last week of September 2013 and is now in its 3rd and final year. Since then, it has reported training national staff in safe, proper handling, use and management of pesticides, safe collection and management of empty containers, environmental monitoring and human health safety assessments on food security and livelihoods of affected communities . The program reported that it has controlled/treated locust outbreaks/infestations on hundreds of thousands of ha and successfully prevented major crop/pasture damage.

Survey, monitoring and control operations were carried out by aerial and ground means. The campaign reported that due to the vastness of the areas infested and the size of the individual locust outbreaks, as well as because the primary outbreak areas are remote and the terrain is rugged and inaccessible by ground means, aerial operations were found more practical, useful and at times the only sensible option available.

The campaign was jointly operated by FAO and the Malagasy National Plant Protection Department and utilized substantial quantities of pesticides. Some of the pesticides (close to 260,000 l) were donated by Sahelian and North West African countries, including Mauritania, Algeria, and Morocco and triangulated to the country through arrangements by FAO. FAO also procured pesticides for the campaign and the GoM supplied some (the campaign program utilized the following pesticides, all of which are acceptable to the country: chlorpyrifos 240 ULV, teflubenzuron (an Insect Growth Regulator or IRG), Green Muscle (a fungal biopesticide), and


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imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS).

USAID/OFDA contributed to the appeal to support survey, monitoring, environmental and human health safety training, drum crushers, computer-based stock management, assessment and evaluation of losses and recovery as well as capacity strengthening and barrier treatments with safer products as applicable.

Malaria

Madagascar’s national malaria strategy from 2008 - 2012 called for blanket spraying. In 2012, there was a shift to incorporate focalized spraying and epidemic alert reporting in combination with blanket spraying. The focalized spraying was based on health facility malaria cases and rapid diagnostic test positivity rates. PMI supported spraying in the Central Highlands (CHL) and the Fringe in 2008 and 2009 and in 2010, the South was added. Blanket IRS was conducted in the CHL, Fringe, and the South in 2011. However, in 2012 and 2013, spraying in the CHL and Fringe were switched from blanket spraying to focal spraying. In 2014, the CHL was sprayed with focal IRS again but the Fringe districts were replaced with blanked spraying in three districts in the East Coast. These same three districts will be sprayed again in 2015 and a new district in the South East will be added due to their high malaria prevalence. As in 2014, an organophosphate insecticide (Actellic CS) will be used in 2015 to spray approximately 254,986 structures and cover roughly 919,155 people.

The table below describes the PMI-supported IRS program accomplishments during the five past years and includes targets for 2015.

TABLE 1: PMI-SUPPORTED IRS ROUNDS BY YEAR Round Geographic Area IRS

StrategyInsecticide Number of

Structures Population Protected

2008/09 CHL & Fringe (6 districts)

Blanket Pyrethroid 216,749 1,319,690


Blanket Pyrethroid 216,060 1,274,809


Blanket Pyrethroid & Carbamate

293,118 1,678,153

South (7 districts) Blanket Carbamate 283,202 1,216,905 2011/12 CHL & Fringe (8

districts) Blanket Pyrethroid &

Carbamate 222,026 1,324,525


communes) Focal Pyrethroid &

Carbamate 87,081 522,292



Carbamate 82,091 481,301

South (7 districts) Blanket Organophosphate 261,379 1,106,837 2014/15 CHL & Fringe (~40


Carbamate 125,125 749,965

East Coast (3 Blanket Organophosphate 149,408 557,419


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Round Geographic Area IRS Strategy

Insecticide Number of Structures

Population Protected

districts) 2015/16* East Coast (3

districts) & South East (1district)

Blanket Organophosphate 254,986 919,155

* Targets for 2015. Since AIRS has not sprayed in the South East in the past, these are estimates.

Cotton

Cotton has been produced in Madagascar since colonial times, and continues to this day. As with other French-speaking cotton producing countries, and following the colonial system, cotton is grown on credit whereby inputs are given on credit at the beginning of the season to resource-poor farmers who must then sell their cotton at the end of harvest at a predetermined (by the buyer) set price, minus the cost of the inputs given on credit. Throughout the 1970s to 1990s, about 32,000 tons were produced per year, and decreased to half that throughout the 2000s.

Now the Chinese, who produce more cotton than any other country, are entering Madagascar (http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/textile-news/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=166345) with investments in cotton production, since the USA reinstated the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in 2013, which will boost investment in the domestic Malagasy textile and clothing industries. The team heard of Chinese cotton production in the Tulear area, but it was impossible to talk to the Chinese about what they are doing and how they are doing it. It is feared that they will use cotton cropping to bring in even more Chinese chemicals, many of which may be suspect for counterfeiting.

3.8 Risks Found in the Retail, On-Farm and Warehouse Pesticide Systems

Retail

Wholesale pesticide importers were visited in Antananarivo and Tulear. Wholesale stores all had fire extinguishers and some safety placards, but retail shops did not. Different sizes and qualities of retail pesticide shops were visited in Antananarivo, Antsirabe, Fianarantsoa, Ifanadiana, Manajary and Tulear. Most shops had a mixture of name-brand as well as generic pesticides. Most pesticides were packaged in quality bottles with quality labels and seals, and very few expired pesticides were found on display shelves.

Most shops were also relatively clean and well organized. Except for pesticide importers/wholesalers, shops did not have fire extinguishers, spill clean-up materials or lists of emergency responder contact information.

Only one shop was found with (many) open bottles of pesticides, meaning that the pesticides were being transferred or subdivided into quantities farmers can afford, but in farmer’s containers, be they empty water bottles, soda bottles, little plastic bags or other containers. FFP beneficiaries should be informed of the risks of buying pesticides in this manner.

Most larger shops had a selection of different size bottles to serve different size farms, from commercial to small-scale. Commercial farm scale pesticides were available in up to five liter bottles, whereas the most popular size was one liter. All shops visited had 100 ml bottles to serve


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smallholders who cannot afford and would not use larger quantities. Intermediate sizes of 250 and 500 ml bottles were also available.

On-Farm

Over 50 FFP farmer field school (FFS) participants were interviewed in several rural locations. Most trained small-scale farmers are not able to afford pesticide sprayers or safety equipment. Instead, they apply pesticides using a bush branch dipped into the solution and shaken onto the crop. Pesticide safety is emphasized in FFP FFSs. Some FFS members share gloves and paper dust masks for some protection.

Except for Antsirabe, which is the center of Madagascar’s vegetable producing region and where a wider selection of pesticide AIs is available, the most commonly-heard pesticide AI used by smallholder farmers is deltamethrin (DELTAGRI 2,5% EC), which in the USA is RUP. Most farmers in the Ifanadiana area, closer to a large national park, preferred to not use pesticides.

Warehouses

Primary, secondary and tertiary warehouses were visited in Ambusta, Fianarantsoa, Ifanadiana, and Tulear. Prior to the team’s visits, a warehouse expert consultant had visited all FFP warehouses and, in two reports, made recommendations for needed revisions. Those revisions were underway as the team visited a sampling of the warehouses. These included closing, screening over and reducing any remaining openings that birds, rodents or insects could use to access the interiors, as well as adding recommended ventilation and lighting.

Most warehouses had received crack and crevice treatments with deltamethrin or cypermethrin with good record-keeping. Most also had safety placarded rodent bait tubes with solid poison bait cubes in them, with warnings on the wall above them, and visible (on a whiteboard) records of all treatments and other warehouse requirements. Several in the south had cubes of rat poison placed on the floor under every few pallets, not a good practice. One had rat sticky traps and two had mechanical rat traps. Evidence of rodent entry was found in one warehouse that was in the process of being sealed near the roof and floor, where rodents could enter.

All grain and food mixes were in bags or sacks and were palleted. All warehouses had fire charged fire extinguishers. Most warehouses were exceptionally clean, without grain residues or dirt on the floors or pallents. No evidence (feathers, droppings, feeding) of bird entry was found. Few tiny grain eating weevils and beetles were found in most warehouses, either dead on the floor on crawling on grain bags.

Fumigation/De-Insecting Services

Two funigation/de-insecting services are used by FFP in Madagascar, Stop Insects and BHL.

Stop Insects

Stop Insects is a professional pest control company with headquarters in Reunion Island and with several operations in the region, including one in Antananarivo.

For fumigation they have five technicians trained and certified by the Madagscar MOA. Fumigation is done in teams of two and use gas-impermeable tarps. Aluminum phosphide tablets are placed on plates or in open boxes in order to catch any remaining residues after off-gassing;


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this makes for easy cleanup and avoids the risks of residues coming into contact with food. They begin tarp and tablet placement at the far end of the warehouse and work their way toward the door. They restrict entry that extends to a 100 meter perimeter zone outside the warehouse.

For safety they use two Industrial Scientific Gasbadge Pro PH 3 phoshine meters, full body protective suits, chemical-resistant gloves and full-face canister filter masks, with filters replaced every 3-4 fumigations or every 2 months, whichever comes first.

For warehouse crack and crevice treatment, they use tank/pump/hose/pistol lance treatment, full body suits, hats, gloves and double carbon filter respirator masks, with filters replaced every two months. For warehouse area treatment, they cover the grain sacks with plastic sheeting and use a motorized backpack sprayer.

For rodents, Stop Insects prefers to use only sticky traps inside warehouses, but some of the warehouses visited had placarded Stop Insects bait tubes with bait cubes containing bromodiolone in them. Bait boxes with bromodiolone are also used along the outside wall of the warehouse with safety placards.

They have protocols for each treatment and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) on hand for each chemical used. They also explained their calculations for how much pesticides to use in each situation.

BHL

Two BHL staff in Tulear, who had just finished a phosphine fumigation job, brought their PPE for inspection and an interview. They did not own a phosphine meter. Both employees interviewed had full-face canister respirators, but only one had a new filter; the other filter was sufficiently worn that the factory label on it was illegible. One had a full body uniform and gloves; the other did not.

They had also been responsible for putting rat poison cubes under the pallets in the FFP warehouses they cover. And, for rat bait dispensers, they used 4-inch diameter plastic tubing cut into 10-inch pieces and with wooden supports nailed to the bottom, and a place to secure the bait inside in the middle. Most rat bait boxes are flush with the floor for easy entry. With the wooden supports the rat would have to jump or hop up to get in. BHL staff were asked why this wood was added. For possible floods in the warehouses was the reply. None of the warehouses are in a flood zone, nor would they be built in one, nor had any of them ever flooded.

BHL staff had also placed individual rat poison cubes under the pallets in the warehouses visited that they treat. And, in two warehouses, a number of bait tubes had no bait, and mechanical traps were placed instead.

This information was immediately reported to FFP COPs on de-brief. The following was recommended:

immediately BHL has to get quality phosphine meters and be trained on their use immediatley BHL has to get replacement canister mask filters BHL has to replace filters on a regular basis, as Stop Insects does remove the individual bait cubes under the pallets in several warehouses remove the wooden legs from the rat bait tubes, or turn them on their side as with Stop Insects, in-warehouse trapping should be done with sticky traps


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rodent bait tubes are better used on the outside of the building, keeping the bait well away from the stored grain and food

Additionally, black plastic rodent bait boxes or stations, designed specifically for rodent management near buildings, and that have rat-sized openings, are almost impossible for domestic animals like cats and dogs to enter. And, the bait is not seen from the outside as it is with the bait tubes used in Madagascar. The bait tubes currently used expose the bait to the human hand and domestic animals.

It would be better to get and use real placarded black plastic rodent bait boxes

3.9 List of Registered and Imported Pesticide Active Ingredients for PER Analysis

The list of pesticide AIs both registered and imported by Madagascar is reflected fully in Annex 5. To save space and duplication, they will not be repeated here. The FFP IPs have copies of the MOA’s original 2015 and 2016 registered pesticide lists as well as pesticide import data from 2011 to 2015 to use as a guide for informing beneficiaries of registered product names to match with AIs. This they would do during training, demonstration farms, farmer field days and during FFS hands-on training.

3.10 Madagascar and Climate Smart Agriculture

The continent of Madagascar has already suffered and continues to suffer under the apparent impact of climatic changes. Over the past ten years, severe cyclones with heavy winds have wiped out crops in the southern lowlands, unusual high temperatures and drought currently impacts food security in the south, and occaisional heavy rains, combined with rampant deforestation, cause flooding and landslides that wipe out crops, homes and transport.

Extreme weather events have also been linked to pest outbreaks. In Madagascar larger outbreaks of locusts and black rats have been experienced, causing additional crop losses. Past studies by USAID Bureau for Africa (1998, 1999) showed that farmers in locust-susceptible regions of the country, as an adaptation, plant the tuber crop cassava as a backup food security crop in case of locust attack on rice and maize, two of the locusts’ favorite crops. Cassava yields are little impacted by locusts, and cassava is very resistant to drought.

USAID CSA Initiatives and Definitions

USAID takes the lead among donors on Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Initiatives, and with its own regulations, all of which include:

Leads the InterAgency Working Group on CSA in International Development Manages additional initiatives with CGIAR’s (Consultative Group for International

Agricultural Research) CCAFS (Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security), the FAO’s GACSA (Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture), the AACSA (African American Community Service Agency) and AUC (African Union Commission)

Drives Regional Resilience efforts in East and West Africa Climate Smart Agriculture – Defining Best Management Practices – How it links to Reg

216 and Executive Order 13677 as an “Environmental Factor” as defined by Reg 216 Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Processes Mitigation


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It is agreed at USAID that CSA is an evolving set of approaches to developing the technical, policy and investment conditions to achieve sustainable agricultural development. In other words, it is a continuous process, not just one technology or a simple combination of practices.

The following definitions are used for CSA:

Adaptation: Adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects on: Human systems: Moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities Natural systems: Human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and

its effects

Disaster Risk Reduction: The policy goal and the measures for: Anticipating future disaster risk Reducing existing exposure, natural hazard/threat, or vulnerability Improving resilience

Resilience: The ability of people, households, communities, countries, and systems (social, economic, and ecological) to mitigate, adapt to, and recover from shocks and stresses in a manner that reduces chronic vulnerability and facilitates inclusive growth.

2014 CSA Study in Madagascar

Extreme vulnerability of Malagasy smallholder farmers to agricultural risks and climate change has been studied (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928894/) by Malagasy experts and researchers from Conservation International in three locations.

The study found that Malagasy farmers already show use of the following adaptations: planting new crops or new varieties better water management the implementation of practices (e.g. soil conservation practices) to improve agricultural

sustainability measures for managing water resources

The breakdown of these practices, from the above-referenced article, are as follow:

Risk: drought (432 farmers) % of farmers changed timing of crop planting 28.2 changed crops grown 16.0 changed crop varieties 9.3 changed location of crop fields 7.2 built a water-harvesting system for crops 3.7 installed an irrigation system 2.1

Risk: flooding (297 farmers) replanted crops after flooding subsided 22.2 built diversion ditches to remove water from fields 16.8 changed timing of crop planting 11.1 changed crop varieties 10.1 stopped farming the land that was flooded 9.4 changed crop type 8.4


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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928894/

Risk: climate change (generally) (543 farmers) increased use of intercropping 22.5 built a communal granary or food storage system to store crops 18.8 changed the location of fields 15.1 diversified production system by incorporating trees 13.1 implemented soil and water conservation practices 11.2 changed crop varieties 11.0 changed type of crop 9.6

Risk: changes in water availability owing to climate change (544 farmers) built ditches to direct water or floods away from certain areas 18.2 developed irrigation system for crops 11.6 built a water-harvesting scheme for crops 8.2 built a water-harvesting system for livestock 2.0 built a water-harvesting system for domestic consumption 1.1

For policy the study recommends the following: First, there is an urgent need to: improve farmer extension services to provide technical

information and training on the best management practices for planting, harvesting and crop storage, to facilitate the adoption of new management practices and to encourage farmer-to-farmer learning;

Policymakers and donors to invest in small-scale infrastructure, such as improved irrigation systems or crop storage facilities, which can help farmers to increase production and better protect their harvests;

To increase access to credit and safety nets during lean periods and following catastrophic events, such as extreme weather events or disease and pest outbreaks, and

To safeguard the natural ecosystems (forests, wetlands, rivers and other natural areas provide critical ecosystem services) that smallholder farmers use as safety nets.

The present 2016 FFP Programmatic PERSUAP assists with the first urgent priority by researching preventive and curative IPM tools that IPs can use in their extension training to farmers and farmer field schools, and can develop and socialize to the local context and language into PMPs. And, both FFP programs promote GAPs that improve resilience to CC.


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SECTION 4: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT (PER)

This part of the Programmatic PERSUAP, the PER (Pesticide Evaluation Report), addresses pesticide choices based upon environmental and human health issues, uses, alternate options, IPM, biodiversity, conservation, training, PPE options, monitoring and mitigation recommendations according to the twelve Regulation 216.3(b)(1) Pesticide Procedures Factors, outlined to the right and analyzed below.

Reg. 216.3(b)(1)(i) stipulates: “When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction, the IEE for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to the following:” (see box, right)

In Annex 1, this Programmatic PERSUAP proposes preventive IPM tools and tactics available to be integrated with the pesticides evaluated by this PER, and recommended by extension services and USAID projects. Annex 1 can be used as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for adaptation, translation into the local language—Malagasy, lamination, and distribution to project field staff to help advise beneficiary farmers. Annex 3 provides guidelines for making PMPs and Annex 4 provides a system for using IPM.

It would be ideal to find pesticides for every need that are EPA Class IV (the lowest) acute toxicity, have no chronic human health issues, no water pollution issues and no ecotoxicity issues. Such pesticides do not exist. Most pesticides, including “natural” pesticides, have toxicity to at least one aquatic organism, or bees, or birds, and at a sufficiently high concentration, can kill people.


The 12 Pesticide Evaluation Factors

Factor A. USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides

Factor B. Basis for Selection of Pesticides

Factor C. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program

Factor D. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment

Factor E. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards

Factor F. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use

Factor G. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems

Factor H. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils

Factor I. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods

Factor J. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide

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4.1 Factor A: USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides

USAID project activities are effectively limited to promoting during training, recommending, buying, subsidizing, financing or permitting on demonstration farms, pesticides and seeds coated with pesticides containing AIs in products registered in 2016 by the Madagascar Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and in the US by the EPA for the same or similar uses, without restriction. Emphasis is placed on “similar use” because occasionally the commodites and their pest species found overseas are not present in the US, and therefore pesticides may not be registered for the exact same use, but often are registered for similar commodites, pests, methods of application, and pest situations.

The USEPA classifies pesticides according to actual toxicity of the formulated products, taking formulation types and concentrations into account, thus generally making the formulated product less toxic than the active ingredients alone would be. This method of classifying acute toxicity is accurate and representative of actual risks encountered in the field. By contrast, the WHO acute toxicity classification system is based on the active ingredient only. For a comparison of USEPA and WHO acute toxicity classification systems, see Annex 4.

It must be noted that all emerging market countries in which USAID works, as well as the labels on the pesticides sold in them, use the WHO acute toxicity classification system, not the EPA system. The USA (and by extension Regulation 216) is the only country to use the EPA acute toxicity classification system. Thus a conundrum was created by the original (and apparently unaware) Regulation 216 drafters, and now provides a potential source of confusion among IPs.

That is the primary reason that the two systems are presented and mentioned in this document, for comparison. The idea to provide this comparison was originally recommended years ago by field IPs, and thus is demand-driven by the users of the data we collect, and our team wishes not to second-guess IPs’ desires on what they do or do not need in order to do their implementation and compliance jobs well.

Further, it is generally understood among pesticide experts with an understanding of international agribusiness and trade with Europe (where most of Madagascar’s high-value crops go) that EU pesticide registration must be understood in order to know which chemicals are and are not registered there, in case residues of non-EU registered pesticides are not permitted on imported produce and spices from Madagascar. That is why EU registration information is provided as well, in Annex 5 so farmers don’t make mistakes by being unaware and using the wrong chemical, and losing shipments of high-value products with unapproved residues.

In the USA, some specific commercial pesticide products are labeled as Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs) due to inordinate risks, usually under specific circumstances of use, such as formulation or commodity. However, for each AI, which may be present in a number of RUP products, there are generally additional or other products, formulations and uses—with the exact same AI—that do not pose the same risks and are thus labeled or determined to be General Use Pesticides (GUPs)—that is—not a RUP. Ergo, for each AI, there may be RUP and GUP (or non-RUP) products depending upon risks they do or do not pose.

The MOA registers pesticides in Madagascar two times a year, which is unusual and postitive for a country in Africa. A list of 2015/2016 pesticides registered for import and use in Madagascar on target commodites was requested. Also, lists of pesticide imports were requested.


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Unfortunately, and like most developing countries, the only pesticides affordable by most farmers contain older-generation AIs that have been off-patent for tens of years, like carbaryl (SEVIN 85 S), dimethoate (CALLIDIM 40 EC or KROGOR), malathion (NOVACAP or CALLIMAL 50 EC), indoxacarb (AVAUNT 150 SC or SINOXACARB 15 SC), mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP), 2 4-D and glyphosate (ROUND UP BIOSEC). Newer and safer patent-protected chemicals are not affordable, so there is no market for them. Further, ‘natural’ biopesticides containing Beauveria bassiana (used against coffee berry borer), Myrothecium verrucaria (used against nematodes) and Trichoderma harzianum (used against soil fungal diseases) are not yet registered but could be requested by CRS and ADRA technical staff for MOA registration in the future.

To research pesticide AIs for EPA compliance, toxicity and ecotoxicity, the following websites were extensively used by this study, with follow-ups on EPA sites for questions or concerns:

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_ChemicalsAlpha.jsp (linked to USEPA websites and contain current registrations and RUP information);

https://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=chemicalsearch:1 (EPA’s searchable registration database)

http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm (a website with good ecotoxicological information for each AI).

Analysis: This Programmatic PERSUAP evaluates all of the active ingredients contained in pesticide products registered by Madagascar in 2015/2016, and listed by MOA as imported during 2013/14/15. The team was advised—and the BEO concurred—that if products are registered but not imported, in order to make the study more manageable, they would not be analyzed. According to MOA, Madagascar rarely imports special chemicals for unforeseen problems. If an un-analyzed chemical is required for FFP program beneficiaries, an amendment to this PERSUAP can be produced.

Warehouse pesticides are all industry standards and are more highly controlled by the fumigation and de-insecting sector than they would be by farmers-all are allowed for use on FFP program warehouses.

The pesticide AIs that passed this Factor A analysis are listed in the Executive Summary and further analyzed in Annex 5 for human and environmental health issues characteristic to each AI. Moreover, to respond to Madagascar’s desire to sell high-value commodities to the EU, Annex 5 provides information on EU registration of each AI.

The matrices in Annex 12 provide the names of the pesticide AIs that failed this Factor A analysis, with the reason they failed. Thus they are rejected for support by or on USAID-funded FFP program.

Fake and Counterfeit Pesticides

It is also important to note that, like most African Countries, Madagascar receives shipments, mostly from China and Malaysia, of fake (without active ingredients) and counterfeit (copies of brand name pesticides, but without quality controls on ingredients and formulation, and often with toxic hazardous manufacturing byproducts) pesticides. It is imperative that FFP programs recognize this issue and address it during training of beneficiary farmers. Some recommendations for doing this are included above, in the Programmatic PERSUAP report, under Section 3.


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https://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=chemicalsearch:1

http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_ChemicalsAlpha.jsp

Compliance Requirements USAID/Madagascar-funded FFP program/sub-grantees will not promote, finance and use on

demonstration farms, pesticides not registered by EPA for same or similar use or those classified by EPA as RUP products (all listed above).

If a USAID/Madagascar-funded FFP program wishes to recommend/use any non-EPA registered or RUP product, including use on any demonstration farm, then first, a full EA must be done and approved by the BEO.

USAID/Madagascar-funded FFP program/sub-grantees shall obtain and retain copies of the MSDS for each pesticide that their beneficiary farmers use frequently.

USAID/Madagascar-funded FFP program/sub-grantees shall promote the use of brand-name pesticides of known quality, with complete labels in Malagasy language, and shall discourage use of pesticides imported from China and Malaysia.

4.2 Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides

Smallholder farmers in Madagascar choose pesticides based primarily upon the advice of neighbors, agrodealers, donors, and occasionally extension agents. They also use price, efficacy and availability of products in quantities they desire and can afford to make decisions when buying pesticides. Most of the pesticides available to smallholders in Madagascar contain older, off-patent (generic) AIs, which are more affordable for smallholders. Medium and largeholder farmers purchase both quality generic as well as newer (and more expensive), patent-protected, products from reputable multinational companies like Arysta, BASF, Bayer, Dow, DuPont, FMC, Makhteshim-Agan, Monsanto, Syngenta and others. Generally they purchase these directly from importers/wholesalers/distributors, and bypass small retail shops.

Many agro input stores should have available small 100-milliliter bottles of pesticides. This product quantity reduces the need for storing leftover pesticides in the home where children might be exposed. And, they are affordable for smallholders who may not require an entire liter of a pesticide.

This study chose the list (Annex 5) of pesticides currently registered by Madagascar, as Regulation 216 requires, as well as imported during 2013/14/15. As noted, the team decided that if products are registered but not imported, there is little reason to analyze them. If chemicals are actively imported, there must be market demand for those chemicals. Further, the very large number of crops, livestock and poultry covered by the FFP programs necessitated an analysis of every chemical imported, to provide sufficient recommendation options to program staff advising farmers. As a result all pesticides not rejected by Factor A, above, passed this Factor B.

Warehouses

Insecticides deltamethrin and cypermethrin are recommended for warehouse treatments by highly trained applicators because they are cost-effective warehouse sector standards. Note that cypermethrin is not recommended for field use, but can be used on livestock and structural termites. Rodenticides bromodiolone and chlorophacinone (DEFI-RAT), used for FFP warehouses, are commonly-used rodenticides made into cubes for use in rodent bait boxes.


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The selection of aluminum phosphide is based on: efficacy against pests of stored grains, low cost, availability in country, registration in country and by USEPA. If used in accordance with safeguards, aluminum phosphide is not expected to have adverse human or environmental impacts; this is also a factor in its selection. Efficacy and the effectiveness of use safeguards have already been assessed extensively in the Fumigation PEA and thus are not addressed further here.

Fumigant aluminum phosphide is also an industry standard, even if it is one of the most toxic and hazardous chemicals available, and requires use of strict safety practices. Another option not currently being used by FFP warehouses, but being used by some farmers for on-farm storage is the use of powders of pirimiphos-methyl (ACTELLIC 2 D or SUPER GUARD DUST) to put onto storage bags.

Recommendations:

In conjunction with recommending pesticides, and providing training in SPU, USAID/Madagascar-supported FFP program/sub-grantees shall provide training to smallholder farmers on how to choose the correct quality of pesticide, instead of relying solely upon the advice of retail agrodealers and neighbors.

In conjunction with recommending pesticides, and providing training in SPU, USAID/Madagascar-supported FFP program/-sub-grantees shall provide training to encourage farmers to use products with lower human and ecological toxicities (see Annex 5) if there is a choice among pesticide products and AIs, for any one production constraint.

4.3 Factor C: Extent to Which the Proposed Pesticide Use Is, Or Could Be, Part of an IPM Program

Many of the older generic chemicals being registered and imported, unfortunately, are broad-spectrum, as well as relatively inexpensive and affordable. Thus, all of the pesticides recommended for BEO acceptance (see list in Executive Summary) are hereby recommended for use in specialized commodity-pest IPM programs, but only if used wisely and judiciously, and as a last resort. Given the economic circumstances of most Malagasy smallholders, the team considers it unlikely that farmers will be able to afford any but small quantities of pesticides. And, this is all the more reason to learn and use all available preventive IPM tools.

FFP agronomist experts will need to ensure that farmers use as many preventive IPM practices as possible before deciding to use synthetic chemicals. Farmers will also need to be trained on how to determine proper dose and sprayer calibration, so as not to overdose, potentially killing important predators, parasites and parasitoids that attack and manage pest populations at tolerable levels.

Annex 1 provides extensive guidance on which pesticides can be used to control each pest/disease/weed, preceded by a host of recommended preventive non-chemical tools/tactics to test and adapt. In addition, it covers aquaculture, poultry, livestock, honeybees and warehouse storage best practices and IPM. Annex 1 can be used as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for adaptation, translation into the local language—Malagasy, lamination, and distribution to project field staff to help advise beneficiary farmers. And, Annexes 2 and 3 provide state of the art advice on how to formulate and set up an IPM program, following FAO’s now famous FFS approach developed in Indonesia. As noted above, in Section 3 of this Programmatic PERSUAP, many smallholder farmers already take


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advantage of numerous traditional as well as FFP-recommended GAP/IPM and CSA practices. Thus, this process has already begun.

Warehouses

Most FFP warehouses already practice a number of best preventive practices to reduce pests, reducing the demand for pesticides, and frequency at which they need to be used. And, several warehouses were in the process of improving futher while the team was in the field. Warehouse pests, preventive IPM and best practices are compiled in Annex 1, along with recommended pesticides.

Recommendations:

Preventive IPM tools and tactics for each commodity-pest combination (see Annex 1) should be recommended and used before, or only if needed, the use of synthetic pesticides.

The FFP programs should assist with the provision of new IPM tools/tactics/technologies, like hybrid and certified disease-free seed, treated seed, printed extension flyers, pheromone traps, pest prevention text messaging systems for farmer with cell phones.

Madagascar would benefit from a national Pest Management Plan (PMP) containing preventive tools and tactics to help reduce pests/diseases of major commodites, as well as curative pesticides if needed. Annex 1 provides a starting point for making such PMPs, embedded in larger season GAP and growing plans. This adaptation of the information provided should be done by local experts who understand the cultural and social context, and know how to accomplish behavior change in their cultural mileau.

4.4 Factor D: Proposed Method or Methods of Application, Including the Availability of Application and Safety Equipment

As noted above under Section 3, most smallholder farmers use a tree branch dipped into a bucket with pesticide and shake the branch on the crop, and few use PPE. Acaricides are hand-rag rubbed on livestock. Warehouse applications and PPE are also covered in Section 3.

This Programmatic PERSUAP proposes to get farmers to purchase backpack or small hand-held 3 liter sprayers to apply the allowed pesticides. One way to do this is use the existing FFP FFS structures to pool resources to be able to purchase such sprayers and share them. The same could be done with PPE. Better yet, each FFS could discover a member with a skill for dosing and calibration and have that person do all of the spraying for a small fee, or a barter of services or goods.

All wholesale pesticide importers visited sell most types of PPE (gloves, masks, goggles and boots), while most retailers do not. Three retail shops were found with some gloves, paper dust masks and goggles. Some larger farms mandate the maintenance and use of PPE for hired laborers, following international best practices, and have technical staff on-hand to advise on proper dosage and calibration.

Warehouse deficiencies and recommedations are listed in Section 3.

Recommendations/Mandates:


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Field FFP projects train farmers on proper use of PPE as well as pesticide dosing, sprayer

calibration, use, maintenance and empty container disposal by rinsing, puncturing and burial or recycling.

Promote the concept of spray service providers.

Warehouse Mandates/Requirements Immediately BHL has to get quality phosphine meters and be trained on their use Charged batteries for phosphine meters need to be available on-site Immediatley BHL has to get replacement canister mask filters BHL has to replace filters on a regular basis, like Stop Insects Remove the individual bait cubes under the pallets in several warehouses Remove the wooden legs from the rat bait tubes, or turn them on their side As with Stop Insects, in-warehouse trapping should be done with sticky traps Rodent bait tubes are better used on the outside of the building, keeping the bait well away

from the stored grain and food It would be even better to get and use real placarded black plastic rodent bait boxes

4.5 Factor E: Any Acute and Long-Term Toxicological Hazards, either Human or Environmental, Associated With the Proposed Use, And Measures Available To Minimize Such Hazards

Each of the chemicals approved by this study are compiled in Annex 5, which includes (in columns 6 and 7) WHO and EPA human acute toxicity classifications, and in column 8, EPA chronic (long-term) human health issues (carcinogenicity, sterilization, birth defects or endocrine disruption). Column 9 records the groundwater pollutant potential of each AI. This information should be used to inform pesticide choice and use environment decisions.

For environmental hazards, Annex 5 compiles known relative ecotoxicity information of each approved pesticide AI to fish, honeybees, birds, amphibians, earthworms, mollusks, crustaceans, aquatic insects and plankton (columns 10-18). USAID-funded FFP program should use this information to determine which pesticides are best for different environmental conditions. For instance, if project-supported farms are near a surface water resource, the project can propose pesticides that have low impacts on fish. If there are risks to honeybee hives, the project can propose pesticides with low honeybee toxicity, and so on.

This Programmatic PERSUAP eliminates the use of the USAID/Madagascar FFP program of pesticides that pose excessive risks to humans and the environment, as rejected or restricted by EPA, providing a measure of safety. Most Malagasy farmers do not fully understand acute and chronic health impacts, or environmental issues associated with pesticide use, and require training on this and other topics.

Warehouses

The potential toxicological effects of aluminum phosphide are well covered by EXTOXNET, and Extension Toxicology Network (http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/aluminum-phosphide-ext.html). The Fumigation PEA includes details of acute human health exposure and potential impacts to fumigators, other on-site workers, visitors, nearby residents and beneficiaries. In summary:


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http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/aluminum-phosphide-ext.html

The main routes of exposure to aluminum phosphide are through inadvertent ingestion or inhalation during fumigation of the highly toxic gas.

Symptoms of mild to moderate acute aluminum phosphide toxicity include nausea, abdominal pains, tightness in chest, excitement, restlessness, agitation and chills. Symptoms of more severe toxicity include diarrhea, cyanosis, difficulty breathing, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, tachycardia and hypotension, dizziness and or death.

The available evidence for reproductive effects in animals suggests that they are not likely in humans under normal conditions. No evidence is available to support teratogenic effects in humans or to support the ability of aluminum phosphide to cause mutations or increase mutation rates.

There is no evidence of aluminum phosphide having a negative impact on soil or ground water. It breaks down spontaneously in the presence of water to form a gaseous product, thus is non-persistent and non-mobile in soil and poses no risk to groundwater. For the same reasons, it is unlikely that aluminum phosphide or phosphine will contaminate surface waters.

The USEPA has determined that uses of aluminum phosphide will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects to humans or the environment if used in accordance with the approved use directions and revised precautionary statements prescribed by the registration standard. Requirements for acute toxicity data have been waived because of the well-known extreme inhalation toxicity of phosphine gas, which it generates. Accordingly, aluminum phosphide has been placed in toxicity category I, the highest toxicity category.

Tolerances have been established for raw agricultural commodities at a level of 0.1 ppm (40 CFR 180.225); processed foods 0.01 ppm (21 CFR 193.20); and animal feeds 0.1 ppm (40 CFR 561.40). Finished food and feed must be held 48 hours prior to being offered to the consumer.

Via the Fumigation Management Plan, attached as Annex 10, the SUAP requires that fumigation follow acceptable technical practices specified in Annex T-7 of the Fumigation PEA. These include, among others, use of appropriate personal protection equipment, including canister or self-contained oxygen full-face respirators, maintenance of an exclusion zone that only PPE protected fumigation personnel can enter for duration of the fumigation (7-10 days or more), and phosphine gas monitoring for efficacy and hazard.

Cypermethin and deltamethrin used by highly trained professionals for crack and crevice treatments are not to be applied directly to grain, grain bags or meals.

Recommendations:

FFP projects train farmers on how to read safety precautions and first aid measures and/or safety pictograms on pesticide labels and encourage them to use PPE.

The pesticide safe use training required by this Programmatic PERSUAP should include basic first aid for pesticide overexposure, availability and use of antidotes, and training on following recommendations found on pesticide labels and MSDSs for commonly used pesticides.

FFP recommendations for required immediate risk reduction are listed above under D, above.


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4.6 Factor F: Effectiveness of the Requested Pesticide for the Proposed Use

Often, smallholder farmers find some pesticides that are not effective. This may be due to several factors, including the purchase of cheap fake (that contain no AI), counterfeit or generic pesticides (that may not contain sufficient AI) as well as lack of proper dosing, calibration or application. These can be remedied by purchase of higher quality (and more expensive) pesticides, training or use of well-trained spray services. Furthermore, government laboratories need to be capable to randomly test incoming registered pesticides for quality and quantity of AI.

It does not help that most of the chemicals available in Madagascar are older generation broad-spectrum chemicals which have had time for resistance to develop if they have been over-used and used repeatedly, such as for pest outbreak control or on commercial farms.

An advantage for Madagascar is that most pests have not been over-sprayed due to lack of farmer’s ability to afford, buy and use pesticides, with the possible exception of those pests on commercial crops cotton, coffee or sugarcane. The locust and malarial mosquito control sectors now rotate pesticides and the malaria control sector tests for resistance. Malagasy warehouse treatment sector experts note no reduction in efficacy of aluminum phosphide over time.

Background research finds that Madagascar has a high incidence of bubonic plague, has sprayed extensively against the flea vector, and now has fleas with high resistance to nine of the ten insecticides sprayed against it.

There are global reports that pest resistance has begun to form to some popular older generic pesticides (which have been used in increasing quantities over the years and include several of those recommended by this Programmatic PERSUAP). Below are some of the most common issues with the development of pesticide resistance, and notes where they involve pesticides allowed by this Programmatic PERSUAP.

Issue: Pesticide classes with known global resistance by certain pests or diseases (use with care—do careful calculations of dose—and rotate with other classes of pesticides):

Most of the synthetic pyrethroid class of insecticides and miticides (including PPESUAP- allowed beta-cypermethrin, cypermethrin for warehouses, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin) especially if they have been used extensively in the commercial cotton sector

Strobin fungicides (including Programmatic PERSUAP-allowed azoxystrobin) Glyphosate herbicide especially if used extensively in commercial crop settings, like on

fallow land to plant in coffee (included in this Programmatic PERSUAP recommendations) Azine herbicides (including PPESUAP- allowed ametryne)

Issue: Pests/Diseases/Weeds known to have developed significant resistance to pesticides (especially to older-generation classes of pesticides; see Annex 5 for classes (column 2) of each approved pesticide AI):

Pests Colorado potato beetle (not listed as a significant pest in Madagascar) Corn earworm (pest in Madagascar) Whiteflies, especially in greenhouse settings (pest in Madagascar, but few greenhouses) Aphids (pest in Madagascar) Spider mites (pest in Madagascar) Thrips (pest in Madagascar)


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Mealybugs (pest in Madagascar) Scales (significant pest of mango and citrus in Madagascar, not significant on other crops) Psyllids (not listed as a significant pest in Madagascar)

Diseases Powdery mildew (pest in Madagascar) Downy mildew (pest in Madagascar)

Weeds Pigweed (also a crop that produces Amaranth seed, present in Madagascar) Striga (not mentioned as a significant production constraint in Madagascar)

Issue: Lack of knowledge and information on reduced pesticide effectiveness and resistance. At some point, FFP program field staff and beneficiary farmers may begin to note that some products no longer work well to control pests in their field, and will likely begin to blame pesticide manufacturers for a weaker product. This could be due to the use of cheap generic, fake or counterfeit products, improper dosing, or the development of resistance. Farmers should be trained to understand the development of resistance, and project implementers should be on the lookout for it during their field visits.

A resistance management strategy should also consider cross-resistance between pesticides with different modes/target sites of action. Pests may develop cross-resistance to pesticides based on mode/target site of action. The website http://www.pesticideresistance.com/ can be used to search for known resistance issues in countries with certain pest or disease resistance to specific pesticide AIs.

If pesticide use is warranted and a risk of pesticide resistance development is identified, a Resistance Risk Management approach should be followed. The following section details points of concern for both application equipment and pesticide applications.

Ways to address and manage or mitigate pest resistance in the field or warehouses:

Use IPM to minimize pesticide use: Minimizing pesticide use is fundamental to pesticide resistance management. IPM programs incorporating pest monitoring in USA show reductions in pesticide use with an increase in crop quality. IPM programs will help determine the best application timing for pesticides (when they will do the most good), thus helping to reduce the number of applications. The use of nonchemical strategies, such as pest exclusion (e.g., screening, micro tunnels, greenhouses), host-free periods, crop rotation, biological control, and weed control may reduce the need to use chemicals and consequently slow the development of pesticide resistance.

Avoid Knapsack Mixes: Never combine two pesticides with the same mode of action in a tank mix (e.g., two organophophate insecticides or two azine herbicides). Such a 'super dose' often increases the chances of selection for resistant individuals. In some cases, mixing pesticides from two different classes provides superior control. However, long-term use of these two-class pesticide mixes can also give rise to pesticide resistance, if resistance mechanisms to both pesticides arise together in some individuals. Continued use of the mixture will select for these multiple-pesticide-resistant pests.

Avoid Persistent Chemicals: Insects with resistant genes will be selected over susceptible ones whenever insecticide concentrations kill only the susceptible pests. An ideal pesticide


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http://www.pesticideresistance.com/

quickly disappears from the environment so that persistence of a 'selecting dose' does not occur. When persistent chemicals must be used, consider where they can be used in a rotation scheme to provide the control needed and with a minimum length of exposure.

Use Long-term Pesticide Rotations: Resistance management strategies for insects, weeds, and fungal pathogens all include rotating classes of pesticides. Pesticides with the same modes of action have been assigned group numbers by their respective pesticide resistance action committees, Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)12, Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC)13 and Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC)14. These group numbers have been included in the treatment tables of these committee’s guidelines (see foot-noted websites, below) to help clarify which pesticides can be rotated.

The strategies used for rotations differ by type of pesticide: For example, with fungicides, classes should be rotated every application. With insecticides, a single chemical class should be used for a single generation of the target pest followed by a rotation to a new class of insecticide that will affect the next generation and any survivors from the first generation. Longer use of a single chemical class will enhance the chance of resistance since the survivors of the first generation and the next will most likely be tolerant to that class. Rotating through many chemical classes in successive generations will help maintain efficacy.

Recommendations:

Train and encourage farmers to value and buy higher quality products from name brand companies (not counterfeit) and rotate among pesticides from different chemical classes (Annex 5, column 2).

Support the development of certified government laboratories capable of testing registered pesticides for quantity and quality of AIs as well as manufacturing byproducts.

Train farmers on the above methods to reduce the development of resistance. Reduce warehouse applications to those only when justified, avoid calendar spraying.

4.7 Factor G: Compatibility of the Proposed Pesticide Use with Target and Non-Target Ecosystems

The target ecosystem for each pesticide is the commodity and pest/disease/weed production constraint to which each pesticide is applied. Annex 1 contains key pest/disease/weed production constraints for each target commodity, including stored grain, as well as Programmatic PERSUAP-approved pesticide AIs recommended for each. Non-target ecosystems of concern include aquatic environments and protected areas. Non-target species of concern include wildlife, fish, honeybees, birds, earthworms, aquatic organisms, beneficial insects, chameleons and lemurs. Annex 1 can be used as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for adaptation, translation into the local language—Malagasy, lamination, and distribution to project field staff to help advise beneficiary farmers.

Warehouses and aluminum phosphide

12 http://www.irac-online.org/13 http://www.frac.info/14 http://www.hracglobal.com/


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As an indoor fumigant, aluminum phosphide presents risks to fumigators and those working or living nearby, but there is not a “target ecosystem” of concern. Indoor use, non-persistence and non-mobility in soil, negligible potential to contaminate surface waters, and a short half-life in air of ~5 hrs (daylight) mean that aluminum phosphide has little interaction with or impact on non-target ecosystems. Use of cypermethrin and deltamethrin are also highly contained to the inside of the warehouse, with limited movement to outside or sensitive environments.

Protected areas, biodiversity and pesticides in Madagascar

The 2014 Madagascar Environmental Threats and Opportunities Analysis (ETOA) (http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/FAA&Regs/FAA118119/Madagascar2014.pdf) report highlights Madagascar’s protected areas, geography/topography and resources that require protection. Since that document is up to date and easy to access using the link above, the information in it will not be duplicated here. Annex 5 compiles the known risks to the different types of non-target terrestrial and aquatic organisms (columns 10-18) referred to above for each pesticide AI found in pesticide products registered for use in Madagascar, and approved by this Programmatic PERSUAP. This information is provided so that informed pesticide product choices can be made if a pesticide is to be used in or near sensitive areas or resources.

Issue: Most smallholder farmers live near sensitive water resources and may not understand pesticide ecotoxicity and pollution of the environment. Pesticide container labels and MSDSs contain information on sensitive natural resources like water and aquatic organisms as well as how to reduce risks and protect them. Many farmers do not read or understand this information or know how to use it.

Recommendations

Train farmers about ecotoxicity and on how to read ecotoxicity precautions or pictograms on pesticide labels.

Train farmers on applying pesticides the proper distance (30 meters) from open bodies of fresh water, and not to wash their sprayers out in irrigation canals, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, or wetlands, or where rinse water may run off into these aquatic resources.

Minimize chemical spray drift by using low-pressure sprays and nozzles that produce large droplets, properly calibrating and maintaining spray equipment, and use of a drift-control agent.

Warn beekeepers of upcoming spray events so that they may move or protect their hives. Train farmers not to spray when honeybees are active and foraging.

4.8 Factor H: Conditions under Which the Pesticide Is To Be Used, Including Climate, Geography, Hydrology, and Soils

Warehouses

As noted, aluminum phosphide will be used solely for indoor fumigation of warehoused food commodities: All warehouses were chosen based on the security of the locality where they are placed. Warehouses are all located in an area in which nearby dwellings are a safe distance aways (generally more than 100 meters). Some warehouses are in the proximity to rice cultivation areas, however since fumigation occurs inside the warehouse, the impact on vicinity rice fields (soil, water) are likely minimal, in the opinion of Malagasy fumigation experts.


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http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/FAA&Regs/FAA118119/Madagascar2014.pdf

Indoor use, non-persistence and non-mobility in soil, and negligible potential to contaminate surface waters (see “factor e,” analysis, above) meaning that geography, hydrology and soils have negligible bearing on safety, efficacy or appropriateness. Climate is relevant only in that extremely dry air can retard formation of phosphine gas from phosphine tablets, requiring appropriate adjustments to fumigation protocols.

In general, in addition to covering biodiversity and protected areas under Factor G above, this requirement attempts to protect natural resources from the dangers of pesticide misuse and contamination, especially of surface and groundwater resources in Madagascar.

Madagascar Climate, Geography, Hydrology and Soils

Climate

The climate of Madagascar is very diverse; tropical along the coasts, temperate inland and arid in the south. These climatic zones are the result of the southeastern trade winds which bring moist air from the Indian Ocean Anticyclone which drop most of its moisture as it encounters the central chain of mountains. There are generally two seasons: a warm, wet season from November to April and a cooler, dry season from May to October. The annual rainfall varies considerably by regions with only 300mm in the arid south, 1400mm in the central highlands, and up to 4000mm in the North-East coasts. Madagascar experiences 3 – 4 cyclones from the Indian Ocean during the rainy season.

Geography, Topography, and Hydrology

Madagascar is characterized geographically and topographically by its central high ridge and asymmetrical coasts:

East Coast: a large double fault escarpment, a narrow coastal plain, low tide range, very small mangrove areas (or none);

West Coast: sedimentary compartments (mostly), large catchment areas, floodplains with accelerated erosion and sedimentation, Wide mangroves areas: 330,000 km².

Madagascar Soils

Madagascar has been called the "Great Red Island" because of the prominence of red lateritic soils. The red soils predominate in the central highlands, although there are much richer soils in the regions of former volcanic activity, Itasy and Ankaratra, and Tsaratanana to the north. A narrow band of alluvial soils is found all along the east coast and at the mouths of the major rivers on the west coast; clay, sand, and limestone mixtures are found in the west; and shallow or skeletal laterite and limestone are located in the south. Deforestation and grazing mean that the soils suffer from aggressive erosion in many locations.

The key for the USAID Madagascar FFP programs is to overlay this map with a map of project locations to see the major types of soils that beneficiary farmers are working with. Some soils are better than others at holding and detoxifying pesticides (see issue, below), while others lead to rapid leaching of pesticides to scarce and valuable groundwater resources.

Issue: Pesticides can adsorb (stick to) to soil, leach and contaminate groundwater resources. Each pesticide has physical and chemical characteristics, such as solubility in water. Also each has an inherent ability to bind to soil particles and be held there (adsorbed), especially alluvial soils like those along Madagascar’s rivers. And each has a natural breakdown rate in nature. If


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they are strongly held by soil they do not enter the soil water interface and the ground water table as easily. A listing of these properties for at least some of the pesticides in use in Madagascar can be found by checking at this website: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm.

In general, pesticides with water solubility greater than 3 mg/liter have the potential to contaminate groundwater; and pesticides with a soil adsorption coefficient of less than 1,900 have the potential to contaminate groundwater. In addition, pesticides with an aerobic soil half-life greater than 690 days or an anaerobic soil half-life greater than 9 days have the potential to contaminate groundwater. Moreover, pesticides with a hydrolysis half-life greater than 14 days have potential to contaminate groundwater.

The potential for pesticides to enter groundwater resources depends, as indicated above, on the electrical charge contained on a pesticide molecule and its ability and propensity to adhere to soil particles, but this also depends on the nature and charge of the soil particles dominant in the agriculture production area. Sand, clay and organic matter, and different combinations of all of these, have different charges and adhesion potential for organic and inorganic molecules. Sandy soil generally has less charge capacity than clay or organic matter, and will thus not interact significantly with and hold charged pesticide molecules. So, in areas with sandy soil, the leaching potential for pesticides is increased, as is the velocity with which water and the pesticide migrate.

A pesticide’s ability to enter groundwater resources also depends on how quickly and by what means it is broken down and the distance (and thus time) it has to travel to reach the groundwater. If the groundwater table is high, the risk that the pesticide will reach it before being broken down is increased. Thus, a sandy soil with a high water table is the most risky situation for groundwater contamination by pesticides. Groundwater pollution (contamination) potential for each pesticide active ingredient available in Madagascar is provided in Annex 5, column 9.

Recommendations

Hydrology: Train farmers to not spray or rinse pesticide equipment in or within 30 meters of oasis resources, rivers, ponds, irrigation and drainage ditches, and other surface waters, including wetlands.

Hydrology: Train farmers to not spray pesticides with high toxicities to aquatic organisms before an impending rainstorm, as they can be washed into waterways before breaking down.

Soils: Train farmers to not use or recommend for use herbicides or other pesticides with high leaching and groundwater pollution potential (see Annex 5) near drinking water sources, on highly sandy soils or soils with water tables close (2-3 meters) to the surface.

Soils: Since transport of soil particles with pesticides adsorbed to them is a likely transportation route to waterways, employ techniques to reduce farm soil erosion whenever erosion is likely. Such techniques, that can and are being taught to beneficiary farmers, include vegetated buffer strips, green manure, mulching, terracing, employing wind breaks, employing ground covers between rows, planting rows perpendicular to the slope, and using drip irrigation.

4.9 Factor I: Availability of Other Pesticides or Non-Chemical Control Methods

Other Pesticides for Warehouses


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As noted under Section 3, above, grain sacks could be treated with pirimiphos-methyl (ACTELLIC 2 D or SUPER GUARD DUST). Other crack and crevice chemicals include indoxacarb (AVAUNT 150 SC or SINOXACARB 15 SC), imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS) or spinosad (LASER 480 SC). Insect Growth Regulator pesticides could be used, but none are registered for import and use in Madagascar, other than one in the locust control sector. Several allowed rodenticides are included in this report, for rotation.

Non-Chemical Preventive Control Methods for Field and Warehouse

Annex 1 contains copious preventive non-chemical control methods for major pests, diseases and weeds of FFP projects target commodites grown in Madagascar, and warehouse pests. It is the intent of this Programmatic PERSUAP that the FFP program use this valuable resource, which compiles most known preventive IPM tools and tactics for each major (worth spraying) pest of each target commodity. It can be used as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for adaptation, translation into the local language—Malagasy, lamination, and distribution to project field staff to help advise beneficiary farmers.

Madagascar has limited experience producing biological and microbial pest controls. Annex 1 contains lists of more than one pesticide AI that can be used for most pests, diseases and weeds of Madagascar target commodites.

Natural Pest Controls

Some Malagasy farmers produce their own artisanal or homemade pesticides, as discussed above under Section 3. Natural diatomaceous earth, if available, can be used to add to grain stored by farmers.

Recommendation

Annex 1 can be used as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for adaptation, translation into the local language—Malagasy, lamination, and distribution to project field staff to help advise beneficiary farmers.

Preventive IPM tools and tactics for each commodity-pest combination in Annex 1 should be tried and adapted before the choice is made to purchase and use synthetic pesticides.

Annexs 2 and 3 provide guidelines for making PMPs and using IPM. For most pests, diseases and weeds, Annex 1 provides several choices of natural and synthetic pesticides to choose from.

4.10 Factor J: Host Country’s Ability to Regulate or Control the Distribution, Storage, Use, and Disposal of the Requested Pesticide

Warehouses

Madagascar does not have any regulations in force regarding the application of fumigant for warehouses. This is why the FFP programs will use service providers with competence which refers to the law in force in the country of origin of the Distributor (France) and EPA. However, it has an Order in force on the date of 4 August 1986 related to general conditions of service for certain fumigants in agriculture and specific provisions to methyl bromide, hydrogen phosphide and hydrogen cyanide, as follows: “Fumigation referred to in Article 2 shall be carried out under


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the supervision of Department officials of plant protection or natural or legal persons, companies or groups approved by the Ministry of Agriculture (Department of plant protection).”

Fumigation authorization shall be approved by the head of the regional Department of Plant Protection concerned, and shall indicate the name and address of the certified person within the meaning of Article 5 and describe the means available to the applicant for fumigation treatments. Approvals are valid for one year period and must be renewed each year for the following year.People, approved companies or groups are mandatory holders of a special insurance policy to cover damages of any kind, in case of accident.”

Field Commodities

Madagascar has a set of laws and regulations governing the distribution, storage, use and disposal of pesticides. Risks arise from the quantities of generic, fake and counterfeit pesticides because they are cheap; they cannot afford the newer, much more costly patent-protected pesticides. This issue is discussed under Section 3, above.

Smallholder farmers take the risk of not knowing exactly what chemicals are in the bottle and on their produce. As trade with EU markets increases, this issue will become more important, especially for produce that is exported to Europe. Shipments containing produce with too much or many pesticide residues, or the wrong pesticide residues, may be rejected, causing economic loss for Malagasy farmers and middlemen. This could also damage the “Grown in Madagascar” market image and brand name.

GOM budgets remain challenged to do comprehensive control of pesticides entering the country, auditory pesticide quality tests, and enforcement of regulations on safe distribution, storage, use and disposal.

Disposal of pesticide containers

Information collected about the Madagascar pesticide system (from interviews with GOM, pesticide wholesalers and retailers as well as farmers) indicates that most farmers do not understand the importance of safely disposing of empty pesticide containers. Many Malagasy farmers simply throw the empty containers in the field, or reuse them.

The best method for container disposal in Madagascar is to triple-rinse the containers, puncture them to discourage re-use, and bury them, dispose of them in municipal waste or recycle them. USAID projects should strongly discourage burning plastic bottles and single-use pesticide sachets, which can lead to the formation of toxic fumes containing furans and dioxins.

Recommendations

Absolutely no POP or PIC chemicals will be used or supported on the USAID/Madagascar FFP program.

Where alternatives (WHO Classes II, III and U) exist, do not recommend or use WHO Acute Toxicity Class Ia, Ib (as noted on the labels, and which are generally equivalent to EPA Class I) pesticide products on FFP projects, unless it can verify that producers and laborers (pesticide applicators) properly and consistently utilize PPE as recommended by the pesticide label and MSDS.

If a regional empty pesticide container recycling facility is implemented, it is encourage to use the facility.


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Train farmers to purchase inputs from suppliers that provide quality technical backup support, and to purchase and use PPE, or contract private pesticide spray services.

Train farmers to properly dispose of containers and strongly discourage burning them. Train farmers about proper storage and handling of unused pesticides.

4.11 Factor K: Provision for Training of Users and Applicators

USAID recognizes that, in addition to the use of PPE, safety training is an essential component in programs involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly critical in developing countries, where the level of education of applicators may typically be lower than in developed countries.

If the USAID/Madagascar FFP program/sub-grantees, or financiers promote pesticide use, training in SPU and GAP/IPM tools and tactics are mandatory for project beneficiary farmers using pesticides (see Annex 6 for recommended training topics). Refresher training coureses are superb for changing beneficiary farmer behaviors, especially as they expand their agricultural opportunities.

Sectors and pesticides targeted

As noted from the start of this report, in addition to professional warehouse IPM, preventive treatments and fumigation companies and experts, CRS and ADRA work with at least nine other sectors, all with their own special production needs and producer competencies, including aquaculture, poultry, livestock, dairy, apiculture/honey, household and market garden vegetables, food security protein and carbohydrate crops, as well as export fruits and spices.

Of the 52 pesticides allowed by this PERSUAP for use, five insecticides (aluminum phosphide, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, pirimiphos-methyl) are only permitted for use by highly trained applicators who treat food and commodity storage warehouses. Six rodenticides are only allowed for use in rodent bait boxes, which reduces non-target risk. Other pesticide choices, where appropriate, are provided in Annex 1, by sector, crop/livestock/produce as well as by primary pests, diseases and weeds. Farmers are always trained to read pesticide lables in order to determine WHO toxicity, risks, risk reduction, PPE, recommended uses and dosage.

Top Malagasy trainers and training

As noted in the acknowledgements to this PERSUAP, CRS and ADRA have on staff as advisors and trainers the top two Malagasy agronomists with graduate degrees, Mahefanirina Ravalison and Soloarisoa Ranoromalala, in addition to the top two Malagasy environmental compliance specialists, Zoelymalala Ramanase and Rado Ravonjiarivelo, both of whom have graduate degrees as well as local expertise in agriculture. All of these local experts produced the extensive list of crops, livestock, aquaculture, poultry and other produce used for compiling Annex 1 as well as the extensive lists of local pests and diseases of each culture.

Both CRS and ADRA practice continuous learning and use continuous, day to day, hands-on training with farmer cooperatives and all of their memebers, as well as twice annual focused courses for farmer leaders. Thus, all beneficiaries are considered trained. Many smallholder farmers cannot afford, and do not use, commercial pesticides, relying instead upon 3000 years of local knowledge, collective experience and remedies for managing pests. This includes use of


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local artisanal concoctions from local plant and spice extracts and other materials to repel or reduce pests.

Trainees

All cooperating smallholder farmer beneficiaries of CRS and ADRA assistance are trained in GAPs, pest identification, IPM and SPU. Many of the same farmers have been repeatedly trained by other donors as well. All fumigation companies are required to have on staff highly trained and certified (by GOM) pesticide and fumigation applicators. Most farmers or producers growing crops, spices of other produce for export markets are aware of and use international certification and standards systems (like Organic, Fair Trade, GlobalGAP and others) for IPM and SPU information in order to maintain their certification and access to overseas markets. They are also considered to be trained.

Choice to use or not use PPE

The decisions to use or not use PPE are made by individual farmers, based upon an understanding of risk as learned in training and read on pesticide labels, amount of commercial pesticides actually used, frequency of use, relative toxicities, local availability of PPE, cost of PPE, individually-acceptable levels of risk and reduction, and other factors, irrespective of technical training and information received. Many times suitable PPE is not available or affordable. Thus, one cannot consider farmers who choose not to use PPE as “untrained”. As with many non-commercial smallholder farmers in developed countries making these same decisions, many choose to assume the risks themselves by not buying and using PPE.

Continuous training

Madagascar FFP training must continue to require users to interpret product labels to understand product health risks, physical hazards, eco-toxicity and required safety measures. Continuous training requirements are specified in the attached SUAP.

A core strategy of the USAID-funded projects is to promote knowledge about pesticides use, risks, and safety among beneficiaries, as well as to strengthen the agricultural extension abilities and encourage farmers and other applicators to use them for advice. While most of the pesticide AIs put forward for approval by this PERSUAP are generally of relatively lower toxicity, the pesticide toxicology profiles presented in Annex 5 clearly show that use of pesticides presents some human health and environmental risks. These risks, combined with some remaining awareness needs of pesticide risks and safe use principles among beneficiary population mean that a continued program of pesticide safe use training is essential for the following groups:

Project staff who serve as extension agents; Hired warehouse fumigation companies and staff; Beneficiary farmers and other users who will use/apply pesticides; Any cooperating GOM extension agents.

Implementing partners already promote reduced-risk pesticide use and will continue to train pesticide applicators and their staff on proper handling, storage and disposal of pesticides. IPs will also continue to be responsible for providing appropriate PPE for demonstration plot farmers and pesticide use trainees. Partners may, as appropriate, also encourage and work with agro-input supply stores in project regions to increase PPE supplies and affordable use options for non-demo plot farmers. Field officers will continue to provide training and technical assistance to farmers on integrated pest management of fruit and vegetable plots (see Annex 1).


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The following is a summary of pesticide safer use training topics to continue to be addressed, as copied from USAID environmental compliance websites and pesticide labels:

Chemical knowledge: Registration, correct use, application procedures and label specifications. This training includes an in-depth review of label information (resources in Malagasy and/or with photos will continue to be provided wherever possible), as well as a discussion of dosage rates, application rates, equipment calibration and maintenance, application intervals, re-entry and pre-harvest intervals and demonstrations of proper equipment use. Record keeping and monitoring of the pesticide application and storage will also continue to be presented.

Storage: Proper storage of chemicals in relation to other structures on the property. The need for a separate, clearly marked and locked facility will be emphasized for exclusive storage of farm chemicals. Pesticides should be kept away from food for human or animal consumption, fertilizers, or sources of drinking water. Pesticides should always be bought and stored in their original containers.

Transport: Safe transport of pesticides will be discussed. Such best practices include, if possible, not using public transportation, not transporting pesticides with foodstuffs, keeping chemicals in a protected environment, and how to avoid punctures and torn bags.

Worker protection: Types of PPE as recommended on the pesticide labels, when they should be worn and why, and how they should be cared for. The basic PPE recommended for all pesticide applications includes long-sleeved shirts, long pants, shoes and socks. Depending on the toxicity and label directions, chemical-resistant gloves, aprons, and masks may be required, which will be provided by USAID partners or are available at local agro supply stores. Participants will be encouraged to wash PPE separate from everyday clothing and to keep their PPE in good condition.

Safety practices: Proper mixing techniques, the importance of using clean water for mixing, and the importance of not contaminating water sources with rinsate or mix. The types of containers used in chemical preparation, their proper use, cleaning and storage will be addressed. Applicators are taught not to eat, drink or smoke while applying pesticides.

First aid and medical facilities: First aid materials must be made available (soap, clean water and a towel) in case of spills. Participants will be taught to identify the primary symptoms of chemical exposure and what do to in an emergency.

Waste management: How to clean up and safely dispose of any chemical not used. For liquids, empty containers should be rinsed three times, and rinsate emptied into the spray tank as part of the application mixture. When the product is used completely, chemical containers should be triple rinsed and punctured before being buried. Containers should never be reused.

Protection of drinking water: Training will emphasize the importance of protecting potable water sources and avoiding contamination of ground and surface waters. Participants will be trained to identify their drinking water source and to keep all pesticides away from that source. Characteristics of the water source and mitigation measures to avoid contamination will be addressed.

Environmental safety: The importance of protecting natural resources and the proper use of pesticides to avoid environmental contamination and impacts on non-target organisms will be addressed.

For groups promoting pesticide use, an additional training phase may be targeted to women and children who may enter production fields or who may be exposed indirectly to spray drift or residues on the pesticide user’s clothing at home.


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Each project will continue to develop training plans meeting its specific needs: The training plan must cover the categories of individuals enumerated above. Training curricula must cover all relevant key topics outlined above and discussed in

more detail in Annex C. Training must reach all relevant individuals within an appropriate time interval of the

effective date of this PERSUAP. Brief refresher training must be provided to appropriate personnel at least annually. Projects are encouraged to consider the training-of-trainers approach.

Recommendation

Farmers continue to require training and refresher training on proper pest identification and IPM as well as how to read the pesticide label, choose the correct pesticide, do knapsack sprayer calibration and record keeping.

Annex 6 on Training Topics provides significant discussion of SPU and IPM training topics.

4.12 Factor L: Provision Made For Monitoring the Use and Effectiveness of Each Pesticide

Evaluating the risks, impacts and benefits of pesticide use should be an ongoing, dynamic process. Proper pesticide use and pest resistance are two of the risks that this factor is intended to address, as well as human health and safety and environmental effects.

On the farm, record keeping should track quantities and types of pesticides used, where they were used and what they were used for, with notes on efficacy. Notes on effectiveness of individual pesticides and pest numbers will help develop a more sustainable pesticide use plan for USAID/Madagascar FFP program beneficiary farmers. Farmers will need to keep records of any reduction in pesticide efficacy experienced, which is the first indication that pest resistance may be developing. Then a strategy needs to be in place to determine a shift to a different pesticide class, and rotation among classes, to overcome resistance development.

The following aspects should be included in all USAID/Madagascar-funded FFP program record keeping systems:

Annex 7 provides a format and ideas for farmers for GlobalGAP-like record keeping on commodites grown, pests/diseases encountered and pesticides sprayed, among other pieces of data.

Annex 8 provides a format and ideas for the project or grantees/financial institutions to do monitoring of beneficiary compliance and GCPs/GAPs.

A pesticide checklist: This list allows project agronomists to ensure that the pesticides they are using are registered. It should also provide notes on special safety requirements.

PPE: Lists of the types of equipment made available to applicators, number of pieces, prices and contact details of suppliers, dates when equipment needs to be washed, maintained or replaced. PPE should be numbered or personally assigned to applicators to ensure that it is not taken into the home where (as a contaminated material) it could pose a risk to family members.

Local regulatory compliance: A list of country laws related to the use of agrochemicals for plant protection.


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GCPs/GAPs/IPM measures tried/used (see Annex 1): USAID-funded project agronomists should try to incorporate a minimum of at least ten new IPM measures per annum and document their success or failure.

Annex 1 can be used as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for adaptation, translation into the local language—Malagasy, lamination, and distribution to project field staff to help advise beneficiary farmers.

Monitoring/recording pests: Agronomists should incorporate into their records regular field pest monitoring and identification. This could be done by the USAID/Madagascar FFP program agronomists themselves, or if properly trained, by farmers.

Environmental conditions: Field conditions should be incorporated into the record keeping system (for example; precipitation, soil analyses and moisture, soil pH, temperatures and so on).

Information should be transmitted at least annually and the FFP program should report to USAID on this progress in pesticide safety and GAP/IPM use in annual reports.


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SECTION 5: PESTICIDE SAFE USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP)

5.1 Introduction to SUAPThis Safe Use Action Plan, is the definitive statement of USAID Madagascar-funded FFP program pesticide compliance requirements and is synthesized from the PER analysis:

Section 5.2, immediately below, cites the locations in this Programmatic PERSUAP where users can find the allowed pesticides.

Section 5.3 establishes USAID field monitoring requirements for compliance with safe use conditions.

Section 5.4 summarizes the recommended best practices and safe use conditions to be used/supported with these pesticides.

The USAID/Madagascar-funded FFP program will be required to insert into an EMMP the foreseeable risks and the appropriate recommendations from the PER that are applicable to their project that will reduce each of these risks. The EMMP should also include indicators of risk mitigation success, a monitoring timetable and responsible people/groups for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance. The FFP projects EMMP should include details on who will be trained, in which topics, and how often. EMMPs should have measurable and monitorable indicators to be reported on in progress reports to USAID.

5.2 USAID Madagascar Pesticides Requested for AnalysisUpon approval of this Programmatic PERSUAP, the pesticide active ingredients (AIs) listed as “allowed” in the Executive Summary and Annex 5—and ONLY those AIs—may be supported by the USAID Madagascar-funded FFP program and their sub-grantees covered by this Programmatic PERSUAP. Such support is subject to the safe use conditions summarized below and set out in detail in this SUAP.

Allowed pesticides are those that passed the 12-factor analyses, particularly Factor A (EPA & Madagascar Registration and Restricted Use Pesticide—RUP Status) & Factor E (Acute/Chronic Toxicological Hazards), as analyzed and summarized in Annex 5. Synthesizing across the PER analysis, ONLY the pesticide AIs in Annex 5 and the Executive Summary—and with the implementation of specific noted conditions for any of the chemicals—are allowed for use/support/promotion on USAID/Madagascar-funded FFP program and their sub-grantees.

5.3 USAID requirementIn addition to continuous monitoring by the FFP program and their sub-grantees/environmental compliance staff and others delegated, USAID/Madagascar’s AOR, MEO and/or BEO should at least two times annually, make inspection visits to several randomly selected farms receiving project assistance/finance to check for compliance with the IPM and SPU measures summarized in section 4.4 below, and detailed data collection form found in Annex 8.

5.4 Compliance Requirements (Safe Use Measures)The allowed pesticide AIs can only be used in compliance with the safe use measures and recommendations specified in the PER. In addition, for fumigation, a fumigation monitoring plan


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needs to be filled, as attached in Annex 10. The most important of these can be summarized as follows:

A. Only pesticides approved by this Programmatic PERSUAP may be “supported” with USAID Madagascar funds. Pesticide “support” refers to any of the following:

a. Use of USAID funds to purchase pesticides, sprayers, PPE;

b. Directly fund the application of pesticides; c. Promote or recommend pesticides for use; and/or

d. Facilitate or enable the application or purchase of pesticides via provision of application equipment, credit support, or other means by the IPs, their sub-grantees, partners or providers of finance.

B. If pesticide use is supported, appropriate project staff, sub-grantees and beneficiaries must be trained in recommended preventive IPM tools and tactics (Annex 1), SPU and pesticide first aid. Annex 1 can be used as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be adapted, reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for adaptation, translation into the local language—Malagasy, lamination, and distribution to project field staff to help advise beneficiary farmers.

C. To the greatest degree practicable, if pesticide use is supported by the FFP program or their sub-grantees, they must require use and assure maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices. FFP projects shall provide details in their project-specific EMMP of how they will implement the relevant recommendations from the PER, and if this SUAP is revised, as recommended, the EMMP will have to be revised as well.

Additional Programmatic PERSUAP recommendations are found under each of the Factor A-L analyses, under Section 4, the PER analysis.


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Annex 1: IPM Matrix of Madagascar FFP Target Commodities, Pests/Diseases/Weeds, Preventive Tools/Tactics, and Curative Chemicals (including comments in parentheses and yellow highlight from CRS and ADRA field technical experts, as to significance of some pests/diseases/weeds) Primary Pests Programmatic PERSUAP Recommended Preventive GAP/IPM tools/tactics to integrate Programmatic

PERSUAP Recommended Chemical Controls, when needed

Aquaculture: Shrimp

Shrimp Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) or Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS) Bacterial infection, Vibrio parahaemolyticus (significant)

Use Good Aquaculture Practices (GAP): use disease-free broodstock and quarantine procedures. Use of pathogen-free food. Use biosecure ponds and integrated farm managemet—avoid farm sitings with shared inlet and discharge canals, and understand the carrying capacity of ecosystems. Employ a nursery phase to hold young postlarvae. Establish a balanced microbial population and maintain light to moderate bioflocs. Closely manage water and bottom quality.

Use citric and acetic acids to reduce and maintain water pH at or slightly below 7. Add Vitamins C and E to maintain health. Add cloves or extracts/essential oils from herbs cloves, thistle, turmeric, or felwort. Feed shrimp probiotic Enterococcus faecium.

Disinfect ponds between broods using chlorine, gloves, a carbon-filter mask and goggles.

Bacterial Infections, Chitinolytic Bacterial Diseases (shell disease, brown spot disease, black spot disease, burned pot disease, rust disease) (significant)

Epicommensal fouling diseases, Leucothrix mucor, Thiothrix species, Felxibacter species, Cytophaga species, Flavobacterium species (significant)

Use of pathogen-free broodstock and food. Use biosecure ponds and integrated farm managemet (avoid farm sitings with shared inlet and

discharge canals, and understand the carrying capacity of ecosystems) Hatchery Control: improve husbandry, especially in the areas of sanitation, feed quality, water

source purity, use of probiotics, vaccination (Serafin), antibiotics Grow-out Control: improve stocking handling to reduce stress, have feed in pond in advance of

stocking, use of molasses and nitrates as fertilizers Use probiotic bacteria to out-compete harmful bacteria. Population regulation. Water quality management. Adequate food. Careful handling. Genetic manipulation.

Disinfect ponds between broods using chlorine, gloves, a carbon-filter mask and goggles.

Parasites (including Elimination of wild fish, shrimp and other animals before stocking. Disinfect ponds

USAID/Madagascar FFP Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (Programmatic PERSUAP) 73

Primary Pests Programmatic PERSUAP Recommended Preventive GAP/IPM tools/tactics to integrate Programmatic PERSUAP Recommended Chemical Controls, when needed

Scutariella flat worms and leeches) (significant)

Use of water filters at the water inlets. Use of pathogen-free food. Quarantine. Draining and drying Improve or control acid sulphate soils Eradication of pests and predators Ensure that gates are properly screened. Exchange water routinely. Application of lime prior to stocking to condition the soil. Application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to enhance natural food production.

between broods using chlorine, gloves, a carbon-filter mask and goggles.

Dragonfly nymphs (significant)

Elimination of wild fish, shrimp and other animals before stocking. Use of water filters at the water inlets. Remove these by hand and net.

No pesticide controls are allowed.

Muscular Necrosis (significant)

Do not over-crowd. Maintain proper oxygen level in water. Maintain proper nutrition levels. Maintain optimum pH (7.5-8.7). Reduce the chances for bacterial infections.

No chemicals are recommended.

Fungal Infections (significant) Thouroughly filter and/or irradiate inlet water with ULV. Shrimp are vulnerable expecially after molting, when there is dead tissue to invade. Remove infected shrimp by hand and net. Change water.


Parasitic dinoflagellates and ellobiopsids produce toxins (significant)

Switch off the aerators for a period of time. Change water.

Can apply BKC (benzalkonium chloride) at 0.1-1 ppm with gloves, a carbon-filter mask and goggles.



Aquaculture: Tilapia, Carp

No pests or diseases reported

Poultry/Fowl: Chicken, Geese, Duck, Turkey

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) paramyxoviridae (very important)

Practice good sanitation and implement a comprehensive biosecurity program. Use well-designed vaccination schedules, using low-virulence live vaccines. Administer

inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines to the parent flock before onset of egg dropping to ensure passive immunity in day-old chicks. Active immunization is induced in the chicks when their passively acquired antibody levels are dropping. A second vaccination four weeks later gives life-long protection if proper vaccination procedures are applied.

Sodium hypochlorite with gloves, a carbon-filter mask and goggles may be used for cleaning up pens.

Chronic respiratory disease, Mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG disease) (very significant)

Use the vaccine that is commercially available. Practice good sanitation and biosecurity.


Avian Cholera, Cholera aviaire, Pasteurella multocida

Keep local wild birds away from fowl. Use the vaccine that is commercially available. Practice good sanitation and biosecurity.


Fowlpox virus transmitted by Culex species of mosquitoes

Use the vaccine that is commercially available. Do not vaccinate unless the disease becomes a problem on a farm or in the area. Chickens may

be vaccinated at 4-6 weeks of age using the wing web-stick method, and turkeys older than 8 weeks by the thigh-stick method.

Spray natural and synthetic pyrethroids like deltamethrin (DELTAGRI 2,5% EC) or lambda-cyhalothrin (PULSAR 5 EC or TIANLITHRIN 5% EC) to kill mosquitoes in coops.



Gumboro, Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) virus (very significant)

Use the vaccine that is commercially available. Practice good sanitation and biosecurity. Use vitamin-electrolyte therapy.

Sodium hypochlorite with gloves, a carbon-filter mask and goggles may be used for cleaning up pens.

Coccidiosis internal protozoan parasites, species in the following Genera: Cryptosporidia, Histomonas, Trichomonas, Tetratrichomonas, Entamoeba, Eimeria, and Endolimax (very significant)

Many poultry gradually become immune to these organisms over time, with repeated exposure. No chemicals are recommended.

Pullorum, Bacillary White Diarrhea, BWD, Salmonella pullorum (very significant)

Ensure that chicks are from pullorum-free (or pullorum typhoid clean) hatcheries. Maintain parent stock free from infection, especially in commercial production. Flocks can be

tested serologically, using the rapid plate agglutination test, confirmed with the tube agglutination test.

Disinfect incubator and hatching units, and if possible, the hatching operation should be in a pullorum-free area and be quarantined.

The entire flock must be culled and the poultry house properly disinfected and left empty for about a month before re-stocking.

Keep poultry away from areas frequented by wild fowl. Keep strict control over access to poultry houses. Keep equipment cleaned and disinfected before taking it into poultry houses. Do not keep bird feeders or create duck ponds close to poultry barns as they attract wild birds. Maintain high sanitation standards.

Disinfect the poultry house with sodium acid sulphate, calcium hypochlorite, or sodium hypochlorite with gloves, a carbon-filter mask and goggles.

Use pharmaceutical antibiotics (note that none of these are considered to be pesticides; they are veterinary antibiotics, not regulated by 22 CFR 216.3).



External parasites: lice, mites, chiggers, ticks

Ensure that new birds coming into a flock are free of lice and mites. Eliminate wild birds from poultry house. Depopulate the fowl house and use a month of down time between broods. Repair any holes in the roof or sides of the house that birds might use as entry points. Prevent feed spills and do not feed chickens outside the poultry house. Remove wild birds nesting materials in or on poultry house. Artificial snakes and owls can be placed in or around the poultry house to discourage wild bird

entry. Provide a container of sand where the birds can dust themselves.

Treat the poultry house in-between broods with synthetic pyrethroids deltamethrin (DELTAGRI 2,5% EC) or lambda-cyhalothrin (PULSAR 5 EC or TIANLITHRIN 5% EC).

Tagetes African Marigold oil extract.

Dusts containing malathion (NOVACAP or CALLIMAL 50 EC) can be used.

In addition to the sand, a powdered insecticide such as carbaryl (SEVIN 85 S) can be mixed in the container, and birds dust themselves.

Livestock/dairy: Dairy/Meat Cattle/Zebu, Goats, Sheep

Tuberculosis, TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis (very significant)

Eliminate cattle with TB and do not consume the meat or milk. Use the vaccine that is commercially available. Practice good sanitation and biosecurity.

Treatment is near impossible, expensive and not



recommended. Rift Valley Fever (RVF) virus

(very significant) Surveillance to monitor for RVF infection and immediate notification upon detection is

essential elements for the prevention and control of RVF. Control the vector (mosquito) population through spraying and management of mosquito

breeding grounds has also been an effective mechanism. Systems used to monitor variations in climatic conditions can provide advance warning of

impending conditions that favor mosquitoes. Vaccination can be used for prevention of RVF in animals in areas where the disease is

endemic.

Control RVF vector mosquito larvae with spinosad.

Livestock/dairy disease vector ticks (very significant): Blue Tick (Boophilus

decoloratus, Boophilus microplus) that is a vector of rickettsial agent Anaplasma marginale, that causes Anaplasmosis Disease (AD), as well as Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis, that cause Babesiosis Disease (BD).

Brown Ear Tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) and other ticks transmit protozoans Theileria annulata causing Theileriosis Disease (TD), and Theileria parva parva and Theileria parva lawrencii that cause East Coast Fever Complex (ECF)

Multicolored Three-Host Hard Tick, (Amblyomma species), that are vectors of Cowdria ruminantium, the rickettsial

Use tick resistant cattle breeds. Vaccinate against these diseases. Use clean syringes if blood entry or transfer occurs. Check animals routinely for ticks and remove ticks by hand. Some local aromatic shrubs provide extracts that can be used as tick repellents. Brush removal and mowing the vegetation next to wooded areas. Rotate livestock/dairy away from the pastures that are heavily infested with ticks. Sanitation: Where animals are concentrated in night corrals, clean up and remove all weeds and

animal waste.

Most of these ticks are resistant to organphosphate acaricides/insecticides in East Africa. The best course of prevention is the use of vaccinations of cattle against these tick-borne diseases.

To kill ticks treat cattle with pour-on acaricides containing permethrin every 21 days.



agent that causes Heartwater Disease (HD)

Heartwater, La Cowdriose,

Rickettsia, Ehrlichia ruminantium (formerly Cowdria ruminantium) vectored by Amblyomma ticks

As E. ruminantium cannot survive outside a living host for more than a few hours at room temperature, heartwater is usually introduced into free areas by infected animals, including subclinical carriers, or by ticks.

Susceptible ruminants from endemic regions should be tested before importation. All animals that may carry Amblyomma ticks, including non-ruminant species, and must be

inspected for ticks before entry. Ticks may be carried into a country on illegally imported animals or migrating birds. Outbreaks are usually controlled with quarantines, euthanasia of infected animals and tick

control. During an outbreak, ticks should not be allowed to feed on infected animals. In endemic regions, heartwater can be prevented by tick control and vaccination.

Kill ticks by treatment of livestock/dairy with acaricides containing amitraz.

Mange mites (Demodex and Sarcoptes species) (very significant)

Don’t over-crowd animals. Provide animals with sufficient space, so they are not in close contact with each other.

Use indigenous knowledge and saltpan dips and washes to reduce mites. Use indigenous plant extracts to reduce mites.

Tagetes African Marigold oil extract

Use of miticides is rarely justified. However if desired, pour-on formulations containing permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin (PULSAR 5 EC or TIANLITHRIN 5% EC), pyrethrin or spray-on amitraz used against ticks and flies will reduce mite populations.



Biting flies/Tabanids, Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), Face flies (Musca autumnalis) (very significant)

Eliminate development sites such as decomposing vegetation. Sanitation: Clean up and remove all fresh animal manure and manure pats. If compost piles of manure are maintained for horticultural use, put fresh grass clippings into

them and turn them regularly to disrupt face fly breeding. Use indigenous plant extracts to repel flies.

Chemical control is not usually cost-effective.

Can spray inside of barn with lambda-cyhalothrin.

Use DDVP-treated strips in barns.

Sheep Trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) congolense, T. vivax (very significant)

Put out fly traps Cattle passing through fly vector belts can often be protected by chemotherapeutic means. Animals returning from the dry-season grazing areas infested with fly and fly-free wet-season

grazing zones often perform better when they are treated against possible trypanosome infection.

Treat animals with permethrin or lambda-cyhalothrin pour-on or spray-on solution to repel and kill fly vectors.

Mastitis bacteria (Streptococcus and Staphilococcus species) (very significant)

Maintain clean technique when milking. Clean milking equipment daily.

Treat animal teats with a dilute solution of chlorine or iodine, and lanoline.

Blue tongue virus, BTV, transmitted by biting midges

Some vaccines may become available. Prevention is effected via quarantine, and control of the midge vector.

Control midge vector with deltamethrin (DELTAGRI 2,5% EC) sprayed on walls of barn.

Use DDVP-treated strips in barns.

There is no efficient treatment of the disease.

Sheep Foot Rot, SFR, Le piétin, Bacteroides nodosus (formerly Fusiformis

Never buy sheep with foot rot or from a flock infected with foot rot, even if the animal(s) appear unaffected.

Avoid using facilities (trails, corrals, dipping areas) where infected sheep may have been in

Copper sulfate (BOUILLIE BORDELAISE



nodosus), Fusobacterium necrophorum

the last two weeks. Never transport sheep in a vehicle that has not been properly cleaned and disinfected. Trim and treat the feet of all new arrivals, then re-examine them periodically during the 30-day

isolation period.

DISPERSS) control the bacteria.

Anthrax, Clostridium chauvei Use of vaccines is the most effective preventive tool for reducing the chance of livestock/dairy infections.

Use clean syringes if blood entry or transfer occurs. Check animals routinely for ticks and remove ticks by hand. Some local aromatic shrubs provide extracts that can be used as tick repellents. Brush removal and mowing the vegetation next to wooded areas. Rotate livestock/dairy away from the pastures that are heavily infested with ticks. Sanitation: Where animals are concentrated in night corrals, clean up and remove all weeds and

animal waste.


Parasitosis: Internal parasites/Helminths, Cysticercosis tapeworms/Cestodes, Facsiolosis flukes/Trematodes; Coenurus ovis; Taenia multiceps, (very significant)

Breed local livestock/dairy with known resistant breeds. Controlling the density of livestock/dairy (stocking rate). Overstocking forces the animals to

graze closer to faecal material and closer to the ground, and may result in the consumption of a higher number of infective larvae.

Periodic deworming. Strategic deworming when conditions are most favourable for larval development on the

pasture. Separating age groups in the more intensive production systems. Reducing the effects of gastro-intestinal parasites by assuring an adequate plane of nutrition.

Control programmers should reduce the effect of parasites to sub-economic levels. Using grazing management to minimize the uptake of infective larvae and to create safe

pastures.

The repeated use of natural diatomaceous earth is a useful anti-helminth.

Internal antiparsitics like those containing ivermectin are not considered to be pesticides; however they are routinely available and used.

External parasites: Ticks, Biting Flies, Mites

Ticks: (Rhipicephalus pulchellus, Boophilus decoloratus, Hyalomma

Ticks: If available, tick resistant cattle breeds exist and may be used. Use clean syringes if blood entry or transfer occurs. Check animals routinely for ticks and remove ticks by hand. Some local aromatic shrubs provide extracts that can be used as tick repellents. Brush removal and mowing the vegetation next to wooded areas.

Ticks: Preventive

vaccination of cattle against tick-borne diseases.

Use formulations



marginatum rufipes, Amblyomma variegatum)Biting Flies: Horseflies (Tabanids) that

draw blood and worry livestock/dairy

Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), some of which transmit trypanosomes to livestock/dairy

Mites : Mange mites (Demodex and

Sarcoptes species)

Rotate livestock/dairy away from the pastures that are heavily infested with ticks. Sanitation: Where animals are concentrated in night corrals, clean up and remove all weeds and

animal waste.Biting Flies: Eliminate development sites such as decomposing vegetation. Sanitation: Clean up and remove all fresh animal manure and manure pats. If compost piles of manure are maintained for horticultural use, put fresh grass clippings into

them and turn them regularly to disrupt fly breeding. Use indigenous plant extracts to repel flies.Mites: Don’t over-crowd animals. Provide animals with sufficient space, so they are not in close

contact with each other. Use indigenous knowledge and saltpan dips and washes to reduce mites. Use indigenous plant extracts to reduce mites.

of insecticides containing permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin or spray-on formulations containing amitraz every 21 days.

Biting Flies: Chemical control

is not usually cost-effective, as animals would need to be treated every other day with a pyrethroid pesticide.

Mites Tagetes African

Marigold oil extract

Use of miticides is rarely justified. However if desired, pour-on formulations containing permethrin or spray-on amitraz used against ticks and flies will reduce mite populations.



Ringworm fungus in Sheep, Goats, Trichophyton verrucosum

Management of outbreaks of ringworm depends on prompt recognition of the clinical signs. Isolation of affected animals and treatment of troughs and barriers with a suitable disinfectant. Precautions are required at shearing to avoid spread of infection from lesions on the face to the

body of sheep.

Topical treatment with fungicides is difficult.

Livestock/dairy: Pigs

African swine fever (ASF) virus, tick transmitted, (very important, great damage to livestock)

Classical swine fever (CSF) virus (very important, great damage to livestock)

No vaccine is available. Prevention in countries free of the disease depends on stringent import policies, ensuring that

neither infected live pigs nor pork products are introduced into areas free of ASF and CSF. This includes ensuring proper disposal of waste food from aircraft, ships or vehicles coming from infected countries.

Control of the soft tick vectors is important in preventing the disease. All successful eradication programs have involved the rapid diagnosis, slaughter and disposal

of all animals on infected premises, thorough cleaning and disinfection, disinsectisation, movement controls and surveillance.

It is recommended not to house pigs in infested buildings, to isolate the pigsties and even destroy and rebuild these in another location.

There is no published treatment or vaccine for ASF.

Elimination of Ornithodorus ticks from old pigsties is a complex challenge, because of tick longevity and endurance. Ticks can resist for long periods without feeding, hidden in cracks that are not reached by acaricides.

Acaricide use may not be economical.

Teschen disease porcine enterovirus (very important, great damage to pigs)

Live attenuated vaccine can be used for control in areas with severe endemic disease. Restrict importation of pigs and pork products. Suspected disease should be reported to regulatory authorities. In herds with endemic mild clinical disease, introduction of new breeding stock one month

before breeding should enhance passive immunity in offspring.

There is no treatment.



Livestock/dairy: Rabbits


Livestock/dairy: Honey Bees

Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) (very significant hive loss in case of proliferation)

Use honeybees that are more tolerant of mites, such as the “Russian strain”. Choose strains that have higher hygienic behavior, Varroa sensitive hygiene (VHS).

Sample beehives to estimate the degree of infestation. Screen the bottom boards of the hive. Use special combs for drone brood that attract mites, and then remove the comb, drones and

mites.

Use inert dusts like kaolin clay or diatomaceous earth that cause mites to release from their hosts.

Use a Varroa gate impregnated with a miticide named Apilife VAR (natural essential oils), thymol or biopesticide named Sucrocide (sucrose octanoate).

European Foulbrood (Melissococcus plutonius) (very significant)

Beehives with foul brood should be burned to kill spores that can last up to 40 years in the environment and hive.

Dip beehive parts in sodium hypochlorite to kill bacteria and spores. Maintain bee nutrition so they are stronger and more resistant.

No available products are recommended for foul brood control. (Do not use products containing chloramphenicol)



Export Cash Crops: Vanilla

Flower-feeding beetles and weevils (significant)

Do regular surveillance and pest removal. No insecticides are recommended.

Shoot, flower, bud, immature bean chewers, caterpillars, snails/slugs (very significant, if unattended/uncontrolled)

Do regular surveillance and pest removal. No insecticides or molluscicides are recommended.

If needed a molluscicide containing metaldehyde (LIMOXYL) could be used.

Growing tip chewers, grasshoppers signifitif

Do regular surveillance and pest removal. No insecticides are recommended.

Viruses: Mosaic virus, leaf curl virus, and Cymbidium Mosaic Potex Virus, transmitted by aphids (very significant)

Use disease-free propagation material. Crops should be kept free of weeds that are hosts to aphids. Take care when pruning vines and/or training the vines around their support trees. The sap may

contain viruses. Hands should be frequently washed with soap and water, and pruning tools and knives should be surface sterilised in bleach, or placed in boiling water for 5 minutes.

Remove plants at the first sign of symptoms of any of these viruses. Take the plants out of the plantation and burn or bury them.

Take cuttings from healthy, fast growing plants. Never use cuttings from diseased plants, even if part of the plant looks healthy. It is best to take

cuttings only from plantations that have never shown signs of the diseases.

No insecticides are recommended, because aphids can begin to feed quickly before spraying can occur.

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum species (very significant)

Use disease-free propagation material. Provide plants with adequate fertilization. Avoid excess Prune out and destroy infected plant parts.

Application of a fungicide with copper compounds or copper oxychloride (FONGIVERT 50



WP).

Black rot, Phytophthora species (very significant)

Use disease-free propagation material.Plant vanilla using recommended spacing. Control weeds around plants; remove infected parts of plants and destroy by burning.

Application of a fungicide with copper compounds or copper oxychloride (FONGIVERT 50 WP).

Root and stem rots, Fusarium batatatis (very significant)

Use disease-free propagation material. Plant vanilla varieties that are tolerant of resistant to the disease. Plant vanilla in well-draining soils. Avoid overcrowding the plants. Prune out infected plant parts.


Rust, Uromyces joffrini

Removal of some leaves from the plants above allows better penetration of sunlight and movement of air.


Export Cash Crops: Ginger

Bacterial soft rot, Erwinia species (significant)

Solarizing the soil can help to reduce the incidence of the disease. Provide proper soil drainage.

Treating seed with copper compounds prior to planting.

Bacterial wilt and Eye rot, Pseudomonas solanacearum

Plant only pathogen-free seed. Rotation: Plant ginger in well draining soils where ginger had not previously been grown.

Drench soil with copper oxychloride



(significant) Plant ginger on hills to aid with soil drainage and promote air flow around the rhizome. Rotate ginger with non-hosts of bacterial wilt.

(FONGIVERT 50 WP).

Rhizome fungal rots, Fusarium species, Pythium species, Rosellinia species (significant)

Keep fields weed free. Do not grow ginger for more than one year in same area. Plant ginger in well-draining soils or on hills created by tilling. Do not plant any seed pieces which show symptoms of disease Seed pieces can be treated with hot water (50°C/122°F for 10 min) or appropriate fungicides

prior to planting. Destroy all crop debris after harvest.

Treating with copper compounds.

Nematodes: Root-knot, Meloidogyne species, Pratylenchus species (significant)

Hot water treatment (51OC for 10 min) followed by seed treatment. Plant resistant varieties if nematodes are known to be present in the soil. Check roots of plants early- to mid-season if symptoms indicate nematodes. Solarizing soil can reduce nematode populations in the soil. Soil application of mustard oil cake at the rate of 40 kg/ha before sowing in furrows can check

the nematode problem.

Following hot water treatment treat seed with copper compounds (1%).

Export Cash Crops: Turmeric


Export Cash Crops: Litchi

Erinose mite (Eriophyes litchi) (significant)

Several predatory mites control the Erinose mite, if they are not killed by miticide. Prune and destroy infested material. Ensure that nursery plantings are mite-free.

Dip propagation cuttings in a miticide Tagetes African Marigold oil extract.



Export Cash Crops: Cinnamon

Leafminers, Acrocercops species, Phyllocnistis chrysophthalma (significant)

Natural predators, parasites and parasitoids can—if they are not eradicated by over-spraying with broad-spectrum insecticides—eventually help control pest populations.

Foliar insecticides may not be economical.

Shothole borers (Xylosandrus species) (significant)

Prune and destroy infested material. Maintain sufficient plant nutrition. Thin out branches to increase light and air flow.

Applications of insecticides are not generally economical once borers are inside the tree.

Leaf spot and dieback Fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (significant)

Infected branches should be pruned out. Applications of 1% copper compounds can help to control the disease.

Anthracnosis, Glomerella cingulata (significant)

Infected branches should be pruned out. Applications of 1% copper compounds can help to control the disease.

Rust (Aecidium cinnamomi) (significant)

Thin out branches to increase light and air flow. Fungicides are not recommended.

Export Cash Crops: Black Pepper

Root rot (Foot rot), Phytophthora capsici (significant)

Avoid uneccessary tilling of soil conducive to spreading the pathogen Grow a cover crop of grass to prevent water splash on the plants and thus the spread of the

fungi. Amend the soil with neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) cake to suppress the

Phytophthora and provide nutrients to the vines. Efforts are underway to develop resistant verieties.

Systemic fungicides such as metalaxyl (PROMEMA 72 WP) and fosetyl-aluminum (FOSTONIC 80



WP) can give some measure of control.

Nematodes: Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis), Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne species), Spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus species), Ring and Dagger nematodes (significant)

Use nematode resistant varieties. Use of nematode-free, certified planting material and phytosanitation. Uprooting and destruction of diseased vines along with root mass and replanting after 9-12

months have to be undertaken in nematode infested plantations. Denematization of nursery mixture either through solarization or fumigation with chemicals is

highly effective in reducing the nematode load for production of healthy rooted cuttings. Fortify the potting mixture with biological control agents such as those found in compost, after

sterilization. Mulch plant basins with Guatemala grass (Imperata cylindrica or Gliricidia leaves.

Nematicides are too toxic and not recommended.

Anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides (significant)

Removal of fallen leaves. Pruning to promote ventilation.

1% copper compounds can be applied during monsoon season.

Metalaxyl (PROMEMA 72 WP), mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP) and fosetyl-aluminum (FOSTONIC 80 WP) are also effective.

Charcoal rot, Macrophomina

phaseolina (significant) Organic soil amendments such as the addition of manure or neemcake can be used to reduce

levels of inocuum in the soil.

For seed treatment, use synthetic pesticides containing thiram (CALTIR PM).

Pepper lace bug, Diconocoris hewetti (significant)

Hand pick small populations from plants and destroy.

Chemical controls can include carbaryl (SEVIN 85 S) 0.2%.



Striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (significant)

At the beginning of a local outbreak severely infested branches should be cut and burned immediately.

Insects may be dislodged by spraying a strong jet of water on the plants.

Several applications of insecticides containing malathion (NOVACAP or CALLIMAL 50 EC) or dimethoate (CALLIDIM 40 EC or KROGOR) may be required to control heavy infestations.

Export Cash Crops: Cloves

Stem borer, Sahyadrassus malabaricus (significant)

Inspect the base of clove trees regularly for symptoms of pest infestation. Keep the basins of clove trees free of weeds.

Swab the basal region of the main stem of young clove trees with carbaryl (SEVIN 85 S) paste.

Export Cash Crops: Coffee

Weeds affecting seedling growth, (significant, if no weeding is done)

Chop weeds with machete, or cut with mower. Do crop and plant monitoring to quickly locate and deal with weeds. At end of the harvest, manual removal of weeds two times a year: first weed control a month

before the harvest and the second four months after the first pruning. Apply organic mulches that smother weeds and augment the soil texture.

Can use herbicides containing 2 4 D (ester form), ametryne (AMETREX 50 SC or AMETREX 50 SC), or



glyphosate (ROUND UP BIOSEC) (but this may lead to excessive loss of topsoil and landslides during heavy rain storms).

Coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix (very significant)

Increase shade of coffee plants (plant trees) to increase biodiversity, which leads to the growth of Verticillium/Lecanicillium lecanii “white halo” fungus and other species that attack and control rust.

Use certified varietal and disease-free planting material. Do crop and plant monitoring to quickly locate and deal with disease symptoms. Plant new certified varieties (like Catimor, Sarchimor) with resistance to coffee leaf rust. Do hand weeding/chopping of weeds, especially in new young plantings. Do proper pruning of coffee plants to reduce woody growth and strengthen the overall plant. Cut or renovate old (plants older than 30 years) plantations with new and/or resistant seedlings. Manage soil and plant fertility for coffee by use of soil and leaf analyses to determine macro

and micronutrient requirements, and fertilize accordingly. Use organic mulching to cover soil and help decompose dropped leaves. Control abandoned coffee farms that serve as a source of rust inoculum for all plantations

around them.

Do preventive chemical control using copper-containing fungicides like copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride (FONGIVERT 50 WP) or copper sulfate (BOUILLIE BORDELAISE DISPERSS).

Do preventive chemical control using fungicides containing mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP).

Do curative chemical control using fungicides containing any of the following active ingredients: azoxystrobin



(ORTIVA 250 SC), myclobutanil (SYSTHANE 240 EC), propiconazole (TOPIZOLE 250 EC or TILT 250 EC.

Coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, aka Hypothenemus coffeae, Xyleborus coffeivorus, and Xyleborus cofeicola (very significant)

Use homemade pheromone & alcohol traps, and remove 130 days after blooming (http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/site/CBBTrap.aspx).

Prune, de-sucker and manage canopy to aerate and expose to sun. Pick berries at least fortnightly during fruiting peaks and at least monthly during other times. Do crop and plant monitoring to quickly locate and deal with insect infestation. Sanitation – make sure there are no unpicked infested beans left on the trees or laying on the

ground. Burn, burry 18 inches deep, or boil & compost infested cherry. Use of hyperparasitic wasps, if made available, affordable and practical (especially on organic

farms). Use coffee berry bags made from synthetic fiber instead of the burlap. Tie bags shut at harvest

to avoid the escape and dispersal of CBB. Carry bags to the wet mill as soon as possible. Set up baited traps in the wet mill area and at the end of the drying deck. Put mesh over wet mill drainage to capture CBB adults emerging from the fruits. Cover open ends of drying decks with permanent plastic roofs with fine mesh or sticky

material to prevent the escape of CBBs. Control abandoned coffee farms that serve as a source of CBB infestation for all plantations

around them.

Can use sprays of imidacloprid after flowering and pollination are finished.

Coffee berry disease, Colletotrichum kahawae/coffeanum (very significant)

Plant certified disease-free seedlings of resistant varieties where coffee berry disease is endemic.

Do proper pruning of coffee bushes to open the canopy to air movement and light, which reduce disease incidence.

Make and use compost to add organic matter to the soil. Do crop and plant monitoring to quickly locate and deal with disease symptoms. Do weeding by chopping or mower. Do proper fertilization to maintain plant vigor. Prune coffee trees after harvest. Sanitation: Strip off diseased berries and leaves. Remove old stems and thin out branches.

Natural oils, like neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) seed and mineral may provide some preventive control.

Spray natural compounds containing copper



Sanitation: pull out and destroy plants that are consistently heavily infected. Regularly clean farm tools and pruning shears between plants and plantations.

and/or sulfur/lime sulfur and sodium bicarbonates.

If it becomes commercially available and affordable, sprays of the bacterial biological control agent Pseudomonas fluorescens may be used.

Can use fungicides containing azoxystrobin (ORTIVA 250 SC), propiconazole (TOPIZOLE 250 EC or TILT 250 EC), thiram (CALTIR PM).

Coffee Stem Boring Beetles,

Black borer (Apate monachus), Twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus), White Stem Borer (Monochamus leuconotus) (significant)

Increase shade of coffee plants (plant trees), which leads to less stem borer damage than plants grown in full sun.

Do continuous monitoring to find infested stems. Find entry holes and push a flexible wire into them to kill the larvae. Pruning: cut off and destroy (burn) infested stems and heavily infested plants. Use a cross-vane style pheromone traps for female beetles

(http://www.indiacoffee.org/Planter/WSM-Eng.pdf; http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/FactsheetAdmin/Images/Uploads/PDFs/20147801455.pdf).

Do not plant trees with twisted taproots. These deformed roots result in weak trees that have been shown to have a high incidence of stem borer infestation.

Biological control is not known at this time (FAO).

No effective chemical controls are known (FAO).


http://www.indiacoffee.org/Planter/WSM-Eng.pdf


Coffee mealy bugs (exude honeydew onto leaves and twigs; black sooty mold then grows on this honeydew exudate, blocking photosynthesis), Citrus mealy bug (Planococcus citri), Coffee mealy bug (Planococcus lilacinus), Passionvine mealy bug (Planococcus minor), Striped mealy bug (Ferrisia virgata) (significant)

Exude honeydew onto leaves and twigs; black sooty mold then grows on this honeydew exudate, blocking photosynthesis

Mealy bugs are tended and protected by ants. Try to manage or control ants in the plantation. Do crop and plant monitoring to quickly locate and deal with insect infestation. Do pruning to open canopy to light, predators and parasites. There are a number of natural predators of coffee mealy bugs such as wasps, ladybugs and

fungi. In many instances, these will reduce the level of mealy bug infestation. Rely upon these natural enemies.

Use care with nitrogen-containing fertilizers that can spur new vegetative growth favorable to mealy bugs.

If available, can use natural potassium salts of fatty acids (insecticidal soaps).

Spray infested stems with an insecticide containing malathion (NOVACAP or CALLIMAL 50 EC).

Can try insecticides containing granular formulations of thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG) or imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS).

Control ants with propoxur treated baits.

Coffee Collar Rot, Phytophthora species (very significant)

Do frequent crop monitoring for disease symptoms. Make and use compost to add organic matter to the soil. Do proper fertilization to maintain plant vigor. Do weeding by chopping or mower. Regularly clean farm tools and pruning shears between plants and plantations. Do proper pruning of coffee bushes to open the canopy to air movement and light, which

reduce disease incidence. Sanitation: pull out and destroy plants that are consistently heavily infected.

Can use fosetyl-aluminum.



Export Cash Crops: Cocoa

Rats (very significant)

Maintain adequate shade. Regularly collect mature fruit pods before rats can attack them. Boil some coconut pieces with high salt quantities (3 lbs per coco) and place in every 10 linear

meters near the trees.

Can use rodenticides in bait boxes containing brodifacoum (RODEX PELLETS), chlorophacinon, or difethialone (BARAKI).

Use bait boxes with blocks of rodenticides containing bromodiolone, difenacoum, or diphacinone.

Cocoa Pod Borer (CPB), Cocoa Moth, Conopomorpha cramerella (significant)

Open pods and immediately destroy (burn, burry) husks. Insecticides are not economical.

Mirid bugs, Helopeltis species (significant)

Cocoa Mirid (Sahlbergella singularis)

Cocoa Capsid (Distantiella thoebroma)

Use new improved varieties. Maintain adequate shade using fruit and banana plants and allow cacao to be well aerated with

some sun. Sanitation: Remove and regularly destroy chupons (suckers growing from the base of the tree).

Insecticides must be timed correctly (usually early in the season).

Use spot applications only where mirids and capsids are present, not the entire



orchard. Can use

insecticides containing imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS).

Vascular-streak dieback

(VSD), Oncobasidium theobromae (significant)

Use resistant varieties. Use disease-free budwood cuttings. Monthly inspection and pruning of infected stems.

Can use fungicides containing copper or mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP).

Horticulture/Fruit Trees: Avocado

Thrips (Thrips species) (significant)

Pruning trees to open up canopy. Do weed control in and around orchard.

Natural extracts of neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM), garlic, and insecticidal soaps are alternatives to other insecticides.

Use synthetic insecticide containing abamectin, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, or spinosad (LASER 480 SC)

Mites (various species) Pruning trees to open up canopy. Tagetes African



(significant)

Do weed control in and around orchard. Sanitation: Cleaning up and destroying remains from previous crop.

Marigold oil extract

Can use miticides containing abamectin.

Cercospora (Cercospora purpura) (very significant)

Plant tolerant or resistant varieties and varieties that mature early. Pruning trees to open up canopy. When planting, maintain optiumum space between trees (7 x 7 meters). Make sure that soil drains well.

Can use fungicides containing elemental copper, copper sulfate (BOUILLIE BORDELAISE DISPERSS), or mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP).

Anthracnosis (Colletotrichum gleosporioides) (very significant)

Plant tolerant or resistant varieties and varieties that mature early. Pruning trees to open up canopy. When planting, maintain optiumum space between trees (7 x 7 meters). Make sure that soil drains well. Prune and harvest only during dry conditions and minimize fruit contamination and injury.

Can use fungicides containing copper sulfate (BOUILLIE BORDELAISE DISPERSS) or mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP).

Phytophthora wilt (Phytophthora cinnamoni) (very significant)

Plant tolerant or resistant varieties and varieties that mature early. Prune trees to open up canopy to air and sunlight. Make sure that soils are well-drained.

Can use fungicides containing fosetyl aluminum + mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP) or metalaxyl (PROMEMA 72 WP).

Avocado scab (Sphaceloma persea) (very significant)

Pruning and thin trees to open up canopy. When planting, maintain optiumum space between trees (7 x 7 meters).

Can use fungicides containing copper



Make sure that soil drains well.

sulfate (BOUILLIE BORDELAISE DISPERSS) or mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP) immediately applied on the scabs or wounds.15

Powdery mildew (Oídium species) (very significant)

Pruning and thin trees to open up canopy. When planting, maintain optiumum space between trees (7 x 7 meters). Make sure that soil drains well.

Can use fungicides containing copper sulfate (BOUILLIE BORDELAISE DISPERSS) or mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP).

Horticulture/Fruit Trees : Citrus, Mango

Scales, Capnodium oleaginum, and saprophytic fungi Fumago salicina that grow on scale honeydew, blocking sunlight


Many predators and parasites control scales, including beetles, bugs, green lacewings and predatory mites.

Monitor for presence of scales and in the summer, crawlers. Provide plants with good growing conditions and especially appropriate irrigation. Prune branches to open them up to light, sun and predators. Sanitation: Prune off and destroy heavily infested branches.

Use natural dormant or summer paraffin oil and insecticidal soap to kill crawlers (larval stage).

Control ants with

15 Based on an analysis from a different technical perspective, it should be noted that when scabs or wounds appear, it maybe too late to treat. Treatments should be applied near the end of the main bloom period, and once or twice after that. Generally, fruits become resistant once they reach about half size.



Manage ants that tend the scales by placing tanglefoot around the tree trunk.

propoxur treated baits.

Vegetables / Maraîchage : Alliums: Onion, Leeks, Garlic

Thrips (Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella occidentalis) (very significant)

Biological controls with beneficial organisms include pink lady beetles, green lacewing larvae, minute pirate bugs, predatory mites and ladybugs.

Crop rotation: Alternating crops with bean, corn or other crop. Blue sticky traps for monitoring. Good irrigation, drainage and fertilization. Use a thrips-resistant cultivar such as Grano or Sweet Spanish. Grow onions during the rainy season and use overhead irrigation.

Natural extracts of neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM), garlic, and insecticidal soaps are alternatives to other insecticides.

Use synthetic insecticide containing abamectin, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, or spinosad (LASER 480 SC)

Onion fly (Delia antique) (very significant)

Control soil moisture. Floating row covers exclude onion fly. During the growing season, minimize damage to bulbs caused by insects and diseases. Provide for quick drying following topping, especially if temperatures are high. Rotate 3 to 4 years out of onions, garlic, and leeks. Control other soil insects and foliage diseases that cause wounds entered by onion fly larvae. Harvest only after onion tops are well matured, cure onions properly before storage and store

onions at cool temperatures since infection is favored by warm conditions. Sanitation: Clean up all cull and volunteer onions out of fields before planting. Use fall plowing to destroy pupae.

Use synthetic pesticides containing malathion (NOVACAP or CALLIMAL 50 EC), if needed.

Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor) (significant)

Plastic mulch covering to avoid plant contact with soil and minimize weeds that enhance microclimate conditions favorable to disease dispersion.

Bulb dipping with a synthetic



Heat treatment of bulbs at 35 to 40 °C for 4 to 8h reduces the disease significantly. Eliminate crop residues, plant during dry season, avoid irrigation during heat of the day. Use crop rotation. Use certified seed and good drainage.

fungicide containing metalaxyl (PROMEMA 72 WP).

Use synthetic pesticide as soil drench and spray applications containing of chlorothalonil (SINOCOLOR 50 SC), , metalaxyl (PROMEMA 72 WP) + mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP) followed by copper oxychloride (FONGIVERT 50 WP).

White rot (Sclerotium cepivorum) (significant)

Use sanitation—removal of infected seed bulbs. Plant only disease-free bulbs. Do not move cull bulbs, soil and litter from infested to non-infested fields. Always clean equipment before moving from one field to another. Use crop rotation away from Allium crops for a few seasons. Onion seed is not likely to carry sclerotia, but transplants and sets can. On garlic, the disease is commonly introduced into the field on seed cloves; dip seed garlic in

46-49 degrees C hot water (but not 50 degrees or more which will kill garlic). Manage irrigation closely, and stop if disease is spreading fast.

No synthetic pesticides are recommended.

Weeds (very significant if unattended or not weeded)

Use the most weed-free field possible. To avoid buildup of weed seed in the soil, cultivate weeds before they set seed in rotation

crops. Clean cultivate the field or plant a green manure crop to limit weed infestations after onion

At pre-plant, use synthetic herbicide containing glyphosate



harvest. Irrigate the field before planting to germinate weed seeds and afterwards cultivate the soil

killing the weeds. After pre-irrigation, cultivate shallow so that weed seed is not brought up from deeper soil

layers. Maintaining deep furrows keeps the bed tops from becoming overly wet while maintaining adequate soil moisture for the crop (by keeping the bed tops drier, fewer weeds are likely to germinate in the soil surface).

To avoid excessive competition with the onions and to make removal easier, cultivate when weeds are small. Hand weeding is a very efficient method for weed control.

Use soil solarization.

(ROUND UP BIOSEC).

At post-plant before weeds and crop emerge, use a synthetic herbicide containing pendimethalin (FIST 50 EC).

Vegetables / Maraîchage : Cucurbits: Cucumber, Squashes, Zucchini, Pumpkins, Melons

Weeds (very significant if unattended, or unweeded)

Cultivate weeds under before they set seed in rotation crops. Pre-irrigate before planting crop and cultivate or spray weeds that emerge. Plant or transplant cucurbits into uniform beds and use a precision planting system that puts

crop in straight line that will allow cultivation close to the seed line. Use mulches to smother weeds near plants.

Before planting, treatment with synthetic herbicides containing glyphosate (ROUND UP BIOSEC).

Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Aleurotrachelus trachoides)

Mealybugs, Planococcus species

Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids (Encarsia species), lady beetles and minute pirate bugs.

Monitoring crops and establishment of a pesticide program after finding one white fly per 10 plants, spraying may be used.

Yellow sticky traps may be used to monitor and reduce populations but cannot prevent the spread.

If the infestation is heavy, spray natural solutions of local (2%) or commercial insecticidal soap,



neem oil (azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM)) or Beauveria bassiana if it becomes registered.

Treat soil with synthetic systemic insecticides containing imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS) or thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG).

Spray with synthetic insecticides containing acetamiprid (K-TOTAL).

Cucurbit flies: Dacus demmerezi, Dacus ciliatus,

Tomato fly, Neoceratitis cyanescens

Baited (with methyl eugenol) traps can be used to monitor the presence and control the flies. Fruit fly adults feed on honeydew. Reducing black scale populations may reduce a food source

needed during high summer temperatures. Sanitation: Collect and bury all dropped fruits.

The use of sprays/dusts of kaolin clay or diatomaceous earth and baited (GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait) traps are acceptable for use in an organically certified crop.

Can use baits with



spinosad.

Melon ladybird beetle (Henosepilachna elaterii)

Sanitation: Destroy crop residues after season. Do post-season tillage to reduce overwintering sites and beetles.

Use natural neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) extracts.

Thrips (Thrips tabaci) (very significant)

Use crop rotation with with bean, corn or other crop. Disc under flowering weeds before flower (do not disk after crop flowering as thrips will move

to crop). Use blue sticky traps for monitoring. Use good irrigation, drainage and fertilization.

Natural extracts of neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM), garlic or spinosad (LASER 480 SC) can be used.

If needed, spray synthetic insecticides containing thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG), imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS), acetamiprid (K-TOTAL).

Mites (Tetranychus species) (significant)

Natural predators and parasitoids control large proportions of spider mite populations. Apply water to reduce dust on roads in the cucurbit vine plot. Do weed control in and around field. Irrigate in a manner that will avoid plant stress. Overhead watering has been shown to reduce

mite problems, but it can increase some diseases.


Natural extracts of neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM), garlic or spinosad (LASER 480 SC) can be



used. Can use synthetic

insecticides containing spinosad (LASER 480 SC) or abamectin.

Slugs/Snails, Deroceras species; Limax species; Helix species

Provide good soil drainage. Keep weeds under control. Remove leaves and trash from the field when harvesting. Trapping with buried gallon plastic containers containing beer, with 1 trap every 3 meters. Remove boards, stones and things that slugs hide under. Do not use manure and/or mulches in areas of field prone to slug damage.

Use diatomaceous earth, garlic-based repellents, kaolin dust or Baits containing natural element iron phosphate.

Use table or rock salt along perimeters where slugs are numerous and enter the field.

If needed a molluscicide containing metaldehyde (LIMOXYL) could be used.

Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne species)(significant)

Practice crop rotation. Remove and destroy heavily damaged plants. Disinfect cultivation equipment regularly and especially between fields. Apply fire ash near newly planted cucumbers.

No nematocides are recommended.

Cucurbit Angular leaf spot (Pseudomonas lachrymans) (significant)

Use certified pathogen-free seed of a resistant variety. Use Rotate out of cucurbits. Limit the use overhead irrigation.

Use inorganic natural pesticide containing copper



Pick fruit when the vines are dry to prevent spread in the field. Treat when symptoms first appear if the weather is predicted to be cool and rainy.

hydroxide.

Anthracnosis (Colletotrichum lagenarium) (significant)

Use resistant varieties available. Use only certified disease-free clean planting material. Monitor plants continuously and carefully for disease symptoms.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin (ORTIVA 250 SC), mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP).

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium

oxysporum) (significant)

Use resistant varieties available. Clean the greenhouse nursery well between plantings. Use only certified disease-free clean planting material. Do regular monitoring.

No fungicides are recommended for use against Fusarium in cucurbits.

Cucumber Mosaic Virus

(CMV) transmitted by aphids (significant)

Use tolerant or resistant varieties, if available. In case of SMV use certified disease-free seeds. Control aphids that transmit viruses. Use silver reflective mulches to repel aphids. Remove infected plants (disinfect hands and tools with 70% alcohol after contact with infected

plants). Do proper weeding.

Organically accepted insecticides include those containing insecticidal soap, neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM).

Use synthetic pesticides containing acetamiprid (K-TOTAL) (recommended for use during vegetative growth,



not flowering).

Vegetables / Maraîchage : Crucifers and Lettuce: Cabbage, Chinese Cabbage (Pe Tsaî, Bok Choy), Salad

Aphids: Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) and other species (very significant)

Use of “habitat plantings” (flowering perennial plants) that attract aphid parasites and predators.

Carefully manage nitrogen levels so that they are neither too high (which significantly attracts aphids) or too low (which impedes plant growth).

Natural enemies that can be attracted to fields with habitat plantings include aphid and syrphid flies, lacewings, and the predaceous midge, minute pirate bugs, big-eyed bugs, lady beetles, soldier beetles, and parasitic wasps like Diaeretiella rapae.

In some humid areas there are outbreaks of naturally existing fungi that cause epidemics among aphid colonies.

When plants are young and leaf cupping has not yet occurred, high pressure overhead sprinkler irrigation dislodges aphids.

Inter-planting with clover (as a “living mulch”) reduces aphid populations. Use trap crops: Plant mustards or collards on field margins or inter-planted and destroy these

plants once heavily infested.

Organically accepted insecticides include those containing insecticidal soap, neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM).

Use synthetic pesticides containing acetamiprid (K-TOTAL) (recommended for use during vegetative growth, not flowering).

Flea beetles (Systena species and Phyllotreta species) (very significant)

Parasitoids like the Braconid wasp Microcotonus vittage parasitize and kill adult flea beetles. Use living mulches or polycultures. Trap crops: Interplant field and margins with giant mustard or radish and destroy these plants

once heavily infested. Floating mesh or screen row covers such as Reemay can be used to cover seedlings and

provide a barrier to adult beetles. White and yellow sticky traps placed every 15 to 30 feet of row. Sanitation: Clean up and (do not compost weeds that have flowered and set seed) plant debris

from field and around field.

Use repellents containing herbal extracts of garlic, onion, and mint.

Use of organic botanical insecticides such as neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM).

Use of organic



insecticidal soap.

Caterpillar pests: Cabbage Looper (Trichoplusia ni), Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), and imported cabbage worm (Pieris rapae), armyworms, cutworms, cabbage webworms and corn earworms (very significant)

Natural predators, parasites and parasitoids may—if they are not eradicated by over-spraying with broad-spectrum insecticides—eventually provide sufficient control of pest populations.

Caterpillar natural enemies include ground beetles, spiders, damsel bugs, minute pirate bugs, assassin bugs, big-eyed bugs, and lacewing larvae. Parasitic wasps of Trichogramma species, Copidosoma species, Apanteles species, Diadegma, and Hyposoter species sting and parasitize eggs and larvae.

Use of nocturnal overhead sprinkler irrigation to dislodge and repel pests. Use of pheromone misters and emitters to disrupt mating. Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude egg-laying moths.

Use of organic herbal repellents like those extracted from garlic, red chili peppers or neem oil.

Use of organic biopesticides or microbial controls consisting of Bacillus thuringiensis/BT (BATIK WG)/BT, bacterial extracts like spinosad (LASER 480 SC).

Use of organic botanical insecticides like neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) combined with diatomaceous earth.

Use of synthetic pesticides containing indoxacarb (AVAUNT 150 SC or SINOXACARB 15 SC).

Cabbage maggot (Delia Natural predators, parasites and parasitoids can—if they are not eradicated by over-spraying No insecticides are



redicum) which is a fly larva that feeds on feeder roots and the tap root, which subsequently allows entry of diseases like Club root (very significant)

with broad-spectrum insecticides—eventually help control pest populations. Natural predators include ground and rove beetles, spiders, harvestmen (daddy longlegs), and

ants. Use compost and straw mulches to reduce maggot populations by hiding predators and

excluding egg-laying flies. Intercrop with clovers or other legumes to reduce open soil available for egg-laying flies. Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude egg-laying flies. A solution of crushed rhubarb leaves or a vinegar solution sprayed periodically around cole

crop plants may deter and manage the cabbage maggot.

recommended for cabbage maggot control.

Club root (Plasmodiophora brassicae) (very significant)

If soil pH is lower than 7.2, use lime to increase the pH. Use resistant varieties if available. Use crop rotation to non-cole crops for several years. Control brassicaceous weeds near field. Manage drainage so soil does not water-log.


Black leg (Phoma lingam) (very significant)

Clean, certified or hot-water treated seed. Good soil drainage. Rotation with non-brassica type crops. Control of brassica-type weeds. Deep incorporation of cole crop residues. Planting resistant varieties.


Downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) (very significant)

Promoting good drainage. Increasing spacing for better aeration. Controlling brassica-type weeds. Using resistant varieties. Rotating with non-cole crops. Sanitation: After harvest, deep plow or destroy plant debris. Avoid the use of overhead irrigation.

Use of mineral copper for organic production.

Use synthetic pesticide containing chlorothalonil (SINOCOLOR 50 SC), or fosetyl-aluminum (FOSTONIC 80 WP).



Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae and/or Alternaria brassicola) (very significant)

Using clean, certified seed, Rotating with non-host crops, Deeply incorporating plant debris, Avoiding overhead irrigation, Promoting air circulation in the canopy.

Use synthetic pesticide containing chlorothalonil (SINOCOLOR 50 SC).

Weeds (very significant if unattended, or unweeded)

Monitor and identify weed species present. Use fallow practices. Sanitation: To reduce seed production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and

produce seeds. Cultivation equipment and irrigation water must also be kept free of weed seeds and vegetative propagates to avoid spreading weed populations. Cultivate areas around the field such as field edges, fence lines, roadsides, and irrigation ditches regularly to prevent weed seed production. To reduce seed production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and produce seeds.

Preplant plowing, followed by irrigation and one or two discings before bed formation, will destroy many weeds.

Proper bed preparation is important for successful weed cultivation after the crop is planted. Regularly clean farm tools of soil and weed seed. Use green manure, which chokes out weeds. Use intercropping. Hand weeding during their earlier growing period. Do not let the weeds flower (do not

compost weeds that have flowered and set seed, unless training on proper composting has been done).

Hoeing, mowing, and cutting.

During fallow, use synthetic herbicides containing glyphosate (ROUND UP BIOSEC).

Vegetables / Maraîchage : Peas and Green Beans

Aphids, various species (very significant if unattended, or uncontrolled)


Natural enemies include Braconid parasitoids, ground beetles, spiders, rove beetles, ladybird beetles, lacewings, damsel bugs, aphid midges and hoverfly larvae (be sure to assess levels of biological control when evaluating aphid populations. Frequently, parasites and predators

Botanical and homemade water extracts of chili, neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE



prevent aphid infestations from becoming established throughout a field). To monitor aphid populations, examine the undersides of the leaves and the bud areas for

groups or colonies of aphids. Prompt control is necessary as aphids can multiply rapidly. Grow different crops or grow crops in rotation every cropping season. Homemade water traps: Half-fill yellow pan or basin with soapy water. Use yellow sticky board traps placed in field (spread used motor oil on yellow painted plastic,

thick cardboard or wood).

NEEM), soap spray can also be used, but too much soap may injure foliage.

If needed, and registered for use, insecticides containing malathion (NOVACAP or CALLIMAL 50 EC) or dimethoate (CALLIDIM 40 EC or KROGOR) may be applied.

Thrips, various species (very significant if unattended, or uncontrolled)


Important predators of thrips include minute pirate bugs and lacewings. Use bright yellow or blue sticky board traps placed in field. Thrips populations tend to build up on weeds. Cultivating nearby weedy areas before beans

emerge will reduce the potential of a thrips problem when the weeds begin to dry out. Cultivating weedy areas after bean emergence will increase thrips problems.

Sunflower, cosmos, alfalfa, green onions and dill can be used as companion or trap crops that divert thrips from beans.

Keep plants well irrigated. Lack of water increases the susceptibility of plants to thrips damage.

Botanical and homemade extracts of garlic, neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) and soap sprays are effective.

Use synthetic insecticides containing thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG), abamectin, spinosad (LASER 480 SC) or acetamiprid (K-TOTAL).



Spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, T. cinnabarinus, T. evansi (very significant)

Use crop rotation. Spider mites have many natural enemies that often limit populations. Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed plants are most likely to be damaged. Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid

these when possible. Control measures include scouting the fields and removing severely affected plants. Apply water to pathways and other dusty areas at regular intervals. Water-stressed trees and

plants are less tolerant of spider mite damage.


Use an insecticidal soap or oil for management. Oils and soaps must contact mites to kill them so excellent coverage, especially on the undersides of leaves, is essential and repeated applications may be required.

Use of neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM).

Leaf miners, Agromyzid species (very significant)


Weed and crop residues removal after harvest and burn it. Use of plastic silver gray mulch with repellent properties. Use crop rotation.

Spray garlic oil based repellents and mineral oil.

Use imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS), thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG), spinosad (LASER 480 SC), and synthetic pyrethroids like lambda-cyhalothrin.

White fly, Bemisia tabaci, Control weeds around field. If needed, use



Aleyrodes spiraeoides (significant)

Clean up crop residues at end of season. Plant away the other whitefly host plants like cucurbits. Use crop rotation. Use yellow sticky traps.

products containing thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG), imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS).

Caterpillars, Cutworm, Armyworm, Spodoptera species, Agrotis species, (very significant)


Monitor fields regularly. Encourage populations of natural parasites and predators to build. Weed control near and in field.

Use Bacillus thuringiensis/BT (BATIK WG)/BT spray to control.

Anthracnosis (significant) Plant certified seed grown in areas unfavorable for anthracnose. Resistant varieties are available, and should be used if possible. Use furrow rather than sprinkler irrigation because of the importance of water for disease

development. Sanitation: Bean debris in infected fields should be plowed under immediately after harvest. Because the fungus is primarily a pathogen of common bean (but also infects lima bean and

scarlet runner bean) crop rotations of 2 to 3 years are effective.

No fungicides are recommended.

Charcoal rot, Macrophomina phaseoli (significant)

Use crop rotation to non-host plant Use resistant varieties Leach drip-irrigated fields once per year to reduce salinity Avoidance of drought stress throughout the growing season Sanitation, destruction of infected plant tissue before the pathogen reproduces at the end of the

growing season will prevent a buildup of soil inoculum.


Nematodes, various species (very significant)

To make effective management decisions, it is important to know the nematode species present and to estimate their population density in soil.

Use resistant cultivars. Clean soil from equipment with water before moving from infested to noninfested fields. Use soil solarization using black plastic. Rotate out of beans to other crops or to fallow, flax and green manure. Do “biofumigation” of the soil by growing, grinding/macerating and plowing under crucifers,

and covering the soil with plastic, if available, until just before planting bean crops. Rotting

Botanical and homemade water extracts of basil, garlic and neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) seed may be effective



crucifers produce toxic gasses that kill nematodes, and covering with plastic increases efficacy. Use of organic fertilizer particularly composted chicken manure mixed in composts to add

organic matter and soil structure to sandy soils.

controls. Can use artisanal

nematocides containing extracts of African Marigold Tagetes extract.

Vegetables / Maraîchage : Umbellifers: Carrot

Carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonensis) (very significant)

Carrot weevil parasitoids exist and exert significant control. Plant a parsley trap crop to attract and destroy with cultivation. Clean weeds from field and field margins. Use crop rotation to non-Umbellifers. Sanitation: Disc or plow under parsley after first cutting. Baits and traps are available for monitoring carrot weevil.

Seeds can be treated with synthetic insecticides spinosad (LASER 480 SC), thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG), and imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS).

Can use natural insecticide containing diatomaceous earth.

Can use synthetic insecticides containing lambda-cyhalothrin (PULSAR 5 EC or TIANLITHRIN



5% EC). Aphids (several species) (very

significant) Natural predators, parasites and parasitoids can—if they are not eradicated by over-spraying

with broad-spectrum insecticides—eventually help control pest populations. Common predators include green lacewing, lady beetles and larvae, and Syrphid fly larvae.

Aphids are also susceptible to fungal diseases. Use yellow sticky traps to monitor. Keep fields, ditch banks, and fence lines weed-free. Sanitation: Clean weeds from field and field margins. Disc under or compost all crop residues

after harvest. Do not plant next to cotton.

Can use synthetic insecticides containing imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS).

Carrot rust fly (Psila rosea) (very significant)

Monitor with yellow sticky traps. Floating row covers exclude rust fly. Use crop rotation to non-Umbellifers.

Seeds can be treated with synthetic insecticides spinosad (LASER 480 SC), thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG) and imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS).

Can use natural insecticide containing diatomaceous earth.

Can use synthetic insecticides containing lambda-cyhalothrin (PULSAR 5 EC or TIANLITHRIN 5% EC).



Weeds (very significant) Monitor and identify predominant weeds to make a management plan. Avoid planting carrots in fields last planted to cereals or in fields with known infestations of

perennial weeds. To prevent the buildup of weed seed in the soil, cultivate weeds before they set seed in rotation

crops. Soil solarization can be used to control most weeds in carrots. Carrots should be planted in the most weed-free fields. Do not practice close cultivation with machinery or hoe (risk of damage to roots is too high).

Pre-plant, use synthetic herbicides containing glyphosate (ROUND UP BIOSEC).

Post-plant, before crop emerges, use synthetic herbicides containing pendimethalin (FIST 50 EC).

Food Security Crops : Rice, Irrigated and Upland

Rice weeds, grasses, sedges, broadleaves (very significant)

Use an integrated weed management scheme: Perform thorough land preparation (soil tillage, fertilizer, and water management). Narrow row spacing makes the crop more competitive than the weeds, use intercropping. Place the fertilizer in such a way that the crop has access to it but the weeds do not. This allows

the crop to be more competitive with weeds. Keep the surroundings of farm free of weeds, unless they are maintained and intended as

habitats for natural enemies of crop pests. Regularly clean farm tools. Use green manure, which chokes out weeds. Use intercropping. Hand weeding, hoeing and composting (do not compost weeds that have flowered and set). Minimizing weed competition during the early stages of the crop, before it has formed a closed

leaf canopy, is particularly important. In upland rice this critical period is approximately 15-40 days after seeding, while in transplanted rice, the crop can form a canopy more rapidly. Where a crop is exposed to prolonged weed competition during this critical period it is not usually able to recover sufficiently to give a good yield.

Pre-emergence: use an herbicide containing pendimethalin (FIST 50 EC).

Pre-emergence and early post-emergence use bensulfuron-methyl.

Post-emergence, use bispyribac-sodium or propanil.



Stem borers Rice stem borering caterpillars

(Chilo zacconius, Chilo partellus, Maliarpha separatella); Pink borer (Sesamia calamistis) (very significant)

Stem boring fly larvae/maggots, Stalk-eyed shoot fly (Diopsis spp.).

Caterpillars Use resistant and early-maturing varieties. Improved semi-dwarf varieties are generally more

resistant to stem borers than the tall traditional ones. Transplant & grow healthy rice seedlings and plants. Harvest at the very base of the plants, or plow stubble under and flood. Early/synchronized planting & water management.Fly Larvae Use resistant varieties. Remove and dispose of dead-heart plants

Caterpillars Use natural

extracts of neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) and chili peppers.

Fly larvae Farmers can use

insecticides containing pyrethroids like lambda-cyhalothrin (PULSAR 5 EC or TIANLITHRIN 5% EC) or neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM)-based materials.

June and May beetle white grub larvae, Phyllophaga species (significant)

Soil solarization and tillage. Light trapping of adults. Ensure good soil drainage. Inter-planting with alliums (onions, garlic). Do crop rotation with a pulse, mustard or chiocory. Sanitation: Remove crop residues after harvest. Do “biofumigation” of the soil by growing, grinding/macerating and plowing under crucifers,

and covering the soil with plastic until just before planting bean crops. Rotting crucifers produce toxic gasses that kill nematodes, and covering with plastic increases efficacy.

A preventive seed/soil treatment with thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG) or imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS) (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to



risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder).

At least 45 days post-emergence from treated seed, broadcast a spray with thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG) or imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS) (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder).

Locusts, Malagasy locust (Locusta migratoria capito and Red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata) (very significant)

Hand collect in the cool early morning when hoppers are less active. There are very few additional controls for Orthopteran pests like these.

GOM generally provides locust control services.

Rice caseworms, Nymphula depunctalis or Parapoynx stagnalis

Use resistant varieties. Ensure balanced nutrition (avoid excessive nitrogen application). Remove weedy vegetation on the levees in spring near the time of seeding. Many predators control caseworm naturally. Use wider spacing and earlier planting.

Insecticides are not commonly used against caseworm.

Rice blast, Magnaporte (sin. Use resistant varieties Kigori, Yuni and Zongeng, and rotate with moderately tolerant varieties Use application of



Pyricularia grisea) oryzae (very significant)

Intsinzi, Gakire, and Intsindagirabigega. Use of certified clean or non-infested seed. Avoid close planting in nurseries. Do not plant too early or too late. Use water seeding (not drill seeding). Avoid using excess nitrogen. Do destruction of infested residue at season end.

synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin (ORTIVA 250 SC) about 5 to 7 days before heading (late boot stage). Fungicides are especially needed if blast symptoms have been observed in the field and the variety is very susceptible. Fungicides should be applied a second time about two days after 50 percent heading (90 percent head exsertion). In uniform stands, 90 percent heading will occur in 4 to 5 days after the first heads are visible.

Bacterial leaf blight

(Xanthomonas oryza pv. oryza)

Use of resistant and disease-free cultivars. Disinfection of the cutting tools used to make propagation materials. Use of crop rotation.

For control, use copper hydroxide.

Red Fody bird (Foudia madagascariensis) (very

Control bird communal nests and eggs. Rice farmers have found that stringing aluminium or bright coloured plastic strips that move

No avicides are recommended or



significant, especially in the high plateau)

with the wind across the rice fields can act as a deterrent to birds. If this cannot be found others employ young boys with a long rope to patrol the field and snap

the rope as a whip whenever the birds try to settle and eat in an area.

available.

Rodents (various species of rats & mice) (very significant)

Dig out nests. Use mechanical traps and glass jar pit traps.

Use bait boxes with blocks of rodenticides containing bromodiolone, brodifacoum (RODEX PELLETS), difenacoum, or diphacinone.

Food Security Crops : Maize and Sorghum

May and June beetle larvae (C-shaped white grubs) feed on roots, Heteronychus species

Use seed treated with systemic insecticide. Soil solarization and tillage. Light trapping of adults. Ensure good soil drainage. Inter-planting with alliums (onions, garlic). Do crop rotation with a pulse, mustard or chiocory. Sanitation: Remove crop residues after harvest.

Most commercial maize seed is sold with a coating of systemic thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG) or imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS), in addition to a fungicide to protect the young seedling.

At least 45 days post-emergence from treated seed, a broadcast spray



with thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG) or imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS) could be done (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder).

Locusts, Malagasy locust (Locusta migratoria capito and Red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata) (very significant)

Hand collect in the cool early morning when hoppers are less active. There are very few additional controls for Orthopteran pests like these.

GOM generally provides locust control services.

Maize Stalk Borers, African Maize Stalkborer, Busseola fusca, Pink Stalkborer, Sesamia calamistis, Spotted Stalkborer, Chilo partelus (highly impacts production, very important)

Corn earworm (Helicoverpa/Heliothis zea, H. armigera) (very important impact on grain quality)

Improve & manage soil fertility. Use resistant varieties (TMV-1, Staha). Use seed treated with insecticide. Collect or destroy (by disking and plowing under) crop stalk residues. Intercrop with beans and sunflower. Intercrop with borer-repellent Desmodium plant (see ICIPE Push-Pull Strategy at

http://www.push-pull.net/3.shtml). Use crop rotation with legumes. Control weeds on field margins.

A preventive seed treatment with systemic thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG) or imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS) is often used.

Apply artisanal neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) powder


http://www.push-pull.net/3.shtml


and/or extract to the whorl when first larval damage appears.

At least 45 days post-emergence from treated seed, broadcast a spray with thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG) or imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS) (but not during plant flowering).

Corn smut, Maladie de charbon (Ustilago maydis) (Very common and very significant in the Malagasy high plateau areas)

Use resistant or tolerant varieties or hybrids. Maintain soil and plant health (test these with lab tests). Rotate maize with other crops. Destroy smutted plant parts by removal and burning. Avoid planting in humid conditions.


Annual & Perennial Grass Weeds and Broad Leaf Weeds

Use an integrated weed management scheme: Perform thorough land preparation (soil tillage, fertilizer, and water management). Narrow row spacing makes the crop more competitive than the weeds, use intercropping. Place the fertilizer in such a way that the crop has access to it but the weeds do not. This allows

the crop to be more competitive with weeds. Keep the surroundings of farm free of weeds, unless they are maintained and intended as

habitats for natural enemies of crop pests. Regularly clean farm tools. Use green manure, which chokes out weeds. Use intercropping. Hand weeding, hoeing and composting (do not compost weeds that have flowered and set).

Before planting, use non-selective herbicides containing glyphosate.

At planting or after planting, use synthetic herbicides containing glyphosate or pendimethalin.

Can use herbicides containing



nicosulfuron after crop emergence.

Food Security Crops : Warehouse Storage of Small Cereal Grains

Larger Grain Borer (LGB), (Prostephanus truncates) (very important and very significant)

Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices: Do routine monitoring. Ensure good pest identification; understand pest biology, ecology, and

behavior. Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices, as follows: All grain stored off the floor on pallets, with space between pallets, well ventilated/aerated and

lighted, dispose of old containers. In empty shipping containers, thoroughly sweep or brush down walls, ceilings, ledges, braces,

and handling equipment, and remove all spilled debris. Brush, sweep out and/or vacuum the truck beds, augers, and loading buckets to remove insect-

infested grain and debris. Remove all debris from fans, exhausts, and aeration ducts (also from beneath slotted floors,

when possible). Remove all debris and vegetation growing within ten feet of the warehouses (preferably the

whole storage area). Remove and dispose of all beans and debris remaining in planting machine or harvester, cull

beans for animal feed, small piles of beans in field and close partial sacks of bean planting seed.

Examine area to determine if rodent bait stations are required, and use if needed. Be sure to follow all label directions.

Spray cleaned area around bins with a residual herbicide to remove all undesirable weedy plants.

Remove all debris from the storage site and dispose of it properly. Frequent rotation of the stocks, "FIFO" (First In - First Out) rule applies. Use sticky traps to monitor for presence and quantity. Also: Harvest early to reduce field infestation Shell maize early after harvest Divide produce for long term (3>months) and short term (<3months) storage; treat only maize

for long-term storage

If available, can use diatomaceous earth to mix with distributed grain.

Use of pirimiphos-methyl (ACTELLIC 2 D or SUPER GUARD DUST) as an admixture provides a certain level of control.

Insecticides containing deltamethrin or spinosad can be used by trained and PPE-protected employees of a certified warehouse treatment company to treat surfaces inside the warehouse.

The walls and floor of an empty warehouse with no stored commodity



Introduce exotic beetle (Teretriosoma nigresence) for biological control of LGB

in it can be treated with cypermethrin as a crack and crevice spray.

If the level of control gained by using pirimiphos-methyl and other chemicals is not sufficient, hire highly trained, PPE-protected, and certified (by the local MOA) employees of a fumigation company to do fumigation using aluminum phosphide.

Greater Grain Weevils (Sitophilus oryzae, S. zeamais) (very important and significant)

Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices (see above). Same as for Larger Grain Borer except bio-control may work

If available, can use diatomaceous earth to mix with distributed grain.

Use of pirimiphos-methyl (ACTELLIC 2 D or SUPER GUARD DUST) as an admixture provides a certain level of control.

Insecticides containing deltamethrin or



spinosad can be used by trained and PPE-protected employees of a certified warehouse treatment company to treat surfaces inside the warehouse.

The walls and floor of an empty warehouse with no stored commodity in it can be treated with cypermethrin as a crack and crevice spray.

If the level of control gained by using pirimiphos-methyl and other chemicals is not sufficient, hire highly trained, PPE-protected, and certified (by the local MOA) employees of a fumigation company to do fumigation using aluminum phosphide..



Grain moth larvae: Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella), Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) (very important and significant)

Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices (see above). Temperature extremes will kill moths. Use pheromone traps for monitoring.

Use natural pesticide containing BT or diatomaceous earth.

If needed, can use insecticides containing spinosad (LASER 480 SC).

Can use synthetic pyrethroid insecticides containing deltamethrin for crack, crevice and surface treatments (but NOT for use on grain or grain sacks).

Can fumigate (only with highly trained, equipped and certified applicators) using aluminum phosphide.

Secondary pests (feed on grain dust, not whole grains): Saw-toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) (unkown degree of damage)

Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices (see above).

If needed, can use insecticides containing spinosad (LASER 480 SC).

Can use synthetic



pyrethroid insecticides containing deltamethrin for crack, crevice and surface treatments (but NOT for use on grain or grain sacks).

Can fumigate (only with highly trained, equipped and certified applicators) using aluminum phosphide.

Cowpea weevil or bruchid beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus

Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices (see above).

If needed, can use insecticides containing powder or dust formulations of pirimiphos-methyl (ACTELLIC 2 D or SUPER GUARD DUST).

Rodents: Rats, Mice (very important losses)

Use good sanitation and good grain storage practices (see above). Monitor for presence of mouse and rat droppings, or other evidence. Use sticky traps for capture inside warehouses and disposal by burying.

Avoid using rodenticides inside the warehouse where they could come into contact with grains and meal mixes during rodent feeding or by accident.


Primary Pests Programmatic PERSUAP Recommended Preventive GAP/IPM tools/tactics to integrate Programmatic PERSUAP Recommended Chemical Controls, when needed Outside the

warehouse, along the walls, use placarded (with warnings in local language) bait boxes with approved rodenticide cubes inside.

Use bait boxes with blocks of rodenticides containing bromodiolone, brodifacoum (RODEX PELLETS), difenacoum, or diphacinone.

Food Security Crops : Cassava

Cassava mosaic geminiviruses (very significant and very important especially on the leaves and tubers)

Once they become available and affordable, use new resistant varieties. Plant only certified CMD-free propagation materials. Rogue out infected plants. Sanitation: Remove diseased plants from the field.

Generally insecticidal controls of white flies in cassava are not economical.

Weeds when plants are young (very significant), concurrant des plantes

Hand or hoe weeding. Pre-emergence: use herbicide products containing pendimethalin



(FIST 50 EC).

Food Security Crops : Taro Root

Taro blights, Phytophtora colocasiae, Fusarium species , Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii (very significant)

Plant in virgin land without a history of disease. Use drip irrigation. Use certified clean planting materials. Rotate out of taro to another crop for 3 years.

Can use fungicides containing metalaxyl (PROMEMA 72 WP) against Phytophthora, and fosetyl-aluminum (FOSTONIC 80 WP) and post emergent applications of mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP) every 10 days.

Food Security Crops : Sweet Potatoes and Yams

Sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius) (very significant)

Use short-cycle varieties and planting material from healthy plantations. Follow proper harvesting time. Sanitation: Remove and destroy all crop residues. Cultivating the field after harvest will kill weevils. Plant attractive barrier varieties as trap crops; once infested, plow under trap crops. Do 2 rigdings per cycle, with the first after the first weed cleaning and second 75 days later. For monitoring and control, try sweet potato weevil pheromone traps.

Use synthetic insecticides containing dimethoate (CALLIDIM 40 EC or KROGOR), imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS), acetamiprid



(K-TOTAL), lambda-cyhalothrin (PULSAR 5 EC or TIANLITHRIN 5% EC).

Hawkmoth larvae (Agrius cingulatus) (very significant)

Do weed control around and in field. Sanitation: Remove and destroy all crop residues.

Use synthetic insecticides containing dimethoate (CALLIDIM 40 EC or KROGOR), imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS), acetamiprid (K-TOTAL), lambda-cyhalothrin (PULSAR 5 EC or TIANLITHRIN 5% EC).

Armyworm (Spodoptera malagasy, Spodoptera exempta) (very significant)

Do weed control around and in field. Sanitation: Remove and destroy all crop residues.

Use of a bait composed of bran, molasses and a synthetic insecide containing carbaryl (SEVIN 85 S).

Use synthetic insecticides containing deltametrin, lambda-cyhalothrin (PULSAR 5 EC or TIANLITHRIN



5% EC).

Food Security / Maraîchage: Solanaceous Crops Potatoes/Irish Potatoes, Tomato, Eggplant, Peppers/Paprika

Aphids (various species) (significant)

Natural predators, parasites and parasitoids can—if they are not eradicated by over-spraying with broad-spectrum insecticides—eventually help control pest populations. However, aphids reproduce quickly and move into protected areas of the plants, thereby greatly reducing the potential impact of their predators and parasitoids in older stage plants.

Use resistant varieties. Use regular monitoring with yellow sticky traps. Field disking and destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid pests of leafy

vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.

If control is needed, treat when aphids are found to be reproducing, particularly when second and later generation wingless females have started reproduction. Aphid populations are easier to control before the plants begin to cup.

Insecticides containing systemic synthetic insecticides imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS), acetamiprid (K-TOTAL).

Thrips (Thrips tabaci) (significant)

Rotation: Alternating crops with bean, corn or other crop. Blue sticky traps for monitoring. Good irrigation, drainage and fertilization.

Natural extracts of neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM), garlic, spinosad (LASER



480 SC), and insecticidal soaps are alternatives to other insecticides.

Use synthetic insecticide containing abamectin, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, or spinosad (LASER 480 SC).

Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) (significant)

Spider mites have many natural enemies that often limit populations; predacious mites and some insect feeds on spider mites, eg (Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius andersoni); the major predator mites commercially available for purchase and release are the western predatory mite and Phytoseiulus.

Do weed control in and around field. Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed trees are most likely to be damaged.

Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible.


Natural insecticidal soaps or agricultural oils and neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) extracts can be used for management (apply especially on the undersides



of leaves). Use of synthetic

insecticides containing malathion (NOVACAP or CALLIMAL 50 EC) or abamectin.

Wireworms (Limonius species) (significant)

Avoid fields with a history of wireworm damage Low-lying, sandy fields tend to have the most problems, and click beetles seem to return to the

same fields to lay eggs, so avoid these.

Preventative applications tend to be more successful than rescue treatments.

At planting, use soil-applied synthetic insecticides containing thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG) or imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS)

Potato tuberworm moth

(Phthorimaea operculella) (very significant)

For monitoring and control, use pheromone traps with a mixture of trans-4,cis-7-tridecadienyl acetate (PTM1) and trans-4,cis-7,cis-10 tridecatrienyl acetate (PTM2) (note that Madagascar does not register pheromones as pesticides)

Shallow setting varieties are generally more susceptible than varieties that set tubers deep. Any practice that reduces the exposure of tubers to egg-laying female moths will reduce

tuberworm damage. Prevention of soil cracking in the beds will reduce tuberworm damage. Thus, Furrow-irrigated

fields have a much greater potential to become infested than sprinkler-irrigated fields (cracking of the soil is less severe under sprinkler irrigation than with furrow irrigation).

Use natural sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis/BT (BATIK WG)/BT.

Use synthetic insecticides containing indoxacarb (AVAUNT 150 SC



Prompt, thorough harvest and sanitation are also essential. Sanitation: Destroy cull piles and volunteer potatoes. Piles of cull potatoes provide a year-

round breeding site for tuberworm.

or SINOXACARB 15 SC), or spinosad (LASER 480 SC).

Tomato Fruitworm (Helicoverpa armigera) (significant)

Avoid planting crops successively that are hosts to tomato fruit worm like corn, cotton, sorghum, tobacco and soybean.

Two weeks before planting, remove weeds and grasses to destroy earworm larvae and adults harboring in those weeds and grasses.

Practice crop rotation. Plow, disc and harrow fields at least 2 times before sowing seeds. This exposes pupae of

tomato fruit worm (pupates in the soil) to chickens, birds, ants and other predators. Make and use pheromone or light traps. Begin sampling soon after fruit development. Eggs hatch in 5 to 7 days following egg laying.

Insecticidal control of tomato fruit worm is difficult and depends on proper timing and thorough coverage. Once larvae enter the tomato, control with insecticides is difficult.

Botanical and homemade water extracts include neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) and ginger.

Direct insecticidal control towards young larvae that are feeding on the fruit, before entering it.

Natural sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis/BT (BATIK WG) (BT) and spinosad (LASER 480 SC).

Cutworm species, (Agrotis Natural predators, parasites and parasitoids can—if they are not eradicated by over-spraying Botanical and



segetum) (significant) with broad-spectrum insecticides—eventually help control pest populations. Natural enemies include larvae of parasitic Braconid wasps and Tachinid flies. Predators include ground beetles, lacewings, praying mantis and weaver ants.

Use crop rotation--plant alfalfa or beans after tomato. Removal of weeds in and around fields will reduce egg-laying sites and will help in the

prevention of cutworm infestation. Do this at least 2-3 weeks before planting to reduce the incidence of cutworm larvae transferring to newly planted crops.

Interplant main crops with onion, garlic, peppermint, coriander, or garlic every 10-20 rows to repel cutworms.

Sunflowers and cosmos can also be planted as a trap crop in or around fields. Plow and harrow fields properly before planting. This will destroy eggs and expose larvae to

chicken, ants, birds, and other predators. Use pheromone traps.

homemade extracts include neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM).

Use sprays of BT, if and when they become registered and available.

Find ‘hot-spots’ (places of high infestation) and treat only those hot spots with synthetic insecticides containing a bait with lambda-cyhalothrin..

Slugs/Snails, Deroceras species; Limax species; Helix species

Provide good soil drainage. Keep weeds under control. Remove leaves and trash from the field when harvesting. Trapping with buried gallon plastic containers containing beer, with 1 trap every 3 meters. Remove boards, stones and things that slugs hide under. Do not use manure and/or mulches in areas of field prone to slug damage.

Use diatomaceous earth, garlic-based repellents, kaolin dust or baits containing natural iron phosphate can be used.

Use table or rock salt along perimeters where slugs are numerous and enter the field.

If needed a molluscicide containing metaldehyde



(LIMOXYL) could be used.

Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne species) (significant)

Use of resistant cultivars and grow healthy plants (use appropriate seed, spacing, watering, weeding and fertilizer)

Use Soil solarization using plastic. Use crop rotation, deep plowing, fallowing and avoid mono cropping. Rotate with broccoli,

cauliflower, sorghum, Sudan grass, rape, and mustard seed which are resistant to nematodes. Sanitation: Remove and compost crop debris. Use of organic fertilizer particularly chicken manure and composts to add organic matter and

soil structure to sandy soils Growing flax, a tropical herb, is good for controlling root knot nematodes. African and French marigold (Tagetes minuta and T. patula, respectively) plowed under the

soil also suppress and reduce nematodes. Plant and plow residues under the soil 2 months later.

Management of nematodes is difficult, especially in sandy soils.

Botanical and homemade water extracts of basil, garlic, and soil-incorporated neem seed cake may be effective controls.

Two natural artisanal soil biopesticides containing extracts of ground cherry/tomatillo oil mixed with thyme oil.

Potato early blight or Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria solani, Macrosporium solani) (significant)

Scouting and spot treatment. Blights can be minimized by maintaining optimum growing conditions, including proper

fertilization, irrigation, and management of other pests. Grow later maturing, longer season varieties. Maintain optimum growing conditions, including proper fertilization, irrigation, and

management of other pests.

Fungicide application is justified only when the disease is initiated early enough to cause economic loss.

When justified, apply fungicides as soon as symptoms appear; continued protection requires



application at 7- to 10-day intervals.

Use synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin (ORTIVA 250 SC), copper hydroxide, mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP), copper sulfate (BOUILLIE BORDELAISE DISPERSS).

Late blight or Downy mildew (Phytophthora infestans) (significant)

Use tolerant varieties and raised-bed production Drain the growing field adequately before planting Follow proper planting date; do not plant late Farmers use sticks and lines to raise tomato plants and fruit into the air to aerate the plant and

raise the leaves and fruit away from the soil

Use synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin (ORTIVA 250 SC), copper hydroxide, mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP), metalaxyl (PROMEMA 72 WP), copper sulfate (BOUILLIE BORDELAISE DISPERSS).

Vascular bacterial wilt (Ralstonia/Pseudomonas

Use of certified disease-free propagation material. Do weed control.

Spray with copper-containing



solanacearum) Use resistant or tolerant varieties. Plant in well-drained soils. Use deep well water for irrigation and avoid over-irrigation. Remove and destroy diseased plants.

compounds.

Anthracnosis and other Leaf Spot Diseases, Colletotrichum/Gloeosporium species, Apiognomonia species, Discula species, Gloeosporium species, Glomerella species, Gnomonia species, Pseudopeziza species

Use certified disease-free seed and transplants of resistant varieties. Seed can be disinfested with a 30-minute soak at 52°C. Sanitize seedling flats if reusing them. Rotate out of infested fields to other crops for 3 years. Avoid potato, soybean, tomato,

eggplant, and cucurbits as rotation crops. If using overhead sprinkler irrigation, apply in early morning so plants can dry before nightfall. Use mulch to reduce water splash onto leaves and fruit, and weed regularly without damaging

fruit. Harvest fruit as soon as it is ripe. Sanitation: Remove and dispose of diseased plants throughout season and after harvest.

At flowering, can use synthetic fungicides containing mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP).

Food Security Crops : Musaceae: Sweet Banana, Green Banana

Bunchy Top Virus Transmitted by Banana/Plantain aphid, (Pentalonia nigronervosa) (very significant)

First, kill the aphids that transmit this, then destroy infected banana mat. Natural predators, parasites and parasitoids can—if they are not eradicated by over-spraying

with broad-spectrum insecticides—eventually help control pest populations. A number of ladybird beetles/larvae and syrphid predators, parasitoids and fungal diseases usually keep aphid populations below damaging levels.

Maintain adequate soil moisture and fertilization (Plants stressed for water or nutrients are more susceptible to and suffer greater damage from aphids).

Use regular monitoring and trapping with yellow sticky traps. Sanitation: Immediately remove and destroy infected plant material. Field disking and

destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphids. Avoid excessively high soil nitrogen levels.

Spray only the whorl and upper part of the plant.

Use controls such as refined mineral- or vegetable-based horticultural oils or soapy water.

Use synthetic pesticides containing imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS) (but only



when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder) to kill aphids.

Black Sigatoka

(Mycosphaerella fijiensis) (very significant)

Yellow Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella musicola) (very significant)

Cercospora (Cercospora musae) (very significant)

Use clean and certified material of tolerant varieties. Use plants produced from disease-free tissue culture. Use good drainage and do moisture management. Site selection and preparation: do not use sites with a history of Sigatoka. Do canopy management with pruning to open up and aerate the canopy. Removal of weeds, plant debris, diseased parts and dead leaves. Treat plant with amino acids.

When temperatures are 24 - 29 ºC and free water is on the leaf surfaces, Sigatoka infection is more likely to occur.

Use controls such as mineral- or vegetable-based horticultural oils.

Use synthetic fungicides containing mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP), chlorothalonil (SINOCOLOR 50 SC), basic copper sulfate, copper hydroxide, propiconazole (TOPIZOLE 250 EC or TILT 250



EC), sulfur plus and azoxystrobin (ORTIVA 250 SC).

Banana thrips (Chaetanaphothrips orchidii and C. signispermis and Frankiniella parvula) (very significant)

Monitor populations to determine infestation levels. Bag fruit bunches to exclude thrips.

Natural extracts of neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM), garlic, spinosad (LASER 480 SC), and insecticidal soaps are alternatives to other insecticides.


Banana/Plantain weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) (very significant)

Maintain healthy, properly fertilized and vigorous plants. Hot water treatment of corms. Baiting/trapping using ground traps with freshly cut corm with or without pheromone

Cosmolure. Cover banana plant wound with soil after pruning or harvesting. Field sanitation: clean up crop debris and control weeds.

Dip plant suckers in a fungicide containing 20% azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM)/neem tree seed extract solution.

Nematodes (various Meloydogyne species) (very significant)

Can use tissue culture or nematode-free transplants for propagation material and hot water treatment.

Use fallow and cover crops. Use 2 kilos of compost per plant to enhance soil organic matter and microbial composition. Prop plants with wires.

Artisanal water extracts of basil, garlic (MRP), neem tree seed extract/azadirachti



Maintain good soil drainage. Do crop rotation to non-host crops. Sanitation: Remove or compost crop residues after harvest. Thoroughly clean all equipment

with disinfectant water. Do not allow irrigation water to flow from an infested field to other fields without impounding. Prevent animal grazing and movement from infested to uninfested fields.

Marigold (Tagetes minuta and T. patula, respectively) plowed under the soil to suppress nematode populations.

n (EAU DE NEEM), may reduce populations.

Use artisanal botanical/microbial extracts of Tagetes erecta or Paecilomyces lilacinus.

Corona rot (fungal species complex with Colletotrichum, Antragnosis and Sclerotium) (very significant)

Reduce contact of the harvested fruit with leaf or other plant material to reduce contamination.

Use natural controls such as mineral- or vegetable-based horticultural oils.

Can use a dilute rinse with chlorine (sodium hypochlorite), gloves, goggles, and carbon-filter mask.

Food Security Crops : Hard Beans and Pulses : Beans, Lima Bean, Lentils, Mung Bean, Pigeon Pea, Lablab Bean, Bambara Bean, Chickpea, Cowpea, Black-Eyed Pea

Aphids (several species) (very significant)

Natural predators, parasites and parasitoids can—if they are not eradicated by over-spraying with broad-spectrum insecticides—eventually help control pest populations. Predators include green lacewing larvae, lady beetles, and syrphid fly larvae prey on this aphid as well as on other aphid species.

Use crop rotation. Use of yellow or blue sticky traps. Use of natural barriers with corn or sorghum.

If control is needed, treat when aphids are found to be reproducing, particularly when second and later generation of



Do weed control in and around the crop field. Sanitation is important in curbing the spread of the viruses that this insect vectors. Discard all

crop residues (compost or plow/disc under) as soon as harvest is complete.

wingless females has started reproduction. Aphid populations are easier to control before the leaves begin to cup.

Use natural insecticides like insecticidal soap combined with synthetic insecticides containing imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS), spinosad (LASER 480 SC), acetamiprid (K-TOTAL).

Bean rust (Uromyces phaseoli) (very significant, if not managed)

Resistance is available for this disease although there are many races of the fungus and few varieties are resistant to most or all races (few of these are available in DR).

Planting should be done during the correct planting period. Rotate away from any bean for two years. Control weeds and maintain good air circulation. Sanitation: Plow debris under right after harvest.

Apply a fungicide when weather conditions are favorable for disease development. Use synthetic fungicides containing mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP) or azoxystrobin (ORTIVA 250



SC). White fly, Bemisia tabaci

(very significant) Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids (Encarsia sp), parasitic wasps, lady beetles

and minute pirate bugs Use soil mulches Frequent scouting and establishing a sampling plan based on a threshold of 2 adults/leaf Yellow sticky traps may reduce populations but cannot prevent the spread

Spray solution of local soap (2%) if infestation is heavy.

Chemicals suggested are: azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) (neem seed extract), imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS), acetimiprid, insecticidal soap and horticultural oil.

Leaf miner, Agromyzid species (very significant)


Simple cultural practice – rogueing (removal and destruction) of heavily infested leaves Use regular monitoring and irrigation Use sanitation—destroy crop residue Biological control is often adequate to control leaf miners, so evaluate levels of parasitism

before making treatment decisions and use pesticides with care. Monitor crop and apply selective insecticide if the average is 0.7 larvae per plant (0-2 true

leaves) or 0.7 larvae per 3 terminal leaflets (>2 leaves per plant).

Can use neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM), abamectin.

Bean leaf beetles (Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Acalymma trivittatum) (very significant)

Do not plant beans near Cucurbits. Practice post harvest tillage to expose the grubs in the soil to the sun heat and to predators. Rotate beans with non-host plants such as maize or sunflower to break the development cycle

of the pest. Delay sowing, where practicable, to allow the crop to escape from high populations.

Can spray with natural insecticide containing neem oil/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM).

Can use synthetic



insecticides containing malathion (NOVACAP or CALLIMAL 50 EC).

Cutworms (Agrotis species) (very significant)

Monitor damage by counting damaged and freshly cut young plants. Monitor cutworm at dawn on field margins.

Sanitation: Destroy weeds in and around field. Remove and destroy cutworms. Prepare field and remove weeds well ahead (10-14 days) of planting the crop in the field.

Plowing exposes caterpillars to predators and to desiccation by the sun. If the field is planted soon after land preparation some cutworms may be alive and attack the new crop.

Can use synthetic insecticides containing carbaryl (SEVIN 85 S), but spray cutworm hot-spots (areas with many cutworms), not the entire field.

Stem weevils (Striped bean weevil, Alcidodes species) (very significant)

Natural predators, parasites and parasitoids can—if they are not eradicated by over-spraying with broad-spectrum insecticides—eventually help control pest populations. Natural predators include Tachinid fly lavae and ants.

Keeping late-season plantings away from the sites of earlier plantings. Sanitation: Remove and destroy damaged plants and grubs in stem. Intercrop beans with other crops. Use crop rotation.

Can use synthetic insecticides containing dimethoate (CALLIDIM 40 EC or KROGOR).

Bean root rots (Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia species, Pythium species, Phytophtora species) (very significant)

Use tolerant varieties (no resistant varieties exist) Use long-term (3 years) rotation out of beans. Provide optimal growing conditions, avoiding stress caused by excess water, prolonged

drought and soil compaction Avoid over-fertilizing with nitrogen. Sanitation: Clean out and destroy all infested plants.

Use of synthetic fungicides is not generally recommended.

Bacterial stem wilt (Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens) (very significant)

Use resistant varieties and certified disease-free seed that is treated with a bactericide. Inoculate soil with Rhizobium leguminosarum. Avoid over-head sprinkler irrigation. Use crop rotation. Destroy volunteer bean plants growing in other crop fields.

There are no effective chemical controls.



Sanitation: Destroy crop residue after harvest.

Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) (very significant)

Do regular monitoring for gray mold. Use sanitation: Clean up and destroy crop residues. Avoid over-head sprinkler irrigation.

Can use natural fungicides containing neem oil, or potassium bicarbonate.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing chlorothalonil (SINOCOLOR 50 SC).

Leaf-rolling weevil, Apoderus/Sitona humeralis

Do weed management in and around field. Do timely irrigation.

Can use synthetic insecticides containing (deltametrin).

Melon ladybird beetle (Henosepilachna elaterii)

Use resistant varieties. Sanitation: Destroy crop residues after season. Do post-season tillage to reduce overwintering sites and beetles.

Use natural neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM) extracts.

Leaf-footed bug, Anoplocnemis curvipes pierces developing bean pods, causing seed abortion

Limited control occurs in nature by Trissolus basalis, a biological control agent and Assassin bug (Reduviids)

Control weeds to destroy roosting sites Test for threshold guideline of 2 bugs per meter row and spray if this is exceeded.

Spray with malathion (NOVACAP or CALLIMAL 50 EC).

Anthracnosis and other Leaf Spot Diseases, Colletotrichum/Gloeosporium species, Apiognomonia species, Discula species, Gloeosporium species, Glomerella species, Gnomonia

Use clean seeds Grow resistant varieties Use sanitation—plow under crop residue immediately after harvest. Practice rotation. Burn crop residues

Apply fungicides like mancozeb (PENOZEB or INOZEB 80 WP) or others on foliage when disease symptom appears



species, Pseudopeziza species Weeds (very significant if not

managed) Monitor and identify weed species present. Use fallow practices. Sanitation: To reduce seed production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and

produce seeds. Cultivation equipment and irrigation water must also be kept free of weed seeds and vegetative propagules to avoid spreading weed populations. Cultivate areas around the field such as field edges, fence lines, roadsides, and irrigation ditches regularly to prevent weed seed production. To reduce seed production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and produce seeds.

Pre-plant plowing, followed by irrigation and one or two diskings before bed formation, will destroy many weeds.

Regularly clean farm tools. Use green manure that chokes out weeds. Use intercropping. Hand weeding during their earlier growing period. Do not let the weeds flower (do not

compost weeds that have flowered and set seed). Hoeing, mowing, and cutting.

Herbicides are not economical.

Food Security Crops : Groundnut/Peanut and Soybean

Leaf-feeding caterpillars (various species) (very significant)

Use resistant varieties. Handpick larvae.

If needed, use pesticides containing neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM), or spinosad (LASER 480 SC).

Leaf beetles (Ceratoma species)

Do not plant beans near Cucurbits. Practice post harvest tillage to expose the grubs in the soil to the sun heat and to predators. Rotate beans with non-host plants such as maize or sunflower to break the development cycle

of the pest.

Can spray with natural insecticide containing neem oil/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE



Delay sowing, where practicable, to allow the crop to escape from high populations. NEEM). Can use synthetic

insecticides containing malathion (NOVACAP or CALLIMAL 50 EC).

Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)

Spider mites have many natural enemies that often limit populations; predacious mites and some insect feeds on spider mites, eg (Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius andersoni); the major predator mites commercially available for purchase and release are the western predatory mite and Phytoseiulus.

Do weed control in and around field. Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed trees are most likely to be damaged.

Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible.


Natural insecticidal soaps or agricultural oils and neem extracts can be used for management (apply especially on the undersides of leaves).

Use abamectin. Wireworms, Conoderus

species Avoid fields with a history of wireworm damage Low-lying, sandy fields tend to have the most problems, and click beetles seem to return to the

same fields to lay eggs. Soil-applied insecticides can be effective if applied in a timely manner

Preventative applications tend to be more successful than rescue treatments.

Use synthetic



insecticides containing thiamethoxam (THIARA 250 WG) or imidacloprid (GAUCHO 70 WS) (but only when plants are in vegetative state, not when flowering due to risk to pollinators and honeybee colony collapse disorder).

Thrips, Frankliniella species (very significant)

Remove weeds in and around field. Use yellow and blue sticky traps to monitor and/or for mass trapping. Use soil mulches. Sanitation: Remove and destroy all crop residues immediately after harvest.

Natural extracts of neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM), garlic, spinosad (LASER 480 SC), and insecticidal soaps are alternatives to other insecticides.




Aphids, Myzus persicae (very significant)

Natural enemies include Braconid parasitoids, ground beetles, spiders, rove beetles, ladybird beetles, lacewings, damsel bugs, aphid midges and hoverfly larvae.

To monitor aphid populations, examine the undersides of the leaves and the bud areas for groups or colonies of aphids. Prompt control is necessary as aphids can multiply rapidly.

Grow different crops or grow crops in rotation every cropping season. This practice provides food, shelter, and it increases the number of natural enemies that prey on aphids. At the same time, it disrupts the aphids' lifecycle and maintains its population below the economic threshold level.

Plant trap crops such as lupine, nasturtiums, and timothy grass near the crop to be protected (plow under or spray). Anise, chives, garlic, onions, and radish are good companion crops.

Control ants which protect aphids. Avoid using heavy doses of highly soluble nitrogen fertilizers. Instead apply fertilizer into 3

phases: during seeding, vegetative, and reproductive stages of plant growth. Use yellow sticky board traps placed in field (spread used motor oil on yellow painted plastic,

thick cardboard or wood).

Use botanical and homemade water extracts of chili, ginger, neem, narrow range oil, and soap sprays (caution: may injure foliage).

Can apply synthetic pesticide dimethoate (CALLIDIM 40 EC or KROGOR).

Control ants with propoxur treated baits.

Armyworms (Spodoptera species) (very significant)

Natural enemies include parasitoid Braconid and Cotesia wasps and Tachinid flies as well as damsel bugs, ground beetles, lacewings and weaver ants.

Practice proper field sanitation. Destroy weeds from bordering fields and on field borders. Remove weeds regularly to reduce breeding sites and shelter for armyworm. Remove all plant debris after harvesting.

Employ proper seed selection when seeds for sowing are taken from the previous harvest. Adults might have laid eggs on the seeds during armyworm infestation.

Plow and harrow field thoroughly. Sometimes, the small grains or grasses are plowed-under after the eggs are laid on them. As the field is planted and the plants begin to grow, the larvae will continue to develop and will start attacking the plants.

Pheromone traps placed along the edges of fields may be used to monitor adult moths. This is a particularly good technique for detecting large emergences or migrations occurring on weather fronts.

Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for egg masses and young larvae in surrounding weeds.

Pay attention to nearby armyworm movements and dig a deep ditch on the edge of the field under attack to trap and kill larvae.

Because larvae become active at dusk, and sunlight degrades many pesticides, especially biological, the best time for insecticide treatment is in the twilight evening hours.

Botanical and homemade water extracts include basil, chili, garlic, neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM), BT.


Primary Pests Programmatic PERSUAP Recommended Preventive GAP/IPM tools/tactics to integrate Programmatic PERSUAP Recommended Chemical Controls, when needed Products

containing indoxacarb (AVAUNT 150 SC or SINOXACARB 15 SC) may be used.

Cutworm species, (Agrotis ipsilon, Peridroma saucia, and others) (very significant)

Natural enemies like ground beetles, spiders, damsel bugs, minute pirate bugs, assassin bugs, big-eyed bugs, and lacewing larvae naturally control armyworms. Parasitic wasp species Trichogramma, Copidosoma, Apanteles, Diadegma, and Hyposoter sting and parasitize eggs and larvae (some of these organisms are available for purchase commercially).

Use of nocturnal overhead sprinkler irrigation to dislodge and repel pests. Use of pheromone misters and emitters to disrupt mating. Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude egg-laying moths.

Use of artisanal extracts of garlic or chili pepper, neem and natural biopesticides or microbial controls consisting of Bacillus thuringiensis/BT (BATIK WG)/BT, spinosad (LASER 480 SC).

Use of synthetic pesticides containing indoxacarb (AVAUNT 150 SC or SINOXACARB 15 SC).

Corn rootworm, Diabrotica species (very significant)

Rootworm damage is most common in heavy, damp soils. Any cultural practices that help dry the soil surface will reduce survival of rootworm eggs and

early-instar larvae.

Soil insecticides such as carbaryl (SEVIN 85 S), malathion (NOVACAP or CALLIMAL 50 EC) can be effective if applied while larvae are



present in the soil. Control of adult

beetles, either intentionally or with insecticides targeting other pests, will also reduce the number of larvae in the soil.

Nematodes (various species) (very significant)

Use of resistant cultivars and grow healthy plants (use appropriate seed, spacing, watering, weeding and fertilizer)

Use Soil solarization using plastic. Use crop rotation, deep plowing, fallowing and avoid mono cropping. Rotate with broccoli,

cauliflower, sorghum, Sudan grass, rape, and mustard seed which are resistant to nematodes. Sanitation: Remove and compost crop debris. Use of organic fertilizer particularly chicken manure and composts to add organic matter and

soil structure to sandy soils Growing flax, a tropical herb, is good for controlling root knot nematodes. African and French marigold (Tagetes minuta and T. patula, respectively) plowed under the

soil also suppress and reduce nematodes. Plant and plow under 2 months later.

Management of nematodes is difficult, especially in sandy soils.

Botanical and homemade water extracts of basil, garlic and neem seed cake may be effective controls.

Natural soil biopesticide containing extracts of tomatillo oil and thyme oil.

Peanut leaf spots, Cercospora Early Leaf Spot, Cercospora arachidicola; Late Leaf Spot, Cercosporidiuum personatum (very significant)

Peanut pod brown spots, maladies de tâches brunes des gousses, Corticium species, Cercospora personata,

Crop rotations out of legumes for three or four years are recommended. Select varieties with partial resistance and/or reduced susceptibility to disease (Perry for early

leaf spot and web blotch). Phytotoxicity (chemical toxicity), caused by systemic insecticides applied at planting, is often

confused with leaf spot. Symptoms usually occur around the margins of the leaflets on the lower-most leaves. In general, spots found before mid-June are phytotoxicity.

Use fungicides containing copper and propiconazole (TOPIZOLE 250 EC or TILT 250 EC).



Cercopora arachidicola (very significant)

Peanut rosette disease (Arachis Hypogaea) (very significant)

Use clean seed Plant early Use resistant varieties Use sanitation—destroy old plant residues Use early-maturing varieties

Farmers can use insecticides containing lambda-cyhalothrin (PULSAR 5 EC or TIANLITHRIN 5% EC) to control aphid vectors

White Mold, Sclerotium rolfsii

(significant) Careful scouting is required to see this disease when symptoms first appear. Vines must be

pulled back to expose lower stems and early infection. The end portion of infected limbs will remain green and healthy-looking for some time. Only after the disease has been present for many days will limbs appear to be visibly wilted.

Crop rotations of three or more years are recommended.

No fungicides are recommended.


Annex 2: Guidelines for PMPs for Madagascar FFP projects Target Crops, Beneficiaries and Elements of an IPM Program

What is a PMP16?

Pest Management Plans or Guides provide field crop, livestock/dairy production or project decision-makers – farmers and farm managers – with best production practices recommendations, usually adapted by region, crop phenology and seasons. The aims of PMPs are to reduce the risks to production from pests by using a combination of best practices, including IPM, Integrated Vector Management (IVM) and Integrated Weed Management (IWM), that maximize crop or livestock/dairy health, and thus resilience to or tolerance of pests, and without an over-reliance on pesticides needed when best practices are not followed. Thus, prevention of pests plays a strongly pivotal role in the PMP, followed closely by management of pests when prevention alone is not adequate for the level of control needed or desired.

Who are the PMP’s intended audiences and users?

Farm land preparation and crop production decision-makers

Farmers

Farm managers

Why is a PMP being done?

PMP Objectives:

Prevent or reduce pest damage risk to agricultural production or health

Protect the health of farmers, farm family members, laborers and community members from pesticide risks

Maintain economically sound practices

Reduce environmental pollution and degradation risks

Enhance the overall quality and quantity of biodiversity on the sustainable farm work environment

Respond to foreign market demand for the use of agriculture sector best management practice standards, also called GCPs/GAPs which include IPM measures, to achieve farm and produce certification

Comply with local, regional, donor and international laws, conventions, and regulations

Organization of the PMP

16 PMPs or Year-Round (seasonal) IPM Programs are state of the art in many developed countries, and they help institutionalize IPM in planning and practice. PMPs provide agriculture managers and farmers with a tool to predict and prevent many crop pests of each crop throughout a season. See examples of PMPs at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html, green check marks show “Year-Round IPM Programs”.


152

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html

The following pieces of crop- or livestock/dairy-specific background information are used to build a PMP base

General information on the crop/livestock/dairy/sector

Crop/livestock/dairy common/species names:

Crop/livestock/dairy developmental stages:

Production regions and how they differ by soil type, pH, fertility, etc

Overall concerns and priorities for crop/livestock/dairy production

Crop/livestock/dairy cultural best practices

Crop/livestock/dairy GCPs/GAPs including some IPM (see Programmatic PERSUAP section on GCPS/GAPS and IPM) recommendations

Individual Pest Prevention and Management Sections for each of the following pest types:

Invertebrate (Insects, Mites, Slugs/Snails, Nematodes)

Diseases (Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Other)

Weeds (annual grasses, broadleaves, perennial grasses, broadleaves, sedges, others)

Vertebrates (birds, rodents, other)

For each pest type, first, identify overall priorities for pest prevention and management in the target crop or livestock/dairy.

Next, identify individual pest species noting the type of damage incurred; part of plant damaged: roots/rhizomes/tubers, stems/stalks, leaves, florescence, or seeds (field or stored); or if livestock/dairy, part of animal affected.

To best understand how to manage a pest, one needs to understand how, where, when and on what parts of the plant or animal the pest feeds. For field pests and stored grain/food pests, many PMPs are designed and outlined as follows, for each major species of pest (insects, mites, slugs/snails, nematodes):

Photographs of each pest, life stages

Photographs of plant or livestock/dairy damage

Description of the pest, life cycle and survival strategies

Description of damage symptoms

Best Prevention Practices

o Use any and all of the above GCPs/GAPs including IPM

o Country or region-specific information


153

Best Management Practices

o Focus on prevention (above)

o Country or region-specific information

Information on PMP-recommended pesticides:

Information needed for each pesticide referenced in the above PMP, by pest (so the farmer/farm manager has the information at their fingertips and do not need to refer to other documents and tables to find it):

Pesticide essential information needed

Active Ingredient (AI) name

Product Trade names (with EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Classifications in parenthesis)

Amounts to use per hectare

Price

Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI)

Special comments on best application methods and frequency

Any resistance management strategies needed

Pesticide application record sheet

Guidelines for reducing spray drift

Re-entry interval (REI): field safe re-entry period after spraying

Maximum residue levels (MRL) permitted by markets

Pesticide precautions with use including

Reading the label

Legal responsibilities and permitted registration uses

Permit requirements for possession and use

Recommended and obligated use of PPE and best practices

First aid and antidotes

Transportation best practices

Storage best practices

Safe use best practices


154

Container disposal best practices

Leftover pesticide disposal best practices

Protection of non-pest animals, plants, endangered species and water body quality

Protect natural enemies & honeybees: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r584310111.html

Posting signage in treated fields

Some chemicals not permitted on processed crops

Potential for phytotoxicity (crop injury) on some crops

Documentation and record-keeping on farms

Information needed on Natural Enemies of Pests:

Common Names of Predators and Parasitoids effective against above pests: For a list of common natural enemies of crop pests, see http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/index.html. Genera will likely be the same around the world, with different species in different continents, filling similar niches.

Additional Information Needed:

Will there be an IPM Coordinator, an IPM Advisory Committee, Education and Licensing for Applicators, Currency and Approval of the PMP?


155

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/index.html

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r584310111.html

Annex 3: Elements of IPM Program

Although farmers are likely using numerous IPM tactics, without really calling them that, IPM philosophy or planning is not generally an active part of crop production in most emerging market countries; thus, a basic understanding of the steps or elements needed in an IPM program are addressed below, as formulated by FAO17.

Step 1: Learn and value farmers’ indigenous IPM tactics.Most farmers are already using their own forms of GCPs/GAPs and IPM, many of which are novel, self-created, adapted for local conditions, and many of which work well. These local tools and tactics need to be well understood and taken into account when making PMPs. Accurate assessments of these farmers’ GAP and IPM technologies, as well as an understanding of actual losses due to different constraints in farmers’ fields are required before designing a crop production and pest management program. Standards and Certification (S&C) farmers will have records of historical pesticide use and trends, as well as information on current use of artisanal or local IPM tactics.

Step 2: Identify key pests for each target crop. Although perhaps up to ten species of pests may impact a crop and yields at different plant growth stages, generally only two or three are considered serious enough to spend money controlling. Farmers should be encouraged to monitor their population size, their life cycle, the kind of damage they cause and actual losses. Note that crop loss figures based on farmers’ perceptions of damage and loss are often overestimated.

Step 3: Evaluate all management options. Use of best management practices, preventive measures, and “organic” options to control pest impacts may eliminate the need for synthetic pesticides.

Step 4: Choose IPM methods; identify Needs, and Establish Priorities.Continue dialog with project field staff, ministry extension staff and farmers when choosing methods to be used. Consider the feasibility of attractive methods, including the availability of resources needed, farmers’ perceptions of pest problems, their abilities to identify pests, their predators, diseases and parasitoids, and to act upon their observations.

Step 5: Do effective activities and training to promote IPM.Next, identify strategies and mechanisms for fostering the transfer of the needed IPM technology under various project and institutional arrangements, mechanisms, and funding levels. Define what is available for immediate transfer and what may require more adaptation and validation research. Set up an initial planning workshop (with a COP-supported and signed Action Plan) to help define and orient implementation activities, and begin to assign individual responsibilities.

Learning-by-doing/discovery training programs

The adoption of new techniques by small-, medium- and large-holder farmers occurs most readily when program participants acquire knowledge and skills through personal experience, observation, analysis, experimentation, decision-making and practice. Trained instructors or extension agents conduct frequent (usually weekly) sessions for 10–20 farmers during the cropping season in farmers’ fields.

17http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e00.htm; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e02.htm; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Field_School; http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html


156

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Field_School

http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e02.htm

http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e00.htm

Smallholder support and discussion groups

Weekly meetings of smallholders, held during the cropping season, to discuss pest and related problems are useful for sharing the success of various control methods. However, maintaining attendance is difficult except when there is a clear financial incentive (e.g., credit, advance knowledge of nearby infestations for early action leading to yield improvement).

Educational material

In many countries, basic written and photographic guides to pest identification and crop-specific management techniques are unavailable or out of date. Videos featuring graphic pictures of the effects of acute and chronic pesticide exposure, and interviews with poisoning victims can be particularly effective.

Youth education

Promoting and improving the quality of programs on IPM and the risks of synthetic pesticides has been effective at technical schools for rural youth. In addition to becoming future farmers, these students can bring informed views back to their communities.

Food market incentives (especially important in the last decade)

Promoting Organic, GlobalGAP, BRC, Fair Trade or other certification for access to the lucrative and rapidly growing S&C systems-driven international and regional food markets can be, and is, a strong incentive to adopt IPM.

Step 6: Partner successfully with other IPM implementers.The following design steps are considered essential.

Articulate the partnership’s vision of IPM

Organizations may forge partnerships based on a common commitment to “IPM” – only to discover too late that that their visions of IPM differ considerably. It is therefore highly important that partners articulate a common, detailed vision of IPM, centered on the crops and conditions the project will encounter.

Confirm partner institutions’ commitment

The extent of commitment to IPM integration into project, design, and thus implementation depends strongly upon the following key variables:

IPM program integration into larger project

The IPM program is likely to be part of a larger “sustainable agriculture” project. The IPM program must fit into a partner’s overall goals. The extent of this integration should be clearly expressed in the proposed annual work plan.

Cost sharing.

The extent of funds (or in-kind resources) is a good measure of a genuine partner commitment.

Participation of key IPM personnel


157

Organizations should have staff with expertise in IPM. In strong partnerships, these staff members are actively involved in the partnership.

Step 7: Monitor the fields regularly.At minimum twice a week, farmers should monitor their fields for pests, as some pest populations increase rapidly and unexpectedly; this increase is usually related closely to the stage of crop growth and weather conditions, but it is difficult to predict the severity of pest problems in advance.

Step 8: Select an appropriate blend of IPM tools.A good IPM program draws from and integrates a variety of pest management techniques, like those presented in the above list. Flexibility to fit local needs is a key variable. Pesticides should be used only if no practical, effective, and economic non-chemical control methods are available. Once the pesticide has been carefully chosen for the pest, crop, and environment, it should be applied only to keep the pest population low, not necessarily eliminate it.

Step 9: Develop education, training, and demonstration programs for extension workers.Implementation of IPM depends heavily on education, training, and demonstration to help farmers and extension workers develop and evaluate the IPM methods. Hands-on training conducted in farmers’ fields (as opposed to a classroom) is a must. Special training for extension workers and educational programs for government officials and the public are also important.

Step 10: Monitoring, Record-Keeping and Evaluation (M&E).Develop data collection forms and checklists, collect baseline GAP/IPM data at the beginning of the project, and set targets.

For the use and maintenance of Good Agriculture Practices (that include safe pesticide storage, use and disposal), maintain farm or project files of: farmer and farm employee training records certification; farm soil, water, biodiversity, cropping and pesticide use maps; pesticide purchase and stock records; price increases or decreases, chemical application instructions including target pest, type of chemical applied, dosage, time of spray, rates at which pesticides were applied, harvest interval days, application machinery, PPE required and used, and any special instructions on mixing, exposure to children or dangers.

Further, for project staff, beneficiaries, produce processing facilities, food warehouses, seed multipliers, or farmers that store seed or food and deal with stored seed and food pests, there are warehouse BMPs and monitoring reports that incorporate some IPM tactics. These monitoring forms track, by location or warehouse, use of pallets, stacking, general hygiene and sanitation, damaged packages, actual infestations or signs of rodents, molds, insects, drainage, locks and security measures, use of IPM tactics including least toxic chemicals and strict BMPs, including restricted access, for use of common but hazardous fumigants like aluminum phosphide.


158

Annex 4: Acute Toxicity of Pesticides: EPA and WHO Classifications

General Toxicity

Pesticides, by necessity, are poisons, but the toxicity and hazards of different compounds vary greatly. Toxicity refers to the inherent intoxicating ability of a compound whereas hazard refers to the risk or danger of poisoning when the pesticide is used or applied. Pesticide hazard depends not only on toxicity but also on the chance of exposure to toxic amounts of the pesticide. Pesticides can enter the body through oral ingestion, through the skin or through inhalation. Once inside the body, they may produce poisoning symptoms, which are either acute (from a single exposure) or chronic (from repeated exposures or absorption of smaller amounts of toxicant).

EPA and WHO Toxicity Classifications

Basically, there are two systems of pesticide toxicity classification. These are the USEPA and the WHO systems of classification. It is important to note that the WHO classification is based on the active ingredient only, whereas USEPA uses product formulations to determine the toxicity class of pesticides. So, WHO classification shows relative toxicities of all pesticide active (or technical) ingredients, whereas EPA classification shows actual toxicity of the formulated products, which can be more or less toxic than the active ingredient alone and are more representative of actual dangers encountered in the field. The tables below show classification of pesticides according to the two systems.

a) USEPA classification (based on formulated product = active ingredient plus inert and other ingredients)

Class Descriptive term Mammalian LD50 Mammalian

Inhalation

LC50

Irritation Aquatic invert/fish (LC50 or EC50)2

Honey bee acute oral (LD50)

Oral Dermal Eye1 Skin

I Extremely toxic 50 200 0.2 Corrosive Corrosive < 0.1

II Highly toxic 50-500 200-2000 0.2-2.0 Severe Severe 0.11-1.0 < 2 µg/bee

III Moderately toxic 500-5000 2000-20000 2.0-20 No corneal opacity

Moderate 1.1-10.0 2.1-11 µg/bee

IV Slightly toxic 5000 20000 20 None Moderate or slight

10.1-100

Relatively non-toxic 101-1000


Practically non-toxic

1001-10,000 > 11 µg/bee

Non-toxic > 10,000

1 Corneal opacity not reversible within 7 days for Class I pesticides; corneal opacity reversible within 7 days but irritation persists during that period for Class II pesticides; no corneal opacity and irritation is reversible within 7 days for Class III pesticides; and Class IV pesticides cause no irritation2 Expressed in ppm or mg/l of water

b) WHO classification (based only on active or ‘technical’ ingredient)

Class Descriptive term

Oral LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body wt)

Dermal LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body wt)

Solids Liquids Solids Liquids

Ia Extremely hazardous 5 20 10 40

Ib Highly hazardous 5-50 20-200 10-100 40-400

II Moderately hazardous 50-500 20-2000 100-1000 400-4000

III Slightly hazardous 501 2001 1001 4001

U Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use 2000 3000 - -


Annex 5: Programmatic PERSUAP Analyses of Active Ingredients in Pesticides Registered and Imported into Madagascar

Introduction to Annex 5, below

Annex 5 below compiles all of the AIs in pesticides (natural, synthetic, as well as chemicals designated as CCPC and/or MRP by EPA and for which registration is not required) for which BEO approval is being requested (also compiled in the Executive Summary), made artesanally by farmers, or registered for use and imported in Madagascar. Project decision-makers—especially those who interface at the field level with beneficiary farmers—are encouraged to look at the label of potential pesticide choices to determine the AIs contained in them and then use this Annex as a quick reference guide to human and environmental acute and chronic attributes and issues with each chemical.

The pesticide attributes include pesticide class (to manage resistance by rotating chemicals from different classes), EPA registration and Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) status (to comply with Regulation 216) and acute toxicity (judged by this document to be safe, or not, for smallholder farmers—most Class I chemicals are not considered safe for smallholder farmers to use). Annex 5 also presents chronic health issues, water pollution potential, and potential toxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee pollinators, birds and several aquatic organisms.

Further, Annex 5 contains basic pieces of human safety and environmental data needed for the various analyses required throughout the PER 12-factor analysis; ergo it is referred to throughout this document. Thus, this Programmatic PERSUAP provides useful tools for evaluating and choosing among IPM options, including natural and synthetic pesticides, while adhering to 22 CFR 216.

Note that all emerging market countries in which USAID works, as well as the labels on the pesticides sold in them, use the WHO acute toxicity classification system, not the EPA system. The USA (and by extension Regulation 216) is the only country to use the EPA acute toxicity classification system. Thus a conundrum was created by the original (and apparently unaware) Regulation 216 drafters, and now provides a potential source of confusion among IPs.

That is the primary reason that the two systems are presented in Annex 4, above, and mentioned in this document, for comparison. The idea to provide this comparison was originally recommended years ago by field IPs, and thus is demand-driven by the users of the data collected.

Further, it is generally understood among pesticide experts with an understanding of international agribusiness and trade with Europe (where most of Madagascar’s high-value crops go) that EU pesticide registration must be understood in order to know which chemicals are and are not registered there, in case residues of non-EU registered pesticides are not permitted on imported produce and spices from Madagascar. That is why EU registration information is provided below as well, in Annex 5, so farmers don’t make mistakes by being unaware and using the wrong chemical, and losing shipments of high-value products with unapproved residues.

Key to Annex 5 matrix, below:

RUP: Few = one or two products; Some = a third of products; Most/All = most or all products containing the AI are labeled RUP by EPA

WHO Acute Toxicity Classes: O = Obsolete; Ia = Extremely Hazardous; Ib = Highly Hazardous; II = Moderately Hazardous; III = Slightly Hazardous; U = Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use; NL = None Listed

USAID/Madagascar FFP Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (Programmatic PERSUAP)161

EPA Acute Toxicity Classes: I = Extremely Toxic; II = Highly Toxic; III = Moderately Toxic; IV = Slightly Toxic; NL = None Listed

Chronic Human Toxicity: KC = Known Carcinogen; PC = Possible Carcinogen; LC = Likely Carcinogen; ED = Potential Endocrine Disruptor; RD = Potential Reproductive & Development Toxin; P = Parkinson’s Disease Risk; NL = None Listed

Chronic Human Toxicity Guidance for IPs: For all chronic toxicity issues, perform regular (twice a year) training/refresher training of staff and beneficiaries on each chronic risk (listed below) of each pesticide they regularly use, informing them on the importance of using PPE to reduce such risks, assisting them with getting such PPE, ensuring beneficiaries actually use PPE, and ensuring that they are informed of and follow pesticide label rules, which also include use of PPE.

Chronic Human Toxicity Risk Reduction Mandate for USAID: IPs should ensure that dedicated, and if needed, additional resources for such measures are allocated, do regular follow-up field audits, and report on findings.

Ecotoxicity: NAT = Not/Slightly Acutely Toxic; MT = Moderately Toxic; HT = Highly/Very Highly Toxic.

Ecotoxicity Guidance for IPs: For all ecotoxicity issues, perform regular (twice a year) training/refresher training of staff and beneficiaries on the risk (listed below) of each pesticide they regularly use to each organism. informing them on the importance of using PPE to reduce such risks, assisting them with getting such PPE, ensuring beneficiaries actually use PPE, and ensuring that they are informed of and follow pesticide label rules, which also include use of PPE.

Ecotoxicity Risk Reduction Mandate for USAID: IPs should allocate dedicated, and if needed, additional resources for such measures, do regular follow-up field audits, and report on findings.

Empty Cells: Emtpy cells mean that the information is not yet collected or reported by EPA, and thus, not readily available.

Water Pollution Potential: ID/LR = Insufficient Data or Low Risk; P = Potential water pollution risk; K = Known water pollution risk (http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Docs/ref_regulatoryCA.html#PANGWrating)

Reference websites used to find pieces of data contained in Annex 5 : See references at the end of the report.

Use of bold text in Annex 5: Some text is put into bold to make it stand out so readers see, and take heed of the data, which usually indicates an issue. One example are pesticides that are classified as neonicotinoids, a potential factor in honeybee colony collapse disorder, CCD. Another use is for active ingredients that are present in some Restricted Use Pesticide products, as a head’s up to IPs. Finally, pesticides not registered in the EU have a bold no so that IPs see and transmit that information to beneficiaries.

Use of green and yellow in Annex 5: Chemicals shaded green are generally safer for general use, according to USEPA. Those shaded yellow may have issues, including higher risks to environmental or human health, thus requiring a higher level of training, and often certification, in order to use them.

USAID/Madagascar FFP Programmatic Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (Programmatic PERSUAP)162

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Docs/ref_regulatoryCA.html#PANGWrating

Analysis of Insecticide, Miticide, Acaricide AIs Imported 2013, 14, 15 to Madagascar

Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts (Reg 216 Factors E & G)Active Ingredients proposed for

control of pests and thus proposed for R

eg 216 analysis

Chem

ical Class: R

eg 216, Factor I A

vailability of Other Pesticide

Options: A

I chemical classes for

rotation to avoid development of

resistance, and reduction of effectiveness (Factor F)

Any R

estricted Use Pesticides

with this A

I? (Reg 216, Factor A

)

Is AI EU

Registered? (R

eg 216, Factor A

)

WH

O A

cute Toxicity Class (R

eg 216 Factor E)

EPA A

cute Toxicity Classes (R

eg 216 Factor E)

Chronic Toxicity R

isks (Reg 216

Factor E)

Groundw

ater contaminant (R

eg 216 Factors G

& H

: Non-target

ecosystem, H

ydrology)

fish

bees

birds

amphibians

worm

s

Mollusks

Crustaceans

Aquatic Insects

Plankton

abamectin (miticide) microbial extract some yes NL II, III RD ID/LRNAT HT NAT HT HT HT

acetamiprid neonicotinoid no yes NL III NL ID/LRNAT MT HT

NAT

aluminum phosphide (fumigant) inorganic all yes NL I NL ID/LR HT HT HT MT

amitraz (acaricide) formamidine no no III II PC, RD ID/LR MT NAT NATNAT

NAT NAT

azadirachtin/neem extractbotanical extract

no yes NL III NL ID/LRNAT NAT NAT MT MT

Bacillus thuringiensis/BT microbial biopesticide no yes III III NL ID/LR MT NAT NATNAT NAT

NAT

carbaryl carbamate no no II III PC, ED P MT HT NAT MT HT NAT HT HT MTchlorpyrifos-methyl organophosphate no yes U I, III NL ID/LR MT HT MT MT HT HT MTcypermethrin synthetic pyrethroid some yes NL II, III PC, ED, RD ID/LR HT HT NAT MT HT HT HTdeltamethrin synthetic pyrethroid some yes II I, II, III ED ID/LR HT MT HT NAT HT HTdichlorvos/DDVP organophosphate no no Ib I, II, III PC, ED ID/LR MT HT HT HT

dimethoate organophosphate no yes II II PC, ED, RD PNAT HT HT HT MT HT HT HT MT

flubendiamide benzene dicarboxamide no pend NL III NL ID/LR HT NAT MT MT HT

imidacloprid neonicotinoid no yes II II, III NL PNAT MT HT

indoxacarb oxadiazine no yes O III NL ID/LR MT HT HT NAT MT lambda-cyhalothrin synthetic pyrethroid some yes II II, III ED ID/LR HT HT NAT HT HT HT HT malathion organophosphate no yes III II, III PC, ED P MT HT MT HT NAT HT MT HT HT

Permethrin Synthetic pyrethroid Yes yes II II, III KC, ED No Data HT HT NATNAT NAT NAT HT MT MT

pirimiphos methyl organophosphate no yes II, III I, II, III NL ID/LR MT HT MT MT HT HT

propoxur carbamate no no II II, III PC ID/LR MT HT HTNAT NAT NAT HT NAT MT

spinosad microbial no yes U III NL ID/LR MT HT NAT NAT HT MTTagetes African Marigold oil botanical miticide no pend NL NL NL ID/LR

thiamethoxam neonicotinoid no yes NL III PC ID/LRNAT HT NAT NAT NAT

NAT NAT


Analysis of Molluscicide AI Registered by Madagascar



eg 216 analysis

Chem

ical Class: R

eg 216, Factor I A


Options: A




Any R


with this A


)

Is AI EU

Registered? (R

eg 216, Factor A

)

WH

O A


eg 216 Factor E)

EPA A


eg 216 Factor E)

Chronic Toxicity R

isks (Reg 216

Factor E)

Groundw

ater contaminant (R

eg 216 Factors G

& H

: Non-target

ecosystem, H

ydrology)

fish

bees

birds

amphibians

worm

s

Mollusks

Crustaceans

Aquatic Insects

Plankton

metaldehyde aldehyde no s II II, III PC P T NAT MT NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT

Analysis of Rodenticide AIs Imported 2013, 14, 15 to Madagascar

Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts (Reg 216 Factors E & G)

Active Ingredients proposed for


eg 216 analysis

Chem

ical Class: R

eg 216, Factor I A


Options: A




Any R

estricted Use Pesticides w

ith this A


)

Is AI EU

Registered? (R

eg 216, Factor A

)

WH

O A


eg 216 Factor E)

EPA A


eg 216 Factor E)

Chronic Toxicity R

isks (Reg 216

Factor E)

Groundw

ater contaminant (R

eg 216 Factors G

& H

: Non-target

ecosystem, H

ydrology)

fish

bees

birds

amphibians

worm

s

Mollusks

Crustaceans

Aquatic Insects

Plankton

aluminum phosphide inorganic yes yes NL I NL ID/LR HT HT HT MT brodifacoum coumarin no no Ia III NL ID/LR MT MT bromadiolone coumarin no yes Ia III NL ID/LR MT MT MT chlorophacinone indandione no no Ia II, III NL ID/LR HT MT HT difenacoum coumarin no yes Ia III NL ID/LR HT HT MT difethialone coumarin no no Ia II, III NL ID/LR HT HT MT HT


diphacinone 1,3-Indandione no no Ia II, III NL ID/LR MT NAT NAT


Analysis of Fungicide AIs Imported 2013, 14, 15 to Madagascar

Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts (Reg 216 Factors E & G)

Active Ingredients proposed for


eg 216 analysis

Chem

ical Class: R

eg 216, Factor I A


Options: A




Any R

estricted Use Pesticides w

ith this A


)

Is AI EU

Registered? (R

eg 216, Factor A

)

WH

O A


eg 216 Factor E)

EPA A


eg 216 Factor E)

Chronic Toxicity R

isks (Reg 216

Factor E)

Groundw

ater contaminant (R

eg 216 Factors G

& H

: Non-target

ecosystem, H

ydrology)

fish

bees

birds

amphibians

worm

s

Mollusks

Crustaceans

Aquatic Insects

Plankton

azoxystrobin strobin no yes U III NL P MT MT MT MT MT HTchlorothalonil chloronitrile no yes NL I, II, III PC P HT HT NAT HT MT MTcopper/cupric hydroxide inorganic no yes II I, II, III NL ID/LR HT MT MT MT HT NAT HT HTcopper oxychloride (Cu2Cl(OH)3) inorganic no yes NL I, II, III NL ID/LR MT MT MT MT HTcopper sulfate (basic) inorganic no yes II I, II, III NL ID/LR MT HT NAT HT HT HT NAT NAT

fosetyl aluminum unclassified no yes NL III NL PNAT NAT NAT MT NAT MT

mancozeb dithiocarbamate no yes U III PC, ED, RD ID/LR MT MT NAT HT NAT

metalaxyl benzanoid no yes III II, III NL PNAT NAT NAT NAT

myclobutanil azole no yes III III RD ID/LR MT NAT MT MT MT HTpropiconazole azole no yes II II, III PC, RD P MT MT NAT MT MT

sulfur inorganic no yes U III NL ID/LRNAT NAT NAT NAT NAT

thiram/TMTD (diothio) carbamate no yes III III ED, RD ID/LR HT NAT NAT HT HT NAT HT HT


Analysis of Herbicide and PGR AIs Imported 2013, 14, 15 to Madagascar



eg 216 analysis

Chem

ical Class: R

eg 216, Factor I A


Options: A




Is AI EPA

Registered? (R

eg 216, Factor A

)

Any R


with this A


)

Is AI Eu R

egistered? (Reg 216,

Factor A)

WH

O A


eg 216 Factor E)

EPA A


eg 216 Factor E)

Chronic Toxicity R

isks (Reg 216

Factor E)

Groundw

ater contaminant (R

eg 216 Factors G

& H

: Non-target

ecosystem, H

ydrology)

fish

bees

birds

amphibians

worm

s

Mollusks

Crustaceans

Aquatic Insects

Plankton

2 4 D (ester form) chlorophenoxy acid yes no yes II III PC, ED P ST HT MT ST NAT NAT NAT ST STametryne triazine yes no no III III RD P NAT MT NAT MT MT NATbensulfuron-methyl sulfonyl urea yes no yes U II, III NL ID/LR NAT MT NAT MT NAT NATbispyribac-sodium unclassified yes no yes U III NL ID/LR MT NAT NAT MT MT glyphosate phosphonoglycine yes no yes U II, III NL P NAT NAT NAT NAT MT NATnicosulfuron sulfonylurea yes no yes U II, III NL P MT MT MT MT MT pendimethalin dinitroanaline yes no yes III III PC, ED ID/LR MT NAT NAT MT MT propanil analide yes no no III II, III PC P MT NAT MT NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT

Disinfectants: Bactericides, MicrobiocidesReg 216 Factors E & G: Ecotoxicity, Non-target Impacts

Disinfectant Active Ingredients proposed for control of crop diseases and thus proposed for Reg 216 analysis

Reg 216, Factor I Availability of Other Pesticide Options: AI chemical classes for rotation to avoid development of resistance, and reduction of effectiveness (Factor F)

Reg 216, Factor A

: Is AI EPA

R

egistered?

Reg 216, Factor A

: Any R

estricted U

se Pesticides with this A

I?

Reg 216, Factor A

: Is AI R

egistered in EU

?

Reg 216 Factor E: W

HO

Acute

Toxicity Class

Reg 216 Factor E: EPA

Acute

Toxicity Classes

Reg 216 Factor E: C

hronic Toxicity

Reg 216 Factors G

& H

(Non-target

ecosystem, H

ydrology): G

roundwater contam

inant

fish

bees

birds

amphibians

worm

s

Mollusks

Crustaceans

Aquatic Insects

Plankton

benzalkonium chloride*quaternary ammonium yes no no O I NL ID/LR MT MT HT

calcium hypochlorite inorganic yes no NL I NL ID/LR HT NAT HT MTsodium hypochlorite (bleach) inorganic yes no yes NL I NL ID/LR HT MT MT MT HT MT


*also called alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorideNatural Pesticides

Reg 216 Factors E & G: Ecotoxicity, Non-target ImpactsNatural Pesticide Active Ingredients proposed for control of crop diseases and thus proposed for Reg 216 analysis

Reg 216, Factor I Availability of Other Pesticide Options: AI chemical classes for rotation to avoid development of resistance, and reduction of effectiveness (Factor F)

Reg 216, Factor A

: Is AI EPA

R

egistered?

Reg 216, Factor A

: Any R

estricted U

se Pesticides with this A

I?

Reg 216, Factor A

: Is AI R

egistered in EU

?

Reg 216 Factor E: W

HO

Acute

Toxicity Class

Reg 216 Factor E: EPA

Acute

Toxicity Classes

Reg 216 Factor E: C

hronic Toxicity

Reg 216 Factors G

& H

(Non-target

ecosystem, H

ydrology): G

roundwater contam

inant

fish

bees

birds

amphibians

worm

s

Mollusks

Crustaceans

Aquatic Insects

basil oil (eugenol, other essential oils) botanical yes no yes NL III NL ID/LR NAT NAT NAT NAT MTchili pepper extract/capsaicin botanical yes no NL NL III NL ID/LRdiatomaceous earth (silicon dioxide) natural mineral yes no yes NL III NL ID/LReucalyptus oil extract/eucalyptol (varroa mite repellent) botanical yes no NL NL II, III NL ID/LRgarlic extract (allicin) botanical yes no yes NL III NL ID/LR HT HT HT MT MT MT HT HTginger extract/gingerol natural biopesticide yes no NL NL NL NL ID/LRiron (ferric) phosphate inorganic molluscicide yes no yes NL III NL ID/LRkaolin clay natural mineral yes no NL NL III NL ID/LRliquid lime sulfur natural inorganic yes no yes U III NL ID/LR NAT NAT NAT NATmenthol (varroa mite repellent) botanical repellent yes no NL NL II NL ID/LR NAT

mineral oil, refined (paraffin oil) alkane hydrocarbon yes no yes NL III NL ID/LR NATpotassium bicarbonate/potassium hydrogen carbonate natural inorganic yes no yes NL III NL ID/LR NAT MT NAT

soap (insecticidal) natural salts of fatty acids yes no yes NL II, III NL ID/LR MTsodium bicarbonate natural inorganic yes no NL NL III NL ID/LR NAT NATsucrose octanoate (varroa mite repellent) botanical carbohydrate yes no NL NL II NL ID/LR MTthyme oil/thymol botanical yes no pend NL III NL ID/LR MT MT NAT NATtomatillo oil botanical not needed no NL NL NL NL ID/LR

Species for which Pheromones are Recommended in Annex 1 and Registered by EPA

Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella)Armyworms (Spodoptera species)Banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus)Black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus)Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei)Cutworm (Agrotis segetum, Agrotis ipsilon)Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella)Potato tuberworm moth (Phthorimaea operculella)Sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius)Tomato fruitworm (Helicoverpa armigera)


Annex 6: Training Topics and Safe Pesticide Use Web Resources

MANDATORY ELEMENTS OF PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAINING

Pesticide safe use training must address the following minimum elements. Definition of pesticides. Pesticide risks and the understanding that pesticides are bio-poisons. Concepts of AIs vs. formulated products. Classes of pesticides and the concept that specific pesticides are effective against only certain classes

of organisms. Concept of proper application rates and the concept of pesticide resistance and techniques for

preventing resistance. Concept that pesticides have specific organisms against which they are effective. Survey of the core elements of safe pesticide use: IPM, safe purchase, transport, storage, mixing,

application, re-entry and pre-harvest intervals, and clean-up and disposal, including specific treatment of PPE.

Pesticide first aid and spill response. Interpretation of pesticide labels, particularly to understand PPE requirements and other precautions,

dosage rates, and to identify AIs and expiration dates. Proper sprayer operation and maintenance.

The following sections provide specific content notes on some of these topics.

6.1 Integrated Pest ManagementIPM is an integral part of safe pesticide use and supporting the use of pesticides only within an IPM framework is a core requirement of this PERSUAP. Therefore, pesticide safe use training must build an understanding of IPM fundamentals.The heart of IPM is an understanding of the relationship between pest injury, damage, yield loss, and economic loss. IPM was developed within the discipline of economic entomology. Farmers who are not trained in IPM may spray a crop upon seeing a single insect in a field or a few brown spots of a disease on a leaf. Pesticides are expensive and should only be used as a last resort and only when economically justified.

Threshold determination. Extension workers and farmers first need to understand the relationship between increasing injury levels and crop yield of each pest which is known as the damage function. A small amount of injury, in fact, can cause yield gain called overcompensation. In most cases, significant yield loss does not occur until a certain pest density occurs in the field because the crop can compensate for this level of damage. Then there is normally a linear decline in yield with increasing pest density. From this relationship, the economic injury level, economic threshold, or action threshold can be defined in the case of insect pests. Other methods to assess the threat of weeds and crop diseases will need to be developed based on field experience. Certain guidelines can be developed based on experience in neighboring countries.

IPM involves several tiers of integration. First there is the integration between control methods which must be harmonious. A non-harmonious example is the negative effect of pesticides on biocontrol agents. Biocontrol, which is the action of natural enemies against the pest, is free to the farmer so it behooves him not to upset this delicate balance unless absolutely necessary. The next tier of integration occurs between the different pest control disciplines. When one sprays an insecticide, herbivorous insects feeding on weeds are killed. Some fungicides also kill insect pests. Removing weeds forces army worms to feed on the crop. The third tier is integration with the cropping system and farming system. Crops that are well nourished can tolerate more damage. Many crop husbandry practices also affect pests, either positively or negatively. Application of nitrogen fertilizer is an example. On the one hand it can stimulate plant diseases, but on the other nitrogen fertilizer can provide strength of the crop to tolerate insect pest damage.

Pests do not occur in isolation, thus the crop has to deal with multiple pests as well as multiple stresses. A crop that is weak from zinc deficiency or water stress cannot tolerate as much pest damage as a healthier crop. In fact some sucking insect pests explode in abundance on a drought-stressed crop, further exacerbating the problem. The relationship between multiple pests and multiple stresses can be additive (1 + 1 = 2), antagonistic (1 + 1 = 1), or synergistic (1 + 1 = 3). This can occur in terms of yield loss from adding more pests or stresses, or can occur in terms of yield gain when one or more stresses are removed due to an effective curative control effort.

The IPM training will provide examples of the different pest control methods beginning with preventative ones, which start with quarantine and cultural crop husbandry methods based on good agronomic practices. These methods increase the crop’s tolerance for pest injury. Many of these methods fall under the rubric of cultural control. Host plant resistance is another good example of prevention. Other pest control methods can be physical (e.g., a fence to keep out animals), mechanical (e.g., using nets), or biological (e.g., parasitoids, predators, pathogens). Biological methods include natural control and man-induced methods, such as purchasing and releasing natural enemies or using selective pesticides. As a last resort there is chemical control.Farmers will need to be trained to recognize pests in the field and to be able to assess their densities, as well as know several methods of control for each. Training manuals with high-quality color photos will be essential in the training process. Government-approved, recommended practices need to be published and updated annually in guides given to extension officers.

Using PPE and clothing needs to be understood for each level of toxicity. This information is summarized below along with other information on the risks and hazards of transport, storage, and disposal of pesticides. Safety practices, such as the importance of pesticides not being stored in the home where children can find them, should also be understood and implemented.

6.2 Understanding Pesticide RisksMany times, non-chemical controls can be used to deal with pests. When deciding to use a pesticide, it is important to understand the risks associated with a specific product or treatment. No matter the treatment method, there is always a degree of risk associated with using a pesticide. Understanding the risk from specific pesticides can help determine whether or not a given pesticide is appropriate, or help choose between two different products.

Many people believe that some pesticides are “safe,” while others are “dangerous.” Actually, all chemicals, including all pesticides, have the potential to be hazardous. Even products that are considered low in toxicity, natural, or organic can be hazardous if someone or something comes in contact with enough of the substance.The toxicity of a pesticide, its formulation, and how much a person touches, ingests, inhales, or gets in contact with skin and eyes are all important considerations. The likelihood of experiencing some health effect as a result of using a product is referred to as the pesticide risk. The pesticide risk depends on which pesticide is used, how much is applied, frequency of application, and who or what has contact with the pesticide. The length of time the exposure occurred and how much of the substance actually gets on or in the body are important details in understanding the risk.18

Occupational exposure often occurs in cases of agricultural workers in fields, people living close to agricultural fields, and people working in the pesticide industry and working in structural pest control. Exposure of the general population occurs primarily through eating food and drinking water contaminated with pesticide residues. Water, soil, and air becomes contaminated from pesticides leaching into the ground, running off into rivers with rain water, or drifting as spray from pesticide applications.Ecological risk is risk posed by a pesticide to the wildlife and the environment. US EPA looks at ecological risks, including:

Wildlife and aquatic organisms: How could the pesticide affect various animal species?18 http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/WhatsMyRisk.pdf

http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/WhatsMyRisk.pdf

Plant protection: How could the pesticide affect various plant species?

Non-target insect: How could the pesticide affect insects other than the ones the pesticide is intended to kill?

Environmental fate: What happens to the pesticide in soil, water, and air after being released into the environment?

Residue chemistry: How much pesticide is present in the environment over time after application?

Spray drift: How much could the pesticide drift off-site when sprayed from the air? This helps to determine exposure of non-target organisms.

An adjuvant is any material that is added to a pesticide solution to enhance or modify the performance of the solution. Most pesticides are not flammable, but the solvents or diluents of liquid emulsion concentrates or oil solutions—xylene, kerosene, or other organic solvents—can be flammable and under some conditions explosive. Adjuvant can be inert but it can also significantly increase pesticide toxicity.

6.3 Understanding Pesticide Label and Material Safety Data Sheet The label of a pesticide container must have all the information about risks as well as information needed for safe and effective use. Additional important details about risks of pesticide products and instructions about safe use can be found in the manufacturer’s MSDS. Labels and MSDS for some pesticides are available online at http://www.cdms.net and http://www.greenbook.net.The label on a pesticide container has three main functions:

To tell the user what pest the product can be used on. To tell the user how to handle, use, and store the pesticide safely. To tell the user how and when to apply the pesticide for the best effect.

By law, pesticide labels must contain: The name of the product. Level of toxicity. Active ingredients. Other ingredients-co-formulates. The pests which the product will control. The rate of application of the product (how much of it to use). The time and method of application. Directions for handling the product safely. First aid procedures in case of an accident. Any special instructions or warnings about its use, transport, storage, or disposal. The net contents (weight when packed) of the container.

The pesticide pictogram will provide information about risks and safety measures required including PPE.

All programs must review the MSDS and provide training on reading and understanding the pesticide label prior to using pesticides.

6.4 Pesticide Safety and Use of Protective Clothing and EquipmentTraining must address the types of personal protective equipment (PPE), when they should be worn and why.

TABLE 1. HANDLER PPE FOR WORKER PROTECTION STANDARD PRODUCTS

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

TOXICITY CLASSIFICATION BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE OF END-USE PRODUCT

I DANGER

II WARNING

III CAUTION

IV CAUTION

Dermal Toxicityor Skin Irritation Potential1/

Coveralls worn over long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Coveralls worn over long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Long-sleeved shirt and long pants

Socks Socks Socks Socks

Chemical-resistant footwear

Chemical-resistant footwear

Rubber boots or shoes

Rubber boots or shoes

Chemical-resistantGloves2



No minimum4

Inhalation Toxicity

Respiratory protection device3

Respiratory protection device3

No minimum4 No minimum4

Eye Irritation Potential

Goggles5 Goggles5 No minimum4 No minimum4

1 If dermal t1/Toxicity and skin irritation toxicity categories are different, PPE shall be determined by the more severe toxicity classification of the two. If dermal toxicity or skin irritation is category I or II, refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine if additional PPE is required. 2 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of chemical-resistant glove.3 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of respiratory protection.4 Although no minimum PPE is required for these toxicity categories and routes of exposure, some specific products may require PPE. Read pesticide label/MSDS.5 “Protective eyewear” is used instead of “goggles” and/or “face shield” and/or “shielded safety glasses” and similar terms to describe eye protection. Eye glasses and sunglasses are not sufficient eye protection. Note: Where necessary, farmers can make their own PPE. For example a plastic or water repellent apron from the waist to ankle length, can be fashioned from a large piece of plastic purchased in the local market (important if walking through the spray path).

Source: CropLife

6.5 Proper Spray Technique: Protecting Against Pesticide Spray DriftMany farmers apply pesticides with a knapsack sprayer, which means that delivery of pesticides is either in front of the person spraying or to the side, not to the back as is the case with tractor-drawn sprayers. Inevitably pesticide drift will be carried by the wind and potentially settle on sensitive ecosystems such as national parks if they are nearby. Herbicides pose the greatest risk for environmental damage, especially when their drift lands on a neighbors crops and kills or severely damages them.

The potential for drift to travel long distances has been shown with highly residual chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, such as DDT, which have moved through the atmosphere and been found in measurable quantities at both poles on earth. Pesticides that can be transported to the earth’s distant poles are bound tightly to dust particles carried high into the atmosphere and transported by jet streams. Their presence only represents a very small percentage of the drift. Spray drift is a mostly local phenomenon, whereby spray droplets move to areas near the field.

There are a number of ways in which pesticide drift can be minimized:Increase spray droplet size. Fog-sized droplets can travel three miles (4.8 km) while coarse droplets typically travel less than 10 feet (3 meters). To increase droplet size, the farmer can reduce spray pressure (e.g., 30 to 50 pounds per square inch [2-3.5 kg/cm2] with 5 to 20 gallons [19 to 76 liters] of water per acre [.4 ha]), increase nozzle orifice size, use special drift reduction nozzles, and purchase additives that increase spray viscosity.Distance between nozzle and target. Reduce the distance between the nozzle and the target crop.

Temperature and relative humidity. As pesticides vaporize under high temperature, low relative humidity and/or high temperature will cause more rapid evaporation of spray droplets between the spray nozzle and the target. Evaporation also reduces droplet size, which in turn increases the potential drift of spray droplets. It is best not to spray in the heat of the day to avoid drift problems.

Avoid spraying when the wind speed > 10 mph (16 km/h). As drift occurs as droplets suspended in the air, it is best to minimize applications during windy days. If spraying has to be done, however, the farmer should spray away from sensitive areas. Local terrain can influence wind patterns, thus every applicator should be familiar with local wind patterns and how they affect spray drift.

Do not spray when the air is completely calm or when a temperature inversion exists. When the air is completely still, small spray droplets become suspended in the warm air near the soil surface and will be readily carried aloft and away from susceptible plants by vertical air movement. Temperature inversion occurs when air near the soil surface is cooler than the higher air. Temperature inversions restrict vertical air mixing,

which causes small suspended droplets to remain in a concentrated cloud and impact plants two miles or more downwind. This cloud can move in unpredictable directions due to the light, variable winds common during inversions.

Application height. Making applications at the lowest height reduces exposure of droplets to evaporation and wind.

C.6 Pesticide Transport and Storage Where IPs or beneficiary groups will be transporting pesticides, training must address the fundamentals of safe transport of pesticides. (Some of the largest accidents involving pesticides have occurred during transportation.) Drivers should be trained on how to deal with and contain spills and not to transport pesticides with food. Many of the agro-dealers are small and ship their stock individually in relatively small quantities. Agro-dealers should be sensitized about minimizing potential risks during transportation. Minimum elements of safe transport are:

Keep pesticides away from passengers, livestock and foodstuffs; Do not carry pesticides in driver’s compartment; Containers must be in good condition; Do not transport packages with any leakage; and, Transport under cover and protected from rain, and direct sunlight.

Storing pesticides properly protects human and animal health, safeguards wells and surface waters, and prevents unauthorized access to hazardous chemicals. The pesticide label is the best guide to storage requirements for every product. The MSDS provides additional information on normal appearance and odor as well as flash point, fire control recommendations, boiling point, and solubility.

Preventative measures are required in pesticide warehouses in order to reduce cases of pilferage, exposure through leakages, theft, and expiration of pesticides. Where IPs or beneficiaries, including agro-dealers, will be maintaining pesticide stores, training must address these practices, as per the best management practices for pesticide storage highlighted in Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) storage manual19 and summarized below:

All primary pesticide storage facilities will be double-padlocked and guarded on a 24-hour basis. All the storage facilities will be located away from water sources, domestic wells, markets, schools,

hospitals, etc. Wastewater from pesticide storage facilities must not be drained directly into public drains but should be pretreated on site.

Soap and clean water will be available at all times in all the facilities. A trained storekeeper will be hired to manage each facility. Pesticides will be stacked as specified in the FAO Storage and Stock Control Manual. Inventory management will include recording expiration dates of all pesticides and maintaining a

“first-in first-out” stocking system. All the warehouses will have at least two exit access routes in case of a fire outbreak. A non-water-based fire extinguisher will be available in the storage facilities, and all workers will be

trained on how to use this device, and how to respond to fire (see below). Warning notices will be placed outside of the store in the local language(s) with a skull and crossbones

sign to caution against unauthorized entry.

Further, if IP-run pesticide stores exist in an area with fire or emergency services, local first responders must receive training on how to deal with pesticide fires. The smoke from such a fire is highly hazardous and effluent from water spray can do great harm to the environment. If fire fighters use water to put out a fire in a pesticide storage shed, the runoff will be highly toxic.

19 "Pesticide Storage and Stock Control Manual." Pesticide Storage and Stock Control Manual. Web. 18 Aug. 2015.

http://www.fao.org/docrep/v8966e/v8966e00.htm .

http://www.fao.org/docrep/v8966e/v8966e00.htm

6.7 First Aid It is important to provide training on recognition of the symptoms of a pesticide poisoning so the victim will receive timely treatment. Contact information of the closest medical facility must be known and available if someone can be possibly poisoned with a pesticide. Quick action could save the victim's life. Farmers must be trained to make sure to take the label and if possible the MSDS on the chemical to the hospital. This will enable the medical professionals to treat the victim properly and promptly.

Training must include the basic elements of pesticide first aid, as per the table below. Wherever possible, personnel at local health facilities should participate in/receive such training.

General Read the first aid instructions on the pesticide label, if possible, and follow them. Do not become exposed to poisoning yourself while you are trying to help. Take the pesticide container (or the label) to the physician.

Poison on skin

Act quickly.Remove contaminated clothing and drench skin with water.Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with detergent and water.Dry victim and wrap in blanket.

Chemical burn on skin

Wash with large quantities of running water.Remove contaminated clothing.Cover burned area immediately with loose, clean, soft cloth.Do not apply ointments, greases, powders, or other drugs in first aid treatment of burns.

Poison in eye

Wash eye quickly but gently.Hold eyelid open and wash with gentle stream of clean running water.Wash for 15 minutes or more.Do not use chemicals or drugs in the wash water; they may increase the extent of injury.

Inhaled poison

Carry victim to fresh air immediately.Open all doors and windows so no one else will be poisoned.Loosen tight clothing.Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or if the victim’s skin is blue. If victim is in an enclosed area, do not enter without proper protective clothing and equipment. If proper protection is not available, call for emergency equipment from your fire department (if available).

Poison in mouth or swallowed

Rinse mouth with plenty of water.Give victim large amounts (up to 1 quart) of milk or water to drink.Induce vomiting only if instructions to do so are on the label.

Procedure for inducing vomiting

Position victim face down or kneeling forward. Do not allow victim to lie on his back, because the vomit could enter the lungs and do additional damage.Put finger or the blunt end of a spoon at the back of victim’s throat or give syrup of ipecac.Collect some of the vomit for the physician if you do not know what the poison is.Do not use salt solutions to induce vomiting.

When not to induce vomiting

If the victim is unconscious or is having convulsions.If the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison. A corrosive poison is a strong acid or alkali. It will burn the throat and mouth as severely coming up as it did going down. It may get into the lungs and burn there also.If the victim has swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate or oil solution. Emulsifiable concentrates and oil solutions may cause severe damage to the lungs if inhaled during vomiting.

6.8 Proper Pesticide Container Disposal Once pesticides have been used, the empty containers need to be properly disposed of. Training must address proper disposal. This table gives a summary of the best practices for doing so.TABLE: PROPER METHODS TO DISPOSE OF PESTICIDES AND THEIR EMPTY CONTAINERS

CONTAINER TYPE DISPOSAL STATEMENTS

Metal Containers (non-aerosol) Triple rinse. Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and bury.

Paper and Plastic Bags Completely empty bag into application equipment. Then bury empty bag.

Glass Containers Triple rinse. Then bury.

Plastic Containers Triple rinse. Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and bury.

6.9 Proper Disposal of Obsolete and Unused PesticidesMadagascar has a pilot system for the ultimate disposal of unused and obsolete pesticides. Like many developing countries, Madagascar relies on informal disposal methods of pesticides which could lead to environmental degradation and negative impacts to human health. According to the FAO, potential methods for disposal of obsolete pesticides include:20

high-temperature incineration; chemical treatment; and, engineered landfill (for immobilized materials, incinerator ash and slag).

In Madagascar, the potential solutions are most likely limited to: Incineration in Madagascar in a properly operated and licensed cement kilns; and, Packaging and shipping to licensed and properly operated pesticide disposal facilities (falling into the

categories above) in a country outside of Madagascar.

6.10 Monitoring and Data Record KeepingMany Malagasy small-scale farmers and other beneficiaries, other than those doing export, do not keep records of information on crops grown, production, or activities, materials storage practices, pest attack, pesticides used, whether the pesticides worked well or not, pest resistance development and pre-harvest intervals to reduce pesticide residues. Projects must conduct training programs on monitoring and data record-keeping

20 FAO, 1996, Guidelines: Disposal of bulk quantities of obsolete pesticides in developing countries. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Environment Programme, (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Accessed at: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/obsolete_pesticides/docs/w1604e.pdf

http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/obsolete_pesticides/docs/w1604e.pdf

http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/obsolete_pesticides/docs/w1604e.pdf

techniques for pest control and pesticide needs and/or effectiveness. An example of a monitoring and record keeping chart is included below, in Annex 7.

Web Safe Pesticide Use Training Resources

General Mitigation of Potential Pesticide Dangers General Measures to Ensure Safe Use: http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/saferUse.htm, Chapter 13

EPA Recommended Worker Protection Standards: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/worker.htm (all types of PPE)

Routes of Pesticide Exposure and Mitigation of Risks:http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/saferUse.htm, Chapter 13

Basic First Aid for Pesticide Overexposure: http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/saferUse.htm, Chapter 13

International PIC & POPs Lists:PIC Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals (http://www.pic.int)POPs Pesticides and Chemicals (http://www.pops.int)

Pesticide Disposal Options:http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/chap-13_0.pdf

http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/chap-13_0.pdf

http://www.pops.int/

http://www.pic.int/

Annex 7: Farm Record Keeping Template: Associated with Pesticide Use

Agricultural chemical application details Weather details (If product is being sprayed outdoors)

Contact details

Date of application

Product trade name Application rate Crop/commodity

treated OR situation product was applied

Extent of use (area/volume /weight)

Location where product was used

Wind speed

Wind direction

Name and address of applicator and (if applicable) supervisor

Name and address of person for whom the application was carried out

Annex 8: Form for Projects to Monitor Farmer Best Practices including GAP and IPM options

Name of Staff Responsible for Monitoring Demonstration Farms:

Name of Demonstration Farmer: Crop: Date:

What are the major pests encountered by the farmer?:

Which of the attached Preventive and Curative GAP and IPM tools and tactics are used by farmer?

Are pesticides used by demo farmer? Yes__ No__

How are pesticides applied? backpack sprayer__ other__

What are the names of the pesticides used?:

Which PPE does farmer have and use? gloves___ overalls___ boots___

respirator___ goggles___

Has the farmer had IPM and Safe Pesticide Use training? Yes__ No__

Are there any empty pesticide containers scattered in the field? Yes__ No__

Are there signs that the backpack sprayer has leaks? Yes__ No__

Does the farmer understand the pesticide label information? Yes__ No__

Is the pesticide stored safely out of the house or away from kids? Yes__ No__

Does the farmer use gloves for mixing the pesticide with water? Yes__ No__

What times of the day are the pesticides applied? ________

Are pesticides applied during rain or windy conditions? Yes__ No__

Are women or children permitted to apply pesticides? Yes__ No__

Are empty pesticide containers are used to store water? Yes__ No__

Does the farmer rinse equipment away from streams and open water? Yes__ No__

Does the farmer wash clothes after applying pesticides? Yes__ No__

How does the farmer dispose of empty pesticide containers? puncture/bury__ burn__

Is there any evidence that pesticides are becoming less effective? Yes__ No__

Preventive and Curative GAP and IPM options:

Preventive Preventive CurativeSoil nutrient, texture and pH testing Farmer ability to correctly identify

pest predators, parasitoids and diseases

Mechanical insect control by hand picking

Pest resistant/tolerant seed/plant variety

Weekly field scouting to assess pest levels/damage

Farmers make & apply local artisanal plant extracts (neem, pyrethroid, garlic, chili, other)

Early/late plantings or harvestings to avoid pests

Use of trap crops to trap and destroy pests

Weed control by machine cultivation, hoe or hand

Seed treatment with pesticides Removal/pruning of diseased or heavily infested plants/tree branches

Purchase and release of predators or parasitoids to control major pests

Soil moisture testing Planting parasite-attracting plants on field margins

Use of pheromone traps to reduce overall pest levels

Raised-bed production or mounding Put baits and use other practices to encourage predator/parasite build-up

Use of pheromone inundation to confuse pest mating

Irrigation and drip irrigation Use of pheromone traps to monitor pest levels

Spot treatment of pest hotspots with insecticides, miticides or fungicides

Use of natural fertilizers (manure, compost)

Inter-planting crops with aromatic herbs (celery, cilantro, parsley, dill or local plants) that repel pests

Area spraying (complete field coverage) using synthetic and natural insecticides, miticides or nematocides

Use of purchased mineral fertilizers Mulching with organic materials or plastic to control weeds

Use of synthetic and natural fungicides or bactericides

Combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers

Plant living barriers or bamboo/tree barriers on windward edge of field

Use of herbicides for weed control

Crop rotation Exclude insect pests by using vegetable tunnels and micro-tunnels

Farm use of a locked storage building for pesticides

Use of green manure crops Use of biodiversity or energy conservation practices

Farmer use of pesticide in-ground compost trap for depositing and capturing spilled or leftover pesticides

Farmer ability to correctly identify pests and their damage

Crop stalks, residue and dropped fruit destruction/composting season end

Farmer use of receptacle for empty pesticide bottle disposal

Annex 9: Programmatic PERSUAP References

Baker EL, Zack M, Miles JW, Alderman L, Warren M, Dobbins RD, Miller S, Teeters WR (1978) Epidemic malathion poisoning in Pakistan malaria workers. The Lancet, January: 31–33.

Websites: Website references used to develop the Programmatic PERSUAP International Treaties and Conventions:POPs website: http://www.pops.int

PIC Website: http://www.pic.intBasel Convention: http://www.basel.int/

Montreal Protocol: http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/montreal_protocol.php Pakistan malaria poisonings: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACQ047.pdf.

Locust Plagues in Madagascar:Madagascar Locust Emergency, 1998, USAID Assessment Team Report, Crisis Mitigation and Recovery Division, Office of Sustainable Development, Bureau for Africa, 54 pp.

Emergency Response versus Restraint in the Ongoing Locust Plague in Madagascar: Assessing the Policy Maker, Scientist, Village and Farm Levels. 1999, USAID Document. Schroeder and Vorgetts. 20pp.

Pesticide poisonings: http://www.panna.org/resources/panups/panup_20080403 http://www.panna.org/legacy/panups/panup_20060131.dv.html

IPM and PMP websites:http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/ http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/topic_pest_management

http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/index.cfm http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/154769/cotton-pest-management-guide-part1.pdf

Pesticide Research Websites:http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ghindex.html (Extoxnet Oregon State database with ecotox)

http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/f_2.htm (all types of application equipment)http://www.greenbook.net/ (pesticide Material Safety Data Sheets)

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm (EPA Registration Eligibility Decisions)

Ecotoxicity : http://alamancebeekeepers.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Hazardous-Pesticides.pdf (pesticide toxicity to honeybees)

http://wihort.uwex.edu/turf/Earthworms.htm (pesticide toxicity to earthworms)

Safety :

http://wihort.uwex.edu/turf/Earthworms.htm

http://alamancebeekeepers.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Hazardous-Pesticides.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm

http://www.greenbook.net/

http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/f_2.htm

http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ghindex.html

http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/154769/cotton-pest-management-guide-part1.pdf

http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/index.cfm

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/topic_pest_management

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/

http://www.panna.org/resources/panups/panup_20080403

http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACQ047.pdf

http://www.basel.int/

http://www.pic.int/

http://www.pops.int/

http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/index.htm (EPA regulated biopesticides)http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/index.html (IPM, PMPs and pesticide recommendations)

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PI/PI07300.pdf (Restricted Use Pesticides)http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/ (EPA Health & Safety)

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/PPISdata/ (EPA pesticide product information)

Personal Protection Equipment (PPE):

http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm (all types of PPE)

http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/PPISdata/

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PI/PI07300.pdf

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/index.html

http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/index.htm

Annex 10 : Fumigation Plans for ADRA and CRS

For a copy of these plans, please email Erika Clesceri, the DCHA BEO, or refer to the Environmental Compliance Database.

http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/

mailto:[email protected]

Annex 11: BEO Revision Requirment Memos for Prior CRS and ADRA IEEs and IEE PERSUAP Amendments

The April 2015 BEO review of the original FFP CRS and ADRA IEEs noted that the following four issues, numbered as they are in the resulting IEE guidance, to be addressed in the 2016 Programmatic PERSUAP:

Issue 8: “Natural” pesticides can still propose a toxics threat, and will as such require compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures, Regulation 216.3(b).

Discussion: The IEE mentions developing local knowledge about “natural” pesticides as part of Purpose 2 on page 17. Bio-pesticides, botanical pesticides, natural pesticides, or any other form of pesticides, even if not synthetic chemical, require compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures. For example, the USEPA has a registration for Neem tree seed extract (azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM)) for a wide range of uses. USAID follows the USEPA’s definition of pesticides; more biopesticide information is at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/whatarebiopesticides.htm.

CRS and ADRA should first confer with USAID Madagascar to ascertain whether any existing Mission PERSUAPs would apply to the proposed work in bio-pesticides to avoid duplication of effort, where feasible. Regulation 216 is also interpreted to cover promotion of pesticides. Increasing local knowledge on pesticides is considered promotion and will require that a Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) be completed before this activity can be implemented. Although a PERSUAP does not need to be developed at this time, the IEE must make reference to plans for development of a PERSUAP.

Revision 8: The IEE must make reference to a plan for compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures for activities involving natural or any other form of pesticide.

Issue 9: For the submitted PERSUAP for commodities, insufficient analysis for individual contact pesticides in the commodity Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER) component of the PERSUAP.

Discussion: It is inappropriate that the commodity PERSUAP duplicates the identical analysis for dissimilar pesticides, including two insecticides with different active ingredients for the 12-factor analysis. There is also concern because Factors J, K, and L are missing from the analysis on contact pesticides. Answers, such as to Factor A are incomplete, only commercial names are listed. Factor B, for example, is incorrect (e.g., the question is asking why was the pesticide selected over other options). There should also be more information on Integrated Pest Management measures specified; pesticides should be used as a last resort.

CRS and ADRA may wish to consider reaching out to additional pesticide expertise, as this PERSUAP has several systematic issues.

Revision 9: For the submitted PERSUAP for commodities, CRS will need to analyze all 12-factors for individual contact pesticides.

Issue 10: For the submitted Madagascar FFP PERSUAPs for commodities, the Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) must include a template for the Fumigation Management Plan (FMP).

Discussion: At present, the commodity PERSUAPs submitted by CRS and ADRA only include an annex with the Fumigation Safer Use Action Plan and Compliance Tracker (a template that was developed as part of the USAID Fumigation Programmatic Environmental Assessment [PEA]) and references other tools available in the Fumigation PEA. It is of paramount importance that CRS and ADRA use the provided template for the Fumigation Management Plan (FMP, http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/FumigationPEA/Phosphide_FumigMangmtPlan_August%202014.docx) that is found with the USAID Fumigation Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) described on PEA homepage: http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationPEA.htm. The purpose of the FMP is to: describe the commodity and ownership, establish an emergency plan and safety measures, list equipment and supplies, confirm procedures are met for application and monitoring, and confirm procedures are met for disposal and cleanup.

CRS and ADRA may wish to consider reaching out to additional pesticide expertise, as this PERSUAP has several systematic issues.

Revision 10: For the submitted PERSUAP for commodities, CRS and ADRA must include a Fumigation Management Plan template (with intent to fill before fumigating occurs) as part of the SUAP.

Issue 11: For the submitted PERSUAPs for commodities, type of equipment to be used during fumigation is not specified.

As USAID is tracking the implementation of the Fumigation PEA, the precise information about equipment is needed, which is described below.

1. Fumigation Monitoring Equipment Requirement: Abundant evidence demonstrates that gas monitoring devices are critical to verify that phosphine concentrations are sustained at high enough levels to provide an effective “kill” treatment of the commodities. Equally, gas monitors are needed to ensure the safety of warehouse personnel and fumigators. Without these monitors, the fumigant applicator has absolutely no knowledge of the gas concentrations. At phosphine concentrations where one can smell the trace additives in the phosphine gas, the gas is toxic to human health. 2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Requirement: All fumigation PERSUAPs will provide detailed guidance on the types of PPE that fumigation applicators will be will be required to use during fumigation. PPE requirements for fumigation include half-face respirators with eye protective gear or full-face respirators, gloves, coveralls and closed-toed shoes with socks. 3. Gas Impermeable Tarps (e.g. vinyl coated nylon tarping): Stacks in warehouse are to be enclosed with gas impermeable (e.g. vinyl coated nylon) tarps when fumigation occurs with phosphine. Warehouse doors and vents, must be sealed during fumigation because gaps can result in gas to leak from the warehouse. In addition, fumigation tarps must not be re-used too often as this may weaken the tarps or result in torn tarps and, therefore, would not create a gas tight seal. The warehouse compound must not remain open during fumigation, as well, as this potentially exposes workers in adjacent warehouses, office workers, and others working on-site to phosphine gas. Placarding and other measures should be taken to ensure that no entry will occur in warehouses that are being fumigated.

Procurement: USAID implementers should be aware that if and when this fumigation equipment is not available, then implementing partners are prohibited from contracting with these Fumigation Service Providers. Alternatively, implementing partners may make a proposal to their C/AOR to procure only essential fumigation equipment as described above.

Revision 11: For the submitted PERSUAPs for commodities, CRS and ADRA must include model, make, and number for the gas monitoring equipment, respirator, and tarps to be used by the Fumigation Service Provider (FSP).

BEO Environmental Threshold Decisions for Prior ADRA IEEs and IEE PERSUAP Amendments

In July and August 2015, BEO provided the following Environmental Threshold Decisions (ETDs) addressing, respectively, ADRA and CRS IEE Amendments/PERSUAPs, which required additional data, analysis, mandates and recommendations.

ADRA, July 2015

USAID Bureau Environmental Officer Approval:This Environmental Threshold Decision (ETD) is to inform FFP awardee that the AdventistDevelopment and Relief Agency (ADRA) IEE has been approved with Conditions by theDCHA Bureau Environmental Officer (BEO), on July 31, 2015.

On April 8th, the DCHA BEO provided a Revision Memo to ADRA for necessarycorrections to their IEE. The revised IEE was submitted and has undergone all necessaryMission and Washington clearances and meets the minimum 22 CFR 216 requirements,excluding the Pesticide Evaluation Reports and Safer Use Action Plans (PERSUAPs).

No Approval for Two PERSUAPs:This ETD approves only the IEE document. Neither the Fumigation nor AgriculturePERSUAPs submitted to USAID have been approved due to insufficient technical analysisand action planning for implementation. Thus, unfortunately given these gaps, no ADRA activity related involving the use or promotion of pesticides in Madagascar may be implemented at this time.

In addition to revisions to the PERSUAPs, ADRA must also implement the following IEEConditions [1-4 not directly related to pesticides; not copied below].

CRS, August 2015

USAID Bureau Environmental Officer Approval (CRS):

This Environmental Threshold Decision (ETD) is to inform FFP awardee that the CatholicRelief Services Madagascar (CRS/Madagascar) IEE has been approved with Conditions by theDCHA Bureau Environmental Officer (BEO), on August 5, 2015. CRS/Madagascar hasundergone all necessary Mission and Washington clearances and meets the minimum 22 CFR216 requirements, with the following 6 conditions for implementation [1-4 and 6 not directly related to pesticides; not copied below].

No Approval for Use or Promotion of Pesticides, including “Natural” bio-pesticides:This ETD approves only the IEE document, excluding promotion of bio-pesticide promotion,such as the use of neem/azadirachtin/neem (EAU DE NEEM). Bio-pesticides, when used or promoted,

require compliance withUSAID’s Pesticide Procedures, Regulation 216.3(b).

Furthermore, the Fumigation PERSUAP submitted to USAID is not approved due to insufficienttechnical analysis and action planning for implementation. Thus, unfortunately given these gaps,no CRS activity involving the use or promotion of pesticides in Madagascar may beimplemented at this time.

Condition 5: CRS must assess the baseline level use of pesticides. No promotion or use ofpesticides is permitted at this time until there is compliance with USAID’s PesticideProcedures.

Issue 5: Baseline use of pesticide by targeted beneficiary farmers is not considered by CRS

Discussion It is critical that the baseline level of use of pesticides (both biological and syntheticpesticides) by target farmer groups be understood. The CRS IEE states the there will bepromotion of “natural” pesticides. It should be noted that these biological pesticides requirecompliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures, 216.3(b).

Many poor farmers, even in structurally remote regions will have some level of access topesticides. Oftentimes, these pesticide agricultural inputs (in addition to seeds, fertilizers andlivestock pharmaceuticals) will be of the lowest quality, and include fake or counterfeit products.These products may be cheaper, but they are both dangerous and ineffective.

CRS may choose to build upon existing USAID PERSUAPs to develop one for encompassingCRS activities. CRS may not decide to utilize the full suite of pesticides found in a PERSUAP,but should have a greater understanding of the baseline use of these pesticides. This is to ensuresustainability of the CRS activities after the life of project.

For example, behavior change approaches will need to be tailored to the current context to effectively promote safe and effective use of pesticides, including “natural” pesticides, to improve agriculture productivity outcomes.

Condition 5: CRS must assess the baseline level use of pesticides. No promotion or use ofpesticides is permitted at this time until there is compliance with USAID’s PesticideProcedures.

Annex 12: Pesticide AIs rejected by this PERSUAP analysis

Tables of Programmatic PERSUAP-Rejected Pesticide Active Ingredients:

Programmatic PERSUAP-Rejected Insecticide, Miticide and Acaricide AIs in products registered and imported by Madagascar (with reason for rejection)

alpha-cypermethrin (RUP) beta-cyfluthrin (local Buldock 25

EC, concentration similar to USEPA RUP products)

beta-cypermethrin (RUP for most field agriculture/horticulture uses)

carbosulfan (not EPA registered) diafenthiuron (not EPA registered) emamectin-benzoate (RUP for most

field agriculture/horticulture uses)

ethion (not EPA registered) ethoprophos (RUP) fenitrothion (not EPA registered for field

agriculture/horticulture uses) fenoxycarb (not EPA registered) methidathion (not EPA registered) profenofos (RUP) thiodicarb (RUP)

Programmatic PERSUAP-Rejected Rodenticide AI in products registered and imported by Madagascar (with reason for rejection)

zinc phosphide (local concentrations are WHO actue toxicity Class 1b; too toxic for smallholder farmers)

Programmatic PERSUAP-Rejected Fungicide AIs in products registered and imported by Madagascar (with reason for rejection)

hexaconazole (not EPA registered) propineb (not EPA registered)

Programmatic PERSUAP-Rejected Herbicide AIs in products registered and imported by Madagascar (with reason for rejection)

1-octanol PGR (EPA registered only for tobacco sucker control)

1-decanol PGR (EPA registered only for tobacco sucker control)

2, 4 D amine salt (not EPA registered)

atrazine (known groundwater pollutant)

butralin (not EPA registered for use on non-tobacco crops)

haloxyfop-R-methyl ester (not EPA registered)

pretilachlor (not EPA registered) terbutryn (not EPA registered for

agriculture)

Annex 13: Examples of pesticide products imported for each AI allowed by this PERSUAP

Active Ingredient Product Nameswith Concentration and Formulationif available

Fumigantaluminum phosphide / phosphure d'AL QUICKPHOS

DETIA GAS EX TPHOSTOXIN

Insecticides

abamectin miticide MORTAK 1,8 ECACARIUS 018 ECABASTAR 1,8 ECTIANLIMECTIN 1,8 EC

acetamiprid ACETAVERT 20 SLSINOMASTERK-OPTIMALPACHA 25 ECK-OPTIMALTIANLIMASTER 20 SP

amitraz acaricide AMITRAZE 125 g/L

azadirachtin/neem extract ARENEEAU DE NEEM

Bacillus thuringiensis / BT Sp Kurtaski BATIK WG

carbaryl SEVIN 85 S

chlorpyrifos-methyl CHLORPYRIPHOS-METHYL 500g/L

cypermethrin CYPVERT 240 ECCYPERSINO 24 ECSUPERMALA 265 UL (mixed with malathion)

CIGOGNECYPERMADCIPMETHRINE 25 ECCYPERSTAR 24% ECCYPRO 250 EC

deltamethrin DELTACIP M 2,8DELTANEX 17,5 ULDELTANEX PLUS 45 UL (mixed with piperonyl-butoxide)IMIDAPRO PLUS 13 UL (mixed with imidacloprid)DELTABEX

Dichlorvos/DDVP DICHLOBEX 1000 ECNOVOS 1000 ECDDVP PROCHIMAD 100 ECTANGEN 100 ECDDVPSTAR 1000 EC

dimethoate DIMETHOVERT 400 ECGAZIDIM 400 ECSINODIMET 40 ECTOPDIM 400 ECDIMEX 400 ECDIMETHOBEXMIZADIMDIMEROL 400 ECTIANLIDIMET 40 ECDIMETHALL 400 EC

flubendiamide BELT 480 SC

imidacloprid MOMTAZ 45 TS (mixed with thiram)CONFIDOR 010 ULIMIDAPRO PLUS 13 ULIMIDAPRO 10 ULINSECTOR T 45 (mixed with thiram)IDELSTIC 70CONFIDOR 70 WGIMIDAPRO PLUS 13 UL (mixed with deltamethrin)IMIDINE 10 SL

AQUAMID 10 ULVSEEDOR

indoxacarb AVAUNT 150 SC

lambda-cyhalothrin CIPLOTHRIN 5 ECLAMBDASTAR 5% EC (mixed with cypermthrin for warehouse use)LAMBDAVERT 5 ECLAMBDASTAR 5% ECLAMBDAPRO 5 ECK-OPTIMAL (mixed with acetamiprid)TIANLITHRIN 5% ECKUNG FU

malathion MALABAR 500 ECTATOU 500 ECAVIGARD 50 ECSUPERMALA 265 UL (mixed with cypermethrin for warehouse use)MATHIL 500 ECATOUT 500 EC

permethrin

pirimiphos/pyrimiphos-methyl ANTOUKA (mixed with permethrin)ACTELLIC 300 CS

propoxur PROPEX

spinosad SPINTOR 0,125 DLASER 480 SC

Tagetes African Marigold oil miticide MARIGOLD (mixed with thyme oil)

thyme oil MARIGOLD (mixed with marigold oil)

thiamethoxam THIARA 250 WGACTELLIC GOLD DUST (mixed with pirimiphos-methyl for warehouse use)

Molluscicide

metaldehyde LIMOXYLGARDENEMOCID

Rodenticides

brodifacoum RODEX PELLETSTURALIVITTURAVIT

bromadiolone RODITORE BLOCRODITORE GRANULETUVAZIKA BLOC

chlorophacinone DEFI-RATDERATOX MCZCHLOROCALDE-RATKODERAT HCVITAMATAVY

difenacoum NOXIA BLOCNOXIA GRANULE

difethialone BARAKIMUCATECH

diphacinone YASODION

Fungicides

azoxystrobin ORTIVA 250 SCAZOT

chlorothalonil CLONYL 720 ECTHALONIX 72 SC

BANKO 75 WPBALEAR 500 SCSINOCOLOR 50 SCSINOCOLOR 75 WPCHLOROSTAR 75 WPCIPTHOLCHLOROMEL

copper/cupric hydroxide FONGIVERT 50 WP

copper oxychloride (Cu2Cl(OH)3) AGRIKOP 860 WP

copper sulfate (basic, pentahydrate) CUPROFIX 30 (mix with mancozeb)BOUILLIE MOP 20BB 20% WP

fosetyl-aluminum ATHLETE

Ginger extract VIRUSAN

mancozeb PENNCOZEBE 80 WPCUPROFIX 30 (mix with copper sulfate)MILDUO 720 WP (mix with metalaxyl)SINOZEB 80 WPMANCOVERT 80 WPIPROZEB 80% WPMANCOVERT 80 WPMANCOBEXMANCOSTAR 80MANCOZAN SUPER (mix with metalaxyl)PENNCOZEBE 80 WPMANCOCIPMANCOZAN 80%AGRIZEB 80 WPTRIDEX 80 WPRIDOBEX (mix with metalaxyl)MANCOMAD 80 WPMANCOLAXYL 720 WP (mix with metalaxyl)

metalaxyl MILDUO 720 WP (mix with mancozeb)MANCOZAN SUPER (mix with mancozeb)RIDOBEX (mix with mancozeb)MANCOLAXYL 720 WP (mix with mancozeb)

myclobutanil SYSTHANE 240 EC

propiconazole SANAVERT 250 ECPROPICIP 25 EC

sulfur/soufre SUBIT 80 WGMICROTHIOL SPECIAL

thiram/thirame MOMTAZ 45 TS (mix with imidacloprid)INSECTOR T 45 (mix with imidacloprid)PROTECT GRAINE 450 WSSEEDORGAUCHO T 45 WS (mix with imidacloprid)CALTIR PM

Herbicides

ametryne VOLCANO AMETRYNAMETRYVERT 500 SCMETRO 500 SCAGRAX 500

bensulfuron-methyl SAMORY

bispyribac-sodium RUBIS 100 SC

glyphosate SPRINGBOK 360 SLGLYPHOVERT 360 SLSLASH 36 SLMATRIX 360 SLGLYPHADERHERBA SUPER 360 SLGLYPHOBEX 360 SL

nicosulfuron NICOMAIS 40 SC

pendimethalin ALLIGATORMETHALIX 33 ECFIST 50 ECPENDIMETHALIN 500 ECSTOMP 500 EC

PENDIPRO 50 ECPENDISTAR 400 EC

propanil STAM F 34

Annex 14: Guidance on Screening Pesticides for Increased Likelihood of Quality

The following are some general best practices for buying pesticides.

Do not buy pesticides if the:

1. bottle has been opened.2. label shows that it is expired.3. pesticide is in a quanity much larger than what is needed for one season.4. label is in a language that is not understood.5. label is missing, damaged or unreadable.6. bottle is damaged and/or leaking.7. manufacturer and/or distributor name and contact information are not on the label.8. pesticide shop smells of pesticides.9. floor of the pesticide shop has spilled pesticides on it.10. label has no safety and PPE information on it.11. label has no poison control information on it.12. label does not clearly identify the active ingredient names.13. product has not been registered by the Madagascar MOA.

Be wary of pesticides manufactured in China, or from Chinese companies.

As possible, and if available, choose pesticides from well-known international companies such as:

AMVAC Arysta Lifescience, Bayer, BASF, Chemtura, Crop Production Services, Dow Agrosciences, Drexel, DuPont, FMC, Gowan, HELM Agro, Makhteshim-Aghan, Monsanto, Nufarm, Sumitomo, Syngenta, United Phosphorous, Valent

Carefully consider the label:

• it must be securely attached to the package; • information on it should be clearly printed and be in one or more national languages; • it should indicate the name of the manufacturer’s supplier and its addressee, the active ingredient, product name, batch number, weight or volume, date of manufacture and expiry date; • means of application (application rate, species on which it works, method, decontamination methods, safety measures and first aid) should be clearly written; • grammar errors on the label are a clear sign of a fake product.

▶ Pay attention to the fact that the agricultural chemicals are never packed in medical containers. ▶ Pay attention to the (underestimated) price of pesticides.

Some additional guidance is provided at the following websites:

http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/te_1612_web.pdfhttp://www.npic.orst.edu/ingred/ptype/illegal/index.htmlhttps://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/avoid-illegal-household-pesticide-productshttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi210http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/Code/Report.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/Code/JMPM_2010_report.pdfhttp://www.osce.org/secretariat/192516?download=truehttp://npic.orst.edu/ingred/manuf.htmhttps://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/masabni/xreflist/pesticidecompaniesnames.htm

https://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/masabni/xreflist/pesticidecompaniesnames.htm

http://npic.orst.edu/ingred/manuf.htm

http://www.osce.org/secretariat/192516?download=true

http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/Code/JMPM_2010_report.pdf

http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/Code/JMPM_2010_report.pdf

http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/Code/Report.pdf

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi210

https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/avoid-illegal-household-pesticide-products

http://www.npic.orst.edu/ingred/ptype/illegal/index.html

http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/te_1612_web.pdf

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